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Google’s strongest AI model, which has attracted much attention and is considered by the industry to be the most likely to beat GPT-4, has finally appeared!

On December 6th, US Western Time, Google CEO Sundar Pichai and DeepMind Director Demis Hassabis jointly announced the official launch of Gemini 1.0 in official website.

Gemini is jointly created by several Alphabet teams such as Google Research and DeepMind. As a new powerful multi-modal artificial intelligence model, it can induce, understand, operate and combine different types of information. It can not only process text, images, video and audio, but also complete complex tasks in mathematics, physics and other scientific fields, and can understand and generate high-quality codes in various programming languages.

Pichai described Gemini as "our largest and most powerful AI model to date" and said that it has shown the most advanced performance in many leading benchmarks. "The first generation of Gemini 1.0 was optimized for different sizes, namely: Ultra, Pro and Nano. These are the first models to enter the Gemini era and the first realization of our vision when we established Google DeepMind earlier this year. "

At the Google I/O conference in May this year, Pichai spoiled the news that Google was developing Gemini. It is described as the "Next Generation Multi-modal Intelligent Network", which is designed for API integration. It is said that it has trillions of parameters like GPT-4, but its computing power is five times that of GPT-4, and it can perform more complex and diverse tasks.

To this end, Google also merged its two strongest artificial intelligence laboratories: Google Brain and DeepMind, led by Demis Hassabis, the former CEO of DeepMind, and invested hundreds of millions of dollars in research and development of Gemini.

Even sergey brin, the co-founder of Google, who has resigned for four years, has returned to the office of Mountain View in Silicon Valley to participate in the Gemini decision-making and join the LLM scuffle.

But just last week, The Information quoted people familiar with the matter as saying that Pichai recently silently canceled a series of Gemini public appearances that should have been held in California, new york and Washington, D.C., because it was found to be "unreliable in handling some non-English queries", which cast a gray color on the product launch process.

Perhaps to consolidate market confidence, early this morning, Gemini 1.0 suddenly made its grand debut, appearing in the public’s field of vision and quickly occupying the front pages of major scientific and technological media.

So, what is the strongest artificial intelligence model that Google is betting on the whole army?

Hassabis, head of DeepMind, called Gemini their most flexible model, which can run efficiently on all kinds of devices from data centers to mobile devices.

In order to achieve this extensibility, Gemini 1.0 has designed three versions with different functions and sizes:

Gemini Nano —The most efficient model on the end-side equipment. Designed for smart phones, it can perform efficient AI processing tasks without connecting to an external server. Now it has been integrated into Pixel 8 Pro, which can support the function of "summarizing text" in recording applications and the function of "intelligent reply" in Gboard. Starting with WhatsApp, it will be extended to more applications next year.

Gemini Pro —The best model for various tasks running in Google data center. Support the latest version of the AI chat robot Bard from today. It can respond quickly and understand complex queries, which is the biggest upgrade since Bard was introduced. At present, it provides English services to more than 170 countries and regions, and plans to support new languages and regions in the coming months, and apply them to more Google products such as search, advertising, Chrome and Duet AI.

Gemini Ultra -The largest and most powerful model, dedicated to highly complex tasks, will be provided to developers and enterprise customers early next year after completing the current testing phase. At that time, an updated version of Bard Advanced based on Gemini Ultra will be launched.

In terms of model architecture, Gemini still uses Transformer architecture, adopts an efficient attention mechanism, and supports the context length of 32k.

Google confidently said that after rigorous testing and performance evaluation of the Gemini model, from natural image, audio and video understanding to mathematical reasoning,Among the 32 academic benchmarks widely used in the research and development of large-scale language models, the performance of Gemini Ultra has exceeded the most advanced level represented by ChatGPT at present.. Before the release of Gemini, Google conducted a series of tests to evaluate it with standard industry indicators.

In the MMLU test, the score rate of Gemini Ultra is 90.0%, which is higher than that of GPT-4 (86.4%), making it the first model to surpass the performance of human experts. The MMLU test covers 57 subjects, including mathematics, physics, history, law, medicine and ethics, and aims to evaluate the model’s understanding and problem-solving ability in the global knowledge field.

In Reasoning, Math and Code, except HellaSwag, which lags behind GPT-4 by 87.8%, others include challenging math problems such as multi-step reasoning, algebra/geometry/pre-calculus and so on.

In terms of multimodal capability, Gemini Ultra achieved a SOTA score of 59.4% in the new MMMU benchmark test, which exceeded the 56.8% of the multimodal version GPT-4V of OpenAI. This benchmark test spans many different fields and requires precise reasoning for many tasks.

In the image benchmark test, even without the assistance of Object Character Recognition (OCR) system, the performance of Gemini Ultra is better than all previous models only by analyzing pixel information. In audio testing, the scores of automatic speech recognition and automatic speech translation of Gemini are higher than those of Whisper system connected to GPT-4.

Hassabis said that this highlights the superiority of Gemini’s native multimodal. Up to now, the usual way to create multi-modal models is to train individual components of different modes independently, and then splice them together to try to simulate some functions.

Although such models can sometimes effectively perform specific tasks such as describing pictures, they often perform poorly in more conceptual and complex reasoning.

Gemini was originally designed in a native multi-modal way, and was pre-trained in different modes from the beginning using TPUs v4 and v5e chips designed by Google.. Then it is fine-tuned with more additional multimodal data to improve its performance.

This method enables Gemini to understand and reason all kinds of input content more naturally in the initial stage, and its ability in almost all fields has reached an unprecedented advanced level.

First of all, Gemini has complex multi-modal reasoning ability, which can help to understand complex written and visual information and discover indistinguishable knowledge content in massive data.

For example, it is instructed to filter irrelevant papers through the natural language prompt, or extract key data through reading. With a lunch break, Gemini can help you extract 250 document points from 200,000 papers, and further transform the data into any required chart form. This will greatly help to achieve innovative breakthroughs in science, finance and other fields at a digital speed.

The trained Gemini can obviously recognize and understand text, image and audio data at the same time, better understand subtle information and answer questions related to complex topics. This makes it especially good at explaining reasoning in subjects such as mathematics and physics. In the example, the staff showed that Gemini can check handwriting physical mistakes and explain the correct way.

In order to show the multimodal capabilities of Gemini more intuitively, Brother Chai released a video in X, saying that "the best way to understand the amazing potential capabilities of Gemini is to look at their practical applications".

In the video, Gemini taught the staff the pronunciation of "duck" in Mandarin according to the instructions, and also explained the Chinese tone.

The staff also gave Gemini a demonstration of interaction only in Chinese. By asking about the indoor light in a picture, Gemini is asked to give the orientation of the apartment in use. Gemini answers in Chinese and guesses that the room faces south. Circle a plant in the photo and ask what kind of lighting it needs. gemini then explains the plant species and lighting requirements. The whole process is as smooth as the mother tongue, which shows that Gemini is outstanding in multilingual environment, which is no less than GPT-4.

In addition, Gemini can understand, interpret and generate high-quality codes of the most popular programming languages in the world, such as Python, Java, C++ and Go. The ability to achieve cross-language work and handle complex information makes it one of the world’s leading basic coding models, helping programmers to use the powerful AI model as a collaborative tool to design applications.

For developers, starting from December 13th, Gemini Pro can be obtained through the Gemini API in Google AI Studio or Google Cloud Vertex AI. Android developers can also use Gemini Nano, the most efficient model for end-to-end tasks, through AICore.

Looking back on the development of Google’s big model all the way, compared with the continuous and rapid update of OpenAI’s "Wang Fried", Microsoft always seems to be one step behind when it integrates various AI functions of GPT into core products and pushes them to customers. When Bard, a chat robot, was released in February this year, it got off to a bad start, and the market value evaporated by 100 billion dollars overnight with a factual error. Benchmarking Microsoft Copilot’s Duet AI work suite, the market response was moderate, and the financial performance of cloud services also lost to Microsoft.

Especially after the internal friction caused by the reorganization of Brain and DeepMind teams and the loss of senior talents to OpenAI, Google’s AI battle is even more exhausted.

However, this is, after all, an AI pioneer who contributed to Transformer’s pioneering masterpiece Attention is all you need and the landmark artificial intelligence program AlphaGo, and inspired the subsequent development of many large models including ChatGPT. No matter from the technical genes, training data, capital and infrastructure, it should have one of the best strengths.

The release of Gemini is regarded by Google as the most critical technological innovation in the past decade. Can it make Google rally, beat OpenAI and regain the throne of the big model stadium?

Will the AI competition pattern be reshaped after Genmini Ultra comes out next year?

And, has everyone tried the new Google Bard? How do you feel?

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guide　language

The treatment scheme of herpes zoster can be roughly divided into traditional Chinese medicine therapy and western medicine therapy. Today, we will learn the western medicine therapy recommended by the guide.

Therapeutic goal of herpes zoster

Relieve acute pain; Shorten the duration of skin lesions; Prevent the spread of skin lesions; Prevent or reduce complications.

First, antiviral drugs

Commonly used drugs in clinical treatment of herpes zoster can effectively shorten the course of disease, accelerate the healing of rash, reduce the formation of new rash and reduce the spread of virus to internal organs. It should be used within 72 hours after the eruption, so as to quickly reach and maintain the effective concentration and obtain the best therapeutic effect. At present, the approved systemic antiviral drugs include acyclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir, bromovudine and foscarnet sodium.

acyclovir

Function characteristics:

Acyclovir triphosphate is produced by phosphorylation of viral thymidine kinase in infected cells, which can inhibit viral DNA polymerase and stop the extension of viral DNA chain.

　 Usage:

(1) Oral administration: 400-800 mg/time, 5 times/day, for 7 days;

(2) Intravenous drip: 5 ~ 10 mg/kg for patients with immune impairment or serious nervous system diseases, once every 8 hours, with a course of 7 days.　

Precautions:

Patients should drink plenty of water during the administration of acyclovir to prevent acyclovir from precipitating in renal tubules and damaging renal function.

Valaciclovir

Function characteristics:

The prodrug of acyclovir is quickly absorbed by oral administration and quickly converted into acyclovir in gastrointestinal tract and liver, and its bioavailability is 3~5 times that of acyclovir.

　 Usage:

Oral administration: 300 ~ 1000 mg/time, 3 times/day, for 7 days.

Fanciclovir

Function characteristics:

The prodrug of penciclovir is rapidly converted into penciclovir after oral administration, and maintains a long half-life in cells. The mechanism of action is the same as that of acyclovir, the bioavailability is higher than that of acyclovir, and the frequency and dosage of administration are lower than that of acyclovir.

　 Usage:

Oral administration: 250 ~ 500mg/time, 3 times/day, for 7 days.

brivudine tablets

Function characteristics:

The antiviral effect is highly selective, and the process of inhibiting virus replication is only carried out in virus-infected cells.　

Usage:

Oral administration: 125mg／/day, l times/day, for 7 days.

Sodium foscarnet

Function characteristics:

Blocking the phosphate binding site of viral DNA polymerase in a non-competitive way, thus showing antiviral activity.

　 Usage:

Intravenous drip: 40 mg/kg each time, once every 8 hours.

Note meaning　

Patients with renal insufficiency should reduce the dosage accordingly;

If renal function continues to decline, acyclovir should be stopped immediately and famciclovir or other antiviral drugs should be used to continue treatment;

For patients suspected of renal insufficiency, creatinine level should be detected before initial administration (creatinine level is not required for bromovudine).

Second, analgesics

Mild to moderate pain:Acetaminophen and tramadol can be selected;　

Moderate and severe pain:

1. Opioid drugs, such as morphine or oxycodone;

2. Drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain, such as calcium channel regulator gabapentin and pregabalin, in addition to amitriptyline and 5% lidocaine patch. Severe acute pain during herpes zoster is a risk factor for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Combined with calcium channel regulator can not only effectively relieve pain, but also reduce the occurrence of PHN. Studies have shown that early use of pregabalin can significantly reduce the pain score of herpes zoster, especially within 7 days of herpes occurrence, which can significantly reduce the incidence of PHN. The pain of elderly patients with herpes zoster is more common and severe, which seriously affects all aspects of life, such as anxiety, disorder and inability to work or live normally. Studies have shown that pregabalin combined with oxycodone can not only further reduce the incidence of PHN, but also improve the daily activities and sleep of patients and improve their quality of life.

Third, glucocorticoid

At present, there is still controversy about whether to use glucocorticoid to treat herpes zoster.

It is generally believed that systematic application of glucocorticoid in the early stage of acute onset of herpes zoster and gradual decrease can inhibit the inflammatory process, shorten the duration of acute pain and the healing time of skin lesions, but it is ineffective for the pain with PHN.　

Recommended dose:The initial dosage of prednisone is 30~40 mg／/day, which is taken orally and gradually reduced, and the course of treatment is 1~2 weeks.

　Fourth, neurotrophic drugs

It is also helpful to relieve neuroinflammation and neuralgia. Commonly used drugs include mecobalamin, vitamin B1 and vitamin B12, etc., which are taken orally or injected intramuscularly.

Five, topical drugs

Mainly dry and anti-inflammatory.　

Blister fluid is not broken:Calamine lotion, acyclovir cream or penciclovir cream can be used externally.　

After herpes is broken:

3% boric acid solution wet compress;

1: 5000 furacilin solution wet compress;

0.5% neomycin ointment for external use;

2% mupirocin ointment.　

Ophthalmic herpes:3% Acyclovir Eye Ointment and Iodine Eye Drops for External Use.

References: [1] Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus Working Group. Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Dermatology .2018,51 (6): 403-406.

Laiyuan/Yunque

　　Russian video screenshot today

　　Overseas Network September 22ndAccording to the news of "Russia Today" on the 21st, some pictures and videos have been circulated on Russian social media platforms recently: a street in Barakovo is full of dead birds. This rare scene triggered a series of brain hole conjectures by netizens.

　　According to reports, this incident occurred in Barakovo, Saratov State, southwestern Russia, which is famous for its large nuclear power plant. According to videos and pictures uploaded by Russian social media users, local residents witnessed the bodies of dozens of dead birds scattered on a road.

　　Source: Russia today

　　Below the video, Russian netizens gave many conjectures about why dead birds fell from the sky. Some people blame it on natural phenomena, such as a strong wind or an accidental collision between two birds. Others think that fireworks and exhaust gas from factories may cause a large number of deaths, and some even say that it is related to 5G equipment, although this technology has not yet entered Russia.

　　"At the beginning of the nuclear disaster TV series Chernobyl, all the birds died." A comment with the highest praise linked the incident to the American HBO hit drama. The animal medical department of Saratov State is currently investigating this incident, which some people think may be related to bird flu. (Overseas Network Zhang Qi)

A few days ago, more than 40 people with severe visual impairment came to Hezhuang Cultural and Sports Center in Qiantang District, incarnating as "raiders of the lost ark", and launched an interesting "treasure hunt" in the first application scene of wisdom blind road in China.

At the scene, after the simple training of the staff of the R&D unit, the participants easily mastered the use of the wisdom cane. At the beginning of the activity, each participant got the wisdom cane distributed by the staff. After quickly connecting to the related small programs on their mobile phones, they turned into "raiders of the lost ark" on the designated route.

The treasure hunt route is nearly 100 meters long. Participants will pass through barrier-free ramps, barrier-free elevators and barrier-free doors, and go upstairs, go straight and turn under the guidance of the wisdom blind road. After reaching the finish line, participants can receive corresponding rewards by virtue of the "treasure list" on their mobile phones.

After the experience, visually impaired people praised the innovation of electronic blind roads-

"Enter the end point accurately on the mobile phone and follow the guide. There are voice prompts all the way, which is very clear. When I was looking for treasure, I was particularly happy when I heard the gold coin ringing. " Participant Shen Haidan said.

"Electronic blind roads are more accurate, more secure, more convenient and more humanized than traditional blind roads. The prompts of’ Go Forward’,’ Turn Left’ and’ Turn Right’ make us feel that the service is warm and caring. At present, I feel that there is a slight delay in matching, and I hope I can continue to improve. " Participant Zheng Yan said.

"Electronic blind roads can be located in bathrooms, conference rooms, offices and other places in buildings, which is more suitable for blind friends to travel, and I hope it can be promoted!" Participant Jiang Longxiang said.

The first "Treasure Hunt" of the "Qiantang Cup" was directed by Hangzhou Blind Association, and jointly sponsored by Qiantang Disabled Persons’ Federation and Hezhuang Sub-district Office.

In recent years, Hangzhou Disabled Persons’ Federation and Qiantang Disabled Persons’ Federation have devoted themselves to building the Hezhuang Cultural and Sports Center in Qiantang District as a model of the national advanced barrier-free cultural and sports center. After successfully building the first barrier-free swimming pool in China, they also focused on information barrier-free construction, and created the first intelligent blind road application scene in China.

Zhao Cheng, chairman of Hangzhou Blind Association, introduced that the application scene of the intelligent blind road compensates for the lack of vision through sound, and stimulates the enthusiasm of visually impaired people through technology, which can help them better participate in the experience and integrate into society. "I hope that with the joint efforts of all walks of life in the future, severely visually impaired people can also go out of their homes more conveniently, set foot on urban blind roads, enjoy urban public transportation and enjoy work and life without obstacles."

On March 7th, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Further Optimizing Payment Services and Improving Payment Convenience, which mentioned that the needs of the elderly, foreigners coming to China and other groups should be fully considered, and the aging and internationalization service arrangements should be made.

The relevant person in charge of the People’s Bank of China said that the Opinions put forward six major tasks:

First, effectively improve the acceptance environment of bank cards to meet the needs of the elderly, foreign visitors to China and other groups of "food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping, entertainment, medical care" and other scenarios.

Second, adhere to the positioning of cash, continuously optimize the cash use environment, and continuously improve the level of foreign currency exchange and cash services.

The third is to further enhance the convenience of mobile payment, encourage banks, payment institutions and clearing institutions to cooperate, and make good service arrangements such as aging and internationalization.

The fourth is to better protect consumers’ right to pay. Large business districts, tourist attractions, entertainment venues, hotel accommodation and other key places above designated size must support diversified payment methods such as mobile payment, bank cards and cash.

Fifth, optimize the account opening service process, rationally implement the classified and hierarchical management of accounts, keep a close eye on key areas, key outlets and key business links, improve supporting measures for account opening, and continuously improve the service level of accounts.

Sixth, comprehensively use various ways and channels to continuously strengthen the promotion of payment services.

On the evening of March 7th, Alipay said that it was actively responding to the relevant decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and with the support and guidance of the People’s Bank of China and the Foreign Exchange Bureau, it was solidly promoting the implementation of various measures to continuously optimize the payment services for the elderly and foreigners coming to China. It is reported that Alipay has completed the promotion and optimization of the transaction limit for foreigners, with the single transaction limit raised from $1,000 to $5,000 and the annual transaction limit raised from $10,000 to $50,000. In addition, new services such as multi-language translation and overseas wallet ride code "One Code Pass" will be launched one after another.

Tenpay said that with the support and guidance of the People’s Bank of China and the foreign exchange bureau, Tenpay has implemented a number of measures around "aging and upgrading". In terms of facilitating the payment of foreign nationals in China, simplification measures have continued to land. Since the comprehensive upgrade in July last year, the transaction volume of WeChat payment foreign cards has continued to grow. Compared with the opening of only some pilot merchants, the highest number of transactions in a single day in February 2024 increased nearly five times.

Many people think that 3D printing is to extrude materials from hot nozzles and stack them into shapes, but in fact 3D printing is far more than that! Today, Antarctic Bear will introduce seven kinds of 3D printing processes. Even 3D printing can clearly distinguish different 3D printing processes.

In fact, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a general term, covering several completely different 3D printing processes. These technologies are worlds apart, but the key process is the same. For example, all 3D printing starts with a digital model, because the technology is digital in nature. Parts or products are originally electronic files designed by computer aided design (CAD) software or obtained from digital parts library. Then the design file is decomposed into slices or layers by special construction preparation software for 3D printing, and the path instructions to be followed by the 3D printer are generated. Next, you will understand the differences between these technologies and the typical uses of each technology.

Why are there seven types?

The types of additive manufacturing can be classified according to the products they produce or the types of materials they use, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) divides them into seven general types (but these seven 3D printing categories can hardly cover more and more technical sub-types and mixed technologies). ：

● Material extrusion

● Reduction polymerization

● Powder bed fusion

● Material spraying

● Adhesive spraying

● Directed energy deposition

● Sheet lamination

First, material extrusion

△ Material extrusion 3D printing

Material extrusion as the name implies: material is extruded through a nozzle. Usually, this material is a plastic filament, which is melted and extruded through a heated nozzle. The printer places materials on the building platform along the process path obtained by software. The filament then cools and solidifies to form a solid object. This is the most common form of 3D printing. At first glance, it sounds simple, but considering the extruded materials, including plastics, metals, concrete, bio-gel and various foods, it is actually a very broad category. The price of this type of 3D printer ranges from $100 to seven figures.

● Subtypes of material extrusion: fused deposition modeling (FDM), building 3D printing, micro 3D printing and biological 3D printing.

● Materials: plastic, metal, food, concrete, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (lower limit: ±0.5mm)

● Common applications: prototype, electrical enclosure, shape and fit test, fixture and fixture, investment casting model, house, etc.

● Advantages: 3D printing method with the lowest cost and wide range of materials.

● Disadvantages: Generally, the material performance is low (strength, durability, etc.), and the dimensional accuracy is usually not high.

1. Fused Deposition Molding (FDM)

△FDM parts can be made of metal or plastic on various 3D printers.

FDM 3D printer is a multi-billion dollar market with thousands of machines, ranging from basic models to complex models of manufacturers. The FDM machine is called Fuse Manufacturing (FFF), which is exactly the same technology. Like all 3D printing technologies, FDM starts with a digital model and then converts it into a path that a 3D printer can follow. Using FDM, one filament (or several filaments at a time) on the bobbin is loaded into a 3D printer and then sent to the printer nozzle in the extrusion head. The nozzle or nozzles of the printer are heated to the required temperature to soften the filament, thus connecting successive layers to form a solid part.

When the printer moves the extrusion head along the specified coordinates on the XY plane, it will continue to lay the first layer. Then the extrusion head rises to the next height (Z plane), and the process of printing the cross section is repeated, building layer by layer until the object is fully formed. Depending on the geometry of the object, it is sometimes necessary to add a support structure to support the model when printing, for example, if the model has a steep overhang. These supports are removed after printing. Some supporting structure materials can be dissolved in water or another solution.

△FDM 3D printers provide a wide range of machines for amateurs, small businesses and manufacturers (sources: Creality, Raise3D, Stratasys).

2.3D biological printing

△3D bio-printing is similar to traditional 3D printing, but the raw materials are quite different.

3D biological printing or biological 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which organic or biological materials (such as living cells and nutrients) are combined to create a natural three-dimensional structure similar to tissues. In other words, bioprinting is a kind of 3D printing, which can produce anything from bone tissues and blood vessels to living tissues. It is used in various medical research and applications, including tissue engineering, drug testing and development, and innovative regenerative medicine therapy. The actual definition of 3D bioprinting is still developing. Essentially, the working principle of 3D bio-printing is similar to FDM 3D printing, and it belongs to the material extrusion series. (Although extrusion is not the only bio-printing method)

3D bio-printing uses the material (bio-ink) discharged from the needle to create a printed layer. These materials, called bio-inks, are mainly composed of living substances, such as cells in carrier materials, such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, silk, alginate or nano-cellulose, which serve as molecular scaffolds for structural growth and nutrients.

3. Building 3D printing

△ Building 3D printing

Building 3D printing is a rapidly developing field of material extrusion. This technology involves the use of super-large 3D printers (usually up to tens of meters) to extrude building materials such as concrete from nozzles. These machines usually appear in the form of gantry or robotic arm systems. 3D architectural printing technology is now used in residential buildings, architectural features and construction projects from wells to walls. Some researchers say that it may significantly change the whole construction industry, because it reduces the demand for labor and construction waste.

There are dozens of 3D printed houses in the United States and Europe, and 3D building technology is being researched and developed, which will use materials found on the moon and Mars to build habitats for future expeditions. Printing with local soil instead of concrete as a more sustainable building method has also attracted attention.

Second, reduction polymerization

△ Reduction polymerization using laser

Barrel polymerization (also known as resin 3D printing) is a series of 3D printing processes, which uses a light source to selectively cure (or harden) photopolymer resin in a barrel. In other words, light is precisely directed at a specific point or area of liquid plastic to harden it. After the first layer is cured, the building platform will move up or down (depending on the printer) by a small amount (usually between 0.01 and 0.05 mm), and the next layer will be cured and connected with the previous layer. This process is repeated layer by layer until a 3D part is formed. After the 3D printing process is completed, the object is cleaned to remove the remaining liquid resin and post-cured (in the sun or ultraviolet room) to enhance the mechanical properties of the parts.

The three most common forms of barrel polymerization are stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA). The fundamental difference between these types of 3D printing technologies lies in the light source and the way it is used to cure the resin.

△ vats polymerization uses light to harden photosensitive resin layer by layer.

Some 3D printer manufacturers, especially those that manufacture professional 3D printers, have developed unique and patented photopolymerization variants, so you may see different technical names in the market. Carbon, an industrial 3D printer manufacturer, uses a barrel polymerization technology called Digital Photosynthesis (DLS), Origin of Stratasys calls it Programmable Photopolymerization (P3), Formlabs provides a technology called Low-Force Stereolithography (LFS), and Azul 3D is the first to commercialize the barrel polymerization in the form of large-area rapid printing (HARP). There are also photolithography-based metal manufacturing (LMM), projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) and digital composite manufacturing (DCM), which is a technology of filling photopolymer and can introduce functional additives (such as metal and ceramic fibers) into liquid resin.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Stereolithography (SLA), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Micro Stereolithography (μSLA), etc.

● Material: photopolymer resin (castable, transparent, industrial, biocompatible, etc.)

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (the lower limit is 0.15mm or 5nm, using μSLA).

● Common applications: injection molding polymer prototypes and end-use parts, jewelry casting, dental applications, consumer goods.

● Advantages: smooth surface finish and fine feature details.

1. Stereolithography (SLA)

△ Stereolithography (SLA) Examples of SLA 3D printing from 3D Systems, DWS and Formlabs.

SLA is the first 3D printing technology in the world. Stereolithography was invented by Chuck Hull in 1986. He applied for a patent for this technology and set up 3D Systems Company to commercialize it. Today, this technology can be used by enthusiasts and professionals from many 3D printer manufacturers. SLA uses laser beam to aim at a barrel of resin, selectively solidifies the cross section of the object in the printing area, and builds it layer by layer. When most SLA printers use solid-state lasers to cure components. One disadvantage of this barrel polymerization is that compared with our next method (DLP), the point laser may take longer to track the cross section of the object, and the latter will flash light to immediately harden the whole layer. However, laser can produce stronger light, which is required by some engineering-grade resins.

△SLA 3D printer uses one or more lasers to track and cure a single layer of resin at one time.

Micro-stereolithography (μSLA)

Micro-stereolithography technology can print micro-parts, and the resolution is between 2 microns (μm) and 50 microns. For reference, the average width of human hair is 75 microns. It is one of the "micro 3D printing" technologies. μSLA involves exposing photosensitive material (liquid resin) to ultraviolet laser. The difference lies in the special resin, the complexity of laser and the addition of lens, which will produce almost incredible small light spots.

△Nanoscribe and Microlight3D are two leading manufacturers of TPP 3D printers (source: Nanoscribe and Microlight3D).

Two-photon polymerization (TPP)

Another micro 3D printing technology, TPP (also called 2PP), can be classified as SLA, because it also uses laser and photosensitive resin, and it can print parts smaller than μSLA, as small as 0.1 micron. TPP uses pulsed femtosecond laser to focus on a narrow spot in a large barrel of special resin. This point is then used to cure a single 3D pixel, also called a voxel, in the resin. By curing these nano-scale to micron-scale voxels layer by layer in a predefined path. TPP is currently used in research, medical applications and the manufacture of micro parts, such as microelectrodes and optical sensors.

△ Micro 3D printing: TPP technology

2. Digital Light Processing (DLP)

△ DLP 3D printing parts of △Anycubic, Carbon and ETEC

DLP 3D printing uses a digital light projector (instead of a laser) to flash a single image of each layer on a layer or resin at the same time (or to expose a larger part for multiple times). DLP (more common than SLA) is used to produce larger parts or larger parts in a single batch, because no matter how many parts are in construction, each layer needs exactly the same exposure time, which is more efficient than the point laser method in SLA. The image of each layer consists of square pixels, resulting in a layer formed by small rectangular blocks called voxels. Light is projected onto the resin using a light emitting diode (LED) screen or a UV light source (lamp) and onto the construction surface through a digital micromirror device (DMD).

△ Digital Light Processing (DLP) resin 3D printer has a hobby version and a complete manufacturing machine.

Modern DLP projectors usually have thousands of micron-sized LEDs as light sources. Their on-off states are independently controlled, which can improve the XY resolution. Not all DLP 3D printers are the same. The power of light source, the lens it passes through, the quality of DMD and many other parts that make up a machine worth 300 dollars are quite different compared with a machine worth more than 200,000 dollars.

Top-down DLP

The light source of some DLP 3D printers is installed on the top of the printer, and shines down on the resin barrel instead of up. These "top-down" machines flash one layer of images from the top, curing one layer at a time, and then put the cured layer back in the vat. Every time the building board is lowered, the recoating machine installed at the top of the vat will move back and forth on the resin to level the new layer. According to the manufacturer, because the printing process will not resist gravity, this method can produce more stable parts output for larger prints. There is a limit to how much weight can be hung vertically from the building board when printing from bottom to top. The resin barrel also supports printed parts during printing, which reduces the need for supporting structures.

△BMF’s MicroArch S230 can print detailed parts of polymers or ceramics as small as 2 microns (source: BMF).

Projection microlithography (PμSL)

As a unique type of barrel aggregation itself, PμSL is classified as a subcategory of DLP. This is another micro 3D printing technology. PμSL uses ultraviolet rays from the projector to cure the specially formulated resin layer in micron scale (2 micron resolution and as low as 5 micron height). This additive manufacturing technology is developing continuously because of its low cost, accuracy, speed and the range of materials (including polymers, biomaterials and ceramics). It has shown the application potential from microfluidic and tissue engineering to micro-optics and biomedical micro-devices.

Metal Manufacturing Based on Lithography (LMM)

This is another "distant relative" of DLP. This method of 3D printing using light and resin can create tiny metal parts for applications such as surgical tools and micromechanical parts. In LMM, metal powder is uniformly dispersed in photosensitive resin, and then selectively polymerized by blue light exposure through a projector. After printing, the polymer components of the blank parts are removed, leaving all-metal degreased parts, which are completed in the sintering process in the furnace. Raw materials include stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, brass, copper, silver and gold.

△ Micro-metal 3d printing parts made on Incus 3D printing with LMM technology.

3. Liquid crystal display (LCD)

△ LCD 3D printing components from Elegoo, Photocentric and Nexa3D.

Liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA), is very similar to the above DLP, except that it uses LCD screen instead of digital micromirror device (DMD), which has a significant impact on the price of 3D printer. Like DLP, LCD photomask is digitally displayed and consists of square pixels. The pixel size of LCD photomask determines the granularity of printing. Therefore, the XY accuracy is fixed and does not depend on the zoom or zoom degree of the lens, just like DLP. Another difference between DLP printers and LCD technology is that the latter uses an array of hundreds of individual emitters instead of a single point emitting light source like a laser diode or DLP bulb.

△ Today, LCD resin 3D printing technology is shifting from consumer machines to industrial machines.

Similar to DLP, LCD can achieve faster printing time than SLA under some conditions. This is because the whole layer is exposed at one time instead of tracking the cross-sectional area with a laser spot. Due to the low cost of LCD unit, this technology has become the first choice in the field of low-cost desktop resin printers, but this does not mean that it has not been used professionally. Some industrial 3D printer manufacturers are breaking through the technical limits and achieving remarkable results.

Third, powder bed fusion

△ Powder bed fusion

Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a 3D printing process, in which a thermal energy source selectively melts powder particles (plastic, metal or ceramic) in a construction area to create solid objects layer by layer. Powder bed fusion 3D printer spreads a thin layer of powder material on the printing bed, usually using a blade, roller or wiper. The energy from the laser fuses a specific point on the powder layer, and then another powder layer is deposited and fused to the previous layer. This process is repeated until the whole object is manufactured, and the final product is wrapped and supported by unmelted powder.

△ Metal laser powder bed fusion process

PBF can manufacture parts with high mechanical properties (including strength, wear resistance and durability) for the end use of consumer goods, machinery and tools. 3D printers in this market segment are getting cheaper and cheaper (starting at around $25,000), but it is considered as an industrial technology.

● Types of 3D printing technology: selective laser sintering (SLS), laser powder bed melting (LPBF) and electron beam melting (EBM).

● Materials: plastic powder, metal powder and ceramic powder.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.3% (lower limit: ±0.3mm)

● Common applications: production of functional parts, complex pipes (hollow design) and small batch parts.

● Advantages: functional components, excellent mechanical properties, complex geometry.

● Disadvantages: The cost of the machine is high, usually high-cost materials, and the construction speed is slow.

1. Selective laser sintering (SLS)

△ SLS 3D printing parts of △Sinterit

Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses lasers to make objects from plastic powder. First, a box of polymer powder is heated to a temperature just below the melting point of the polymer. A very thin layer of powder material (usually 0.1 mm thick) is then deposited on the building platform using a recoating blade or wiper. The laser begins to scan the surface according to the pattern arranged in the digital model. The laser selectively sintered the powder and solidified the cross section of the object. When scanning the whole cross section, the building platform moves down one layer in height. The recoating blade deposits a new layer of powder on the recently scanned layer, and the laser sinter the next cross section of the object onto the previously solidified cross section.

△ SLS 3D printing parts can be dusted and cleaned manually or automatically.

Repeat these steps until all objects are made. The unsintered powder remains in place to support the object, which reduces or eliminates the need for supporting structures. After the parts are taken out of the powder bed and cleaned, there is no need for other necessary post-treatment steps. Parts can be polished, coated or colored. There are many differentiation factors between SL3D printers, including not only their size, but also the power and quantity of laser, the spot size of laser, the time and mode of heating bed and the distribution mode of powder. The most common materials in SL3D printing are nylon (PA6, PA12), but flexible parts can also be printed with TPU and other materials.

△SLS 3D printer uses polymer powder and laser to form solid parts.

2. Micro-selective laser sintering (μSLS)

μSLS belongs to SLS or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) described below. It uses laser to sinter powdery materials, such as SLS, but this material is usually metal rather than plastic, so it is more like LPBF. It is another micro 3D printing technology, which can create parts with micro (less than 5 μm) resolution.

△ Metal 3D MicroPrinting from 3D microprint

In μSLS, a layer of metal nanoparticle ink is coated on the substrate and then dried to produce a uniform nanoparticle layer. Next, the laser patterned with the digital micromirror array is used to heat the nanoparticles and sinter them into a desired pattern. This set of steps is then repeated to build each layer of the 3D component in the μSLS system.

3. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)

△ Xact Metal test piece showing SLM accuracy (source: Xact Metal)

In all 3D printing technologies, this item has the most aliases. The formal name of this metal 3D printing method is laser powder bed melting (LPBF), which is also widely known as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM). In the early days of this technology development, machine manufacturers created their own names for the same process, and these names have been used to this day. In particular, these three terms refer to the same process, even though some mechanical details are different.

As a sub-type of powder bed fusion, LPBF uses a metal powder bed and one or more (up to 12) high-power lasers. LPBF 3D printer uses laser to selectively fuse metal powder layer by layer on a molecular basis until the model is completed. LPBF is a highly accurate 3D printing method, which is usually used to create complex metal parts for aerospace, medical and industrial applications.

△Sandvik’s LPBF metal 3D printing

Like SLS, LPBF 3D printers start with a digital model divided into slices. The printer loads the powder into the building chamber, and then spreads it into a thin layer on the building board with a scraper (such as a windshield wiper) or a roller. The laser tracks the layer onto the powder. Then the building platform moves down, and then a layer of powder is coated and blended with the first layer until the whole object is built. The building chamber is closed and sealed, and in many cases it is filled with inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon mixture, to ensure that the metal will not be oxidized during the melting process and help to remove the debris during the melting process. After printing, the parts are taken out of the powder bed, cleaned and often subjected to secondary heat treatment to eliminate stress. The remaining powder is recycled.

The differentiation factors of LPBF 3D printer include the type, intensity and quantity of lasers. A small compact LPBF printer may have one 30-watt laser, while the industrial version may have 12 1,000-watt lasers. LPBF machines use common engineering alloys, such as stainless steel, nickel superalloy and titanium alloy. Dozens of metals can be used in LPBF process.

△ LPBF 3D printers from One Click Metal, Farsoon and Kurtz Ersa.

3. Electron beam melting (EBM)

△ electron beam melting (EBM)

EBM, also known as Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB PBF), is a metal 3D printing method similar to LPBF, but using electron beam instead of fiber laser. This technology is used to manufacture parts, such as titanium orthopedic implants, turbine blades of jet engines and copper coils.

Electron beams generate more energy and heat, which are needed by some metals and applications. Moreover, EBM is not an inert gas environment, but is carried out in a vacuum chamber to prevent light beam scattering. The temperature of the building chamber can reach up to 1,000 °C, and even higher in some cases. Because the electron beam is controlled by electromagnetic beam, it moves faster than laser, and can even be separated to expose multiple areas at the same time.

△ Electron beam melting (EBM) metal 3D printers from JEOL, GE Additive and Wayland Additive.

One of the advantages of EBM over LPBF is that it can handle conductive materials and reflective metals such as copper. Another feature of EBM is that individual components can be nested or stacked in the building room, because they do not necessarily have to be connected to the building board, which greatly increases the volume output. Compared with laser, electron beam usually produces larger layer thickness and rougher surface features. Due to the high temperature in the building room, EBM printing parts may not need to be heat-treated after printing to relieve stress.

Fourth, material spraying

△ material injection

Material ejection is a 3D printing process in which tiny droplets of material are deposited and then solidified or solidified on the building board. Use photopolymer or wax droplets that will cure when exposed to light to build objects one layer at a time. The nature of the material spraying process allows different materials to be printed on the same object. One application of this technology is to manufacture parts with various colors and textures.

● Types of 3D printing technology: material ejection (MJ) and nanoparticle ejection (NPJ)

● Material: photosensitive resin (standard, pouring, transparent, high temperature resistant), wax.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: full-color product prototypes, prototypes similar to injection molds, low-running injection molds, medical models, and fashion.

● Advantages: textured surface finish, full color and various materials available.

● Disadvantages: Limited materials are not suitable for mechanical parts requiring precision, and the cost is higher than other resin technologies used for visual purposes.

1. material injection (M-Jet)

△Stratasys’s material jet 3D printing parts

Material jet of polymer (M-Jet) is a 3D printing process, in which a layer of photosensitive resin is selectively deposited on the building board and cured by ultraviolet (UV). After one layer is deposited and solidified, the building platform reduces the thickness of one layer, and the process is repeated to build 3D objects. M-Jet combines the high precision of resin 3D printing with the speed of wire 3D printing (FDM) to create parts and prototypes with realistic colors and textures.

All material jet 3D printing technologies are not exactly the same. There are differences between printer manufacturers and proprietary materials. M-Jet machines deposit building materials from multiple rows of print heads in a line-by-line manner. This method enables the printer to manufacture multiple objects on a line without affecting the construction speed. As long as the models are arranged correctly on the construction platform and the space in each construction line is optimized, M-Jet can produce parts faster than many other types of resin 3D printers.

△ Material jet 3D printers from Stratasys, DP Polar/3D Systems and Mimaki.

The object made by M-Jet needs support, and it is printed by soluble materials at the same time during the construction process, which is removed in the post-processing stage. M-Jet is one of the few 3D printing technologies, which can provide objects made of multi-material printing and full color. There is no amateur version of the material jet machine. These machines are more suitable for professionals of automobile manufacturers, industrial design companies, art studios, hospitals and all kinds of product manufacturers. They want to create accurate prototypes to test concepts and bring products to market faster. Unlike barrel polymerization technology, M-Jet does not need post-curing, because the ultraviolet rays in the printer will completely cure each layer.

Aerosol jet

Aerosol Jet is a unique technology developed by a company named Optomec, which is mainly used for 3D printing electronic products. Components such as resistors, capacitors, antennas, sensors and thin film transistors are printed by aerosol spraying technology. It can be roughly compared to painting, but it is different from industrial coating process in that it can be used to print complete 3D objects.

Put the electronic ink into the atomizer, which will produce droplets with a diameter between 1 and 5 microns. Then the aerosol mist is transported to the deposition head and focused by the sheath gas, thus producing a high-speed particle spray. Because the whole process uses energy, this technology is sometimes called directional energy deposition, but because the material is in the form of droplets in this case, we include it in the material injection.

Plastic free forming

Arburg, a German company, has created a technology called plastic freeform molding (APF), which is a combination of extrusion technology and material injection technology. It uses commercially available plastic particles, which are melted in the injection molding process and moved to the unloading unit. The closing of the high-frequency nozzle produces a rapid opening and closing movement of up to 200 plastic droplets with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 mm per second. The droplets combine with the hardened material when cooling. Generally speaking, no post-treatment is needed. If supporting materials are used, they must be removed.

2. Nanoparticle Jet (NPJ)

△ Metal parts created by using nanoparticle injection technology and XJet 3D printer.

NanoParticle Jetting (NPJ) is one of the few proprietary technologies that are difficult to classify. It was developed by a company named XJet. It uses a printhead array with thousands of inkjet nozzles to spray millions of ultrafine material droplets onto the ultra-thin building tray at the same time, and simultaneously spray supporting materials. Metal or ceramic particles are suspended in a liquid. This process takes place at high temperature, and the liquid evaporates when spraying, leaving mostly metal or ceramic materials. Only a small amount of adhesive remains in the generated 3D parts, and these adhesives are removed in the post-sintering treatment.

V. Adhesive spraying

△ adhesive spraying

Adhesive spraying is a 3D printing process in which liquid adhesive selectively adheres to areas of a layer of powder. This technology type has the characteristics of powder bed fusion and material injection. Similar to PBF, adhesive spraying uses powder materials (metal, plastic, ceramics, wood, sugar, etc.), and like material spraying, liquid adhesive polymer is deposited from an inkjet. Whether it is metal, plastic, sand or other powder materials, the adhesive spraying process is the same.

First, the recoating blade coats a thin layer of powder on the building platform. Then, a print head with an inkjet nozzle passes over the bed and selectively deposits adhesive droplets to bond the powder particles together. After the layer is completed, the building platform moves down and the blade recoats the surface. Then repeat the process until the whole part is completed.

Adhesive spraying is unique in that there is no heat in the printing process. The binder acts as glue that binds the polymer powders together. After printing, the parts are wrapped in unused powder, which usually remains for curing. Then the parts are taken out of the powder bin, and the excess powder is collected and can be reused. From here on, according to different materials, post-treatment is needed, except for sand, which can usually be directly used as cores or molds from printers. When the powder is metal or ceramic, the post-treatment involving heating will melt the binder, leaving only the metal. Post-treatment of plastic parts usually includes coating to improve surface finish. You can also polish, paint and grind the polymer adhesive spraying parts.

The adhesive has high spraying speed and high productivity, so it can produce a large number of parts more economically and efficiently than other AM methods. Metal adhesive spraying can be used for a variety of metals and is very popular in end-use consumer goods, tools and bulk spare parts. However, the material selection of polymer adhesive injection is limited, and the structural performance of the produced parts is low. Its value lies in being able to make full-color prototypes and models.

● Subtypes of 3D printing technology: metal adhesive spraying, polymer adhesive spraying and sand adhesive spraying.

● Material: sand, polymer, metal, ceramics, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.2 mm (metal) or 0.3 mm (sand)

● Common applications: functional metal parts, full-color models, sand castings and molds.

● Advantages: low cost, large building volume, functional metal parts, excellent color reproduction, fast printing speed and unsupported design flexibility.

Disadvantages: It is a multi-step process for metals, and polymer parts are not durable.

1. Metal adhesive spraying

△ HP stainless steel 3D printing parts using metal spraying technology

Binder Jetting can also be used to manufacture solid metal objects with complex geometries, which is far beyond the capabilities of traditional manufacturing technologies. Metal adhesive spraying is a very attractive technology, which can be used to mass-produce metal parts and realize lightweight. Since adhesive spraying can print parts with complex patterns instead of solids, the weight of the parts obtained is greatly reduced, but the strength remains unchanged. The porosity characteristics of adhesive injection can also be used to realize lighter end parts for medical applications, such as implants.

Generally speaking, the material properties of metal binder sprayed parts are equivalent to those of metal parts produced by metal injection molding, and it is one of the most widely used manufacturing methods in mass production of metal parts. In addition, the adhesive spraying parts show higher surface smoothness, especially in the internal channels.

△ Metal adhesive jet 3D printer produces fine solid metal parts for end-use applications.

Metal adhesive spraying parts need secondary processing after printing to obtain good mechanical properties. Just coming out of the printer, the parts are basically composed of metal particles bonded together with polymer adhesives. These so-called "green parts" are too fragile to be used as they are. After the printed parts are taken out of the metal powder bed (called the process of powder removal), they will be heat-treated in the furnace (called the process of sintering). Both printing parameters and sintering parameters are adjusted according to the geometry, material and required density of specific parts. Bronze or other metals are sometimes used to penetrate the voids in the adhesive spraying parts, thus achieving zero porosity.

2. Plastic adhesive spraying

△ Plastic adhesive spraying

Plastic adhesive spraying is a process very similar to metal adhesive spraying, because it also uses powder and liquid adhesive, but its application is quite different. After printing, plastic parts will be taken out of their powder beds and cleaned, and usually can be used without further treatment, but these parts lack the strength and durability in the 3D printing process. The plastic adhesive spraying part can be filled with another material to improve the strength. Using polymers for adhesive spraying can produce multicolor parts for medical modeling and product prototyping.

3. Sand binder spraying

△ sand binder injection

Sand adhesive spraying and plastic adhesive spraying are different in printer and printing process, so they are distinguished here. Producing large sand casting molds, molds and cores is one of the most common uses of adhesive injection technology. The low cost and speed of this process make it an excellent solution for foundry, because it is difficult to produce fine pattern designs in a few hours with traditional technology.

The future of industrial development constantly puts high demands on foundries and suppliers. Sand 3D printing is at the beginning of its potential. After printing, the printer needs to remove the cores and molds from the construction area and clean them to remove any loose sand. The mold can usually be ready for casting immediately. After casting, the mold is disassembled and the final metal parts are removed.

4. Multi-jet fusion (MJF)

△ BASF and HP cooperated to develop a new industrial grade polypropylene for MJF.

Another unique and brand-specific 3D printing process, which is not easy to fall into any existing category, is actually not adhesive spraying, and this is HP’s Multi Jet Fusion. MJF is a polymer 3D printing technology, which uses powder materials, liquid fusion materials and refiners. The reason why it is not considered as adhesive spraying is that the heat is increased in this process, which will produce parts with higher strength and durability, and the liquid is not completely adhesive. The name of this process comes from multiple inkjet heads that perform the printing process.

In the process of Multi Jet Fusion printing, the printer lays a layer of material powder, usually nylon, on the printing bed. After that, the inkjet head passes through the powder and deposits a melting agent and a refining agent on it. Then the infrared heating device moves on the printed matter. No matter where the flux is added, the lower layers will melt together, while the areas with refiners will remain powdery. The powdery part falls off to produce the required geometry. This also eliminates the need for modeling support, because lower layers support layers printed on them. In order to complete the printing process, the whole powder bed and the printing parts in it are moved to a single processing station, and most of the loose unmelted powder is evacuated and can be reused.

Multi Jet Fusion is a multifunctional technology, which has been applied in many industries such as automobile, medical care and consumer goods.

△HP Jet Fusion 5200 series is one of the many sizes and styles of HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D printer (source: HP).

Six, powder directional energy deposition

Directional Energy Deposition (DED) is a 3D printing process. Metal materials are supplied and melted by powerful energy while being deposited. This is one of the most extensive 3D printing categories, including many subcategories, depending on the material form (wire or powder) and energy type (laser, electron beam, arc, supersonic, heat, etc.). Essentially, it has a lot in common with welding.

This technology is used for layer-by-layer printing, usually followed by CNC machining to achieve stricter tolerances. The combination of DED and CNC is very common. There is a sub-type of 3D printing called hybrid 3D printing, which contains a hybrid 3D printer with DED and CNC units in the same machine. This technology is considered to be a faster and cheaper substitute for small-batch metal castings and forgings, as well as a key maintenance for offshore oil and gas industries, aerospace, power generation and utilities.

△DED metal 3D printing technology can quickly create a solid metal part, and then it can be processed to strict tolerances.

● Subtypes of directional energy deposition: powder laser energy deposition, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), wire electron beam energy deposition and cold spraying.

● Materials: various metals, wires and powder forms.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: repairing high-end automotive/aerospace components, functional prototypes and final components.

● Advantages: high stacking rate, and the ability to add metal to existing components.

● Disadvantages: Because the supporting structure cannot be made, it is impossible to make complex shapes, and the surface smoothness and accuracy are usually poor.

1. Laser directed energy deposition

△ 3D printing metal using laser and powder metal

Laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD) or laser engineering net shaping (LENS), uses metal powder or metal wire sent through one or more nozzles and melted by powerful laser to build platforms or metal parts. With the movement of nozzle and laser or the movement of parts on the multi-axis turntable, objects will be piled up layer by layer. The construction speed is faster than that of powder bed melting, but it will lead to the decrease of surface quality and precision, and usually requires a lot of post-processing. Laser DED printers usually have a sealed chamber filled with argon to avoid oxidation. When dealing with less reactive metals, they can also operate with only local argon or nitrogen.

Metals commonly used in this process include stainless steel, titanium and nickel alloy. This printing method is usually used to repair high-end aviation and automobile parts, such as jet engine blades, but it is also used to produce whole parts.

△Meltio M450 wire feeding laser DED 3D printer, Optomec LENS CS 600 metal powder feeding laser DED 3D printer and DMG Mori Lasertec 65 DED powder feeding laser DED 3D printer.

2. Electron beam directional energy deposition

△ electron beam DED 3D printing

Electron beam DED, also known as linear electron beam energy deposition, is a 3D printing process very similar to laser DED. It is carried out in a vacuum chamber and can produce very clean and high-quality metals. When a wire passes through one or more nozzles, it will be melted by the electron beam. The layer is constructed separately, the electron beam forms a tiny molten pool, and the welding wire is fed into the molten pool by a wire feeder. When dealing with high-performance metals and active metals (such as copper, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloy), electron beam is selected for DED.

DED machines are virtually unlimited in print size. For example, Sciaky, a 3D printer manufacturer, has an EB DED machine that can produce parts nearly 6 meters long at a speed of 3 to 9 kilograms of materials per hour. Electron beam DED is touted as one of the fastest methods to manufacture metal parts, although it is not the most accurate, which makes it an ideal machining technology to build large structures (such as fuselage) or replace parts (such as turbine blades).

△ 3D printing of wire by electron beam deposition

3. Line-controlled energy deposition

△Gefertec arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) printing

Wire Directed Energy Deposition, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a kind of 3D printing, which uses energy in the form of plasma or arc to melt the metal in the form of wire, and deposits the metal layer by layer on a surface, such as a multi-axis turntable, to form a shape by a robotic arm. This method is chosen instead of the similar technology of laser or electron beam because it does not need a sealed chamber and can use the same metal (sometimes the same material) as traditional welding.

Direct energy deposition is considered to be the most cost-effective choice in DED technology, which can use the existing arc welding robot and power supply, so the entry threshold is relatively low. But unlike welding, this technology uses complex software to control a series of variables in the process, including the thermal management of the robot arm and the tool path. This technology has no supporting structure to be removed, and the finished parts are usually CNC machined when necessary to achieve strict tolerance or surface polishing.

△Gefertec and WAAM3D’s line arc additive manufacturing 3D printer.

4. Cold spraying

△ cold spraying

Cold spraying is a DE3D printing technology, which sprays metal powder at supersonic speed to combine them without melting, and hardly produces thermal cracks or thermal stress. Since the early 2000s, it has been used as a coating process, but recently, several companies have used cold spraying for additive manufacturing, because it can print at a speed 50 to 100 times higher than that of a typical metal 3D process and does not require inert gas or vacuum chamber.

Like all DED processes, cold spraying will not produce prints with good surface quality or details, but the parts can be used directly from the printing bed.

5. Melting direct energy deposition

△ Melting Direct Energy Deposition: Aluminum parts printed by ElemX 3D liquid metal of Xerox.

Melting direct energy deposition is a 3D printing process, which uses heat to melt metal (usually aluminum) and then deposits it layer by layer on the building board to form 3D objects. The difference between this technology and metal extrusion 3D printing is that metal raw materials containing a small amount of polymer are used for extrusion, so that the metal can be extruded. Then the polymer is removed in the heat treatment stage, and pure metal is used to melt DED. One can also compare molten or liquid DED to material injection, but instead of a series of nozzles to deposit droplets, liquid metal usually flows out from the nozzles.

Variants of this technology are being developed, and molten metal 3D printers are rare. The advantage of using heat to melt and then deposit metal is that it can use less energy than other DED processes, and it is possible to directly use recycled metal as raw material instead of metal wire or highly processed metal powder.

VII. Lamination of sheets

△ Sheet lamination

Sheet lamination is technically a form of 3D printing, which is quite different from the above technologies. Its function is to stack and laminate very thin pieces of material together to create 3D objects or stacks, and then cut them by machinery or laser to form the final shape. The layers of materials can be fused together in a variety of ways, including heating and sound, depending on the material, ranging from paper to polymer to metal. When the parts are laminated and then laser cut or processed into the required shape, it will produce more waste than other 3D printing technologies.

Manufacturers use sheet lamination to produce cost-effective non-functional prototypes at a relatively high speed, which can be used in battery technology and composite materials, because the materials used can be interchanged in the printing process.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC)

● Materials: paper, polymer and sheet metal.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: non-functional prototyping, multi-color printing and casting.

● Advantages: rapid production and compound printing.

● Disadvantages: low precision, much waste, and some parts need post-production.

Laminated additive manufacturing

△ Laminated additive manufacturing

Lamination is a 3D printing technology, in which sheets of materials are laminated and glued together, and then the layered objects are cut into the correct shape with a knife (or laser or CNC router). This technology is less common nowadays, because the cost of other 3D printing technologies has decreased, and the speed and ease of use have greatly increased.

△BCN3D viscous lithography manufacturing (VLM) 3D printing process using resin (source: BCN3D)

Viscosity lithography (VLM): VLM is a patented 3D printing process of BCN3D, which can laminate a thin layer of high-viscosity photosensitive resin onto a transparent transfer film. The mechanical system allows the resin to be laminated from both sides of the film, so that different resins can be combined to obtain a multi-material part and an easily detachable support structure. This technology has not been commercialized, but it can also belong to one of the laminated 3D printing technologies.

Composite-based additive manufacturing (CBAM)：Startup Impossible Objects applied for a patent for this technology, which combines carbon, glass or Kevlar mats with thermoplastics to manufacture parts.

Selective Laminated Composite Manufacturing (SLCOM): Envision Tec, now called ETEC, owned by Desktop Metal, developed this technology in 2016, which uses thermoplastics as the base material and woven fiber composite.

Note: There are many kinds of 3D printing technologies. These are the seven most common additive manufacturing technologies in 3D printing, which do not cover all 3D printing technologies in the market.

Original title: "7 mainstream 3D printing technologies, all of which can be understood"

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　　CCTV News:Because of the broadcast of a food documentary, in recent days, "Zhangqiu Iron Pot" can be said to be a red overnight. This kind of iron pot forged by traditional manual skills has become a popular product snapped up by everyone.

　　"Zhangqiu Iron Pot" is popular, but the business owner who produces iron pots has begun to worry? Why?

　　China 3 on the tip of the tongue: "Twelve processes, 18 times of heat, more than a dozen hammer tools, large and small, 1000 degrees of high temperature smelting, 36,000 times of forging, each forging is the most powerful experience of iron, while injecting strength into the iron pot."

　　Every season, "China on the tip of the tongue" will bring some food or utensils with it. The third season of "China on the tip of the tongue" broadcast in the Spring Festival this year will make Zhangqiu iron pot, which has always been unknown, popular overnight.

　　In the documentary, not only Zhangqiu’s long history as the "hometown of blacksmiths" is presented, but also the tedious manual production process is displayed. In the dozens of minutes after the broadcast of the program, more than 2,000 iron pots in the inventory of Zhangqiu Iron Pot Online Store were robbed and emptied.

　　At the same time, the experience store in Jinan, Shandong Province, which is being renovated, has also flooded into consumers from all over the country.

　　The experience store, which was intended to be officially opened in March this year, had to open ahead of schedule because of the large number of visitors.

　　In the hastily opened physical store, consumers not only bought all the goods in the store, but also the samples hanging on the wall.

　　According to statistics, the sales of Zhangqiu iron pot on Tmall platform increased by nearly 6,000 times year-on-year. But the current reality is that Zhangqiu iron pot is hard to find.

　　In desperation, four days after the China broadcast on the tip of the tongue, the merchants put up the slogan "Zhangqiu has no pot, Luoyang paper is expensive" on the homepage of the website, and removed all the pots and pans. At the same time, in the persuasion statement, consumers are advised to "consume rationally, I hope everyone will refund, and then buy slowly when the heat dissipates, so as not to let the inheritance get into too much money."

　　History witnesses a magnificent journey, and time engraves the footprints of struggle — —

　　On the eve of the National Day, the Longlong (Longyan, Fujian, Longchuan, Guangdong) high-speed railway from Meizhou West to Longchuan West in Guangdong opened for operation, and the operating mileage of China’s railways exceeded 160,000 kilometers.

　　75 years ago, People’s Republic of China (PRC) was born, and the people’s railway industry ushered in the dawn. Today, China has built the world’s largest high-speed railway network and advanced railway network. China High-speed Railway, with the name of "revival", entrusts the century-old dream of the Chinese nation and "also witnessed the leap of China’s comprehensive national strength".

　　从赶上时代到引领时代，中国铁路的沧桑巨变，成为实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的生动缩影。

　　“我以为，实现中华民族伟大复兴，就是中华民族近代以来最伟大的梦想”，2012年11月29日，在参观《复兴之路》展览时，最高领袖总书记饱含深情地说。

　　2021年7月1日，中国共产党百年华诞，最高领袖总书记在天安门城楼上庄严宣告：“经过全党全国各族人民持续奋斗，我们实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，在中华大地上全面建成了小康社会”。

　　站上新的历史起点，踏上新的赶考之路。

　　“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”2022年10月16日，最高领袖总书记在党的二十大报告中郑重宣示。

　　奋进强国路，阔步新征程。从“第一个百年奋斗目标”到“第二个百年奋斗目标”，从全面建成小康社会到全面建成社会主义现代化强国，我们比历史上任何时期都更接近、更有信心和能力实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标。

　　"Chinese-style modernization is the only correct way to build a strong country and national rejuvenation."

　　"Beidou" networking, the stars shine in the sky. On September 19th this year, in xichang satellite launch center, the rocket carried the 59th and 60th Beidou navigation satellites straight through the sky and flew into space.

　　From Beidou-1 to Beidou-3, from binary positioning to global networking, from covering the Asia-Pacific region to serving the world, Beidou system resonates with the national development and walks in the same direction as national rejuvenation.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader praised: "Beidou system has become one of the important achievements made by China in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up" and "fully embodies the political advantage of China’s socialist system in concentrating on doing great things".

　　From the launch of China’s first artificial earth satellite, Dongfanghong-1, to the "Chang ‘e family" writing a wonderful chapter on exploring the moon, from the construction of China people’s own space station to the exploration of fire by "Heaven" and "xi he" day by day, the dream sky is chased again and again, marking the height of China Aerospace’s continuous refreshing dream pursuit and dream building.

　　The space dream is an important part of the dream of a strong country.

　　From standing up, becoming rich to becoming strong, the history of our party uniting and leading the people of China to pursue national rejuvenation for more than 100 years is also a history of constantly exploring the road to modernization. Chinese-style modernization is a great achievement made by the people of all ethnic groups in China under the leadership of our party through long-term exploration and practice.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our party has continued to advance on the existing basis, constantly achieved innovative breakthroughs in theory and practice, and successfully promoted and expanded Chinese modernization.

　　Deepening understanding — —

　　Since the new era, the Supreme Leader General Secretary has published a series of important expositions on Chinese modernization, with lofty ideas, rich connotations and profound thoughts. It is of great significance to further deepen the understanding of the connotation and essence of Chinese modernization, summarize the China characteristics, essential requirements and major principles of Chinese modernization, and initially construct a theoretical system of Chinese modernization, so as to make Chinese modernization clearer, more scientific and more feasible, and to comprehensively promote the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese modernization in the new era and new journey.

　　On October 29th, 2020, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out at the second plenary session of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee: "Chinese-style modernization not only conforms to the reality of China, but also embodies the laws of socialist construction and the development of human society."

　　On July 1, 2021, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out at the celebration of the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC): "We adhere to and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote the coordinated development of material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization, social civilization and ecological civilization, and create a new road of Chinese modernization and a new form of human civilization."

　　The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China described the grand blueprint for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization, clearly summarized the China characteristics in five aspects of Chinese modernization, and profoundly revealed the scientific connotation of Chinese modernization. "This is not only a theoretical summary, but also a practical requirement, which points out a broad road for building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation."

　　"It is a major theoretical innovation of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the latest major achievement of scientific socialism to put forward and elaborate the Chinese modernization theory in depth." On February 7, 2023, at the opening ceremony of the seminar on studying and implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stood at the strategic height of the overall development of the cause of the party and the country and profoundly expounded a series of major theoretical and practical issues of Chinese modernization. The general secretary pointed out: "Chinese modernization has broken ‘ Modernization = Westernization ’ The myth shows another picture of modernization, expands the path choice of developing countries towards modernization, and provides a Chinese plan for human exploration of a better social system. "

　　On July 18th this year, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the second plenary session of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee: "On the new journey, what do we rely on to further unite our efforts? It is to rely on Chinese modernization. "

　　Continuously improve the strategy — —

　　The correct use of strategy and tactics is the secret of our party’s success in creating glorious history, achieving great achievements in the future, overcoming various risks and challenges, and constantly moving from victory to victory. "To promote Chinese modernization, we must inherit, use and develop this secret of success well."

　　Deeply implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. Since the new era, China has taken science and technology self-reliance as the strategic support for national development, and the ranking of global innovation index has jumped from the 34th in 2012 to the 12th in 2023.

　　Solidly promote the construction of xiong’an new area. In just over seven years, xiong’an new area has grown from scratch, from blueprint to real scene, and a high-level modern city is emerging;

　　Promote the high-quality development of the "Belt and Road". The "Belt and Road" cooperation extends from Eurasia to Africa and Latin America, and from hard connectivity to soft connectivity, which has injected new momentum into world economic growth;

　　… … … …

　　"Chinese-style modernization has goals, plans and strategies", and major strategies have been implemented in depth, moving forward step by step, providing solid strategic support for Chinese-style modernization.

　　Enriched in practice — —

　　There is a deep concern in a water transfer line.

　　In February 2013, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to Yuangudui Village, Weiyuan County, Gansu Province, and walked into the low adobe house of the villager Magangjia, scooped up a scoop of water from the water tank at the root of the wall and tasted it. The taste of bitter salt water made the general secretary frown. Subsequently, the General Secretary made a special trip to visit the construction site of the Taohe Water Supply Project, telling him that "people’s livelihood is the most important and water control is the most important".

　　Through the tunnel and over the mountains, the water supply project from Taotao brought gurgling water. On September 11th this year, the General Secretary visited Maiji District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province. When he learned that nearly 6 million people had bid farewell to bitter salt water, he entrusted "to make this project play a greater role in the production and life of people along the line".

　　You can’t get rid of poverty without solving the water problem. Poverty alleviation, heavy answer. In the past eight years, 98.99 million rural poor people have been lifted out of poverty under the current standards, and 832 state-level poverty-stricken counties have all taken off their hats, creating a miracle in history.

　　Since the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has United and led the whole party and the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, promoted a series of transformative practices, achieved a series of breakthrough progress and achieved a series of landmark achievements, and promoted historic achievements and changes in the cause of the party and the state, especially eliminating the problem of absolute poverty and building a well-off society in an all-round way, providing a more perfect institutional guarantee, a more solid material foundation and a more active spiritual force for Chinese modernization.

　　From the historical leap of "more ambition for sacrifice, dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky", we can feel the power of China, the spirit of China and the image of China in the new era. Since the founding of New China 75 years ago, especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s economic strength, comprehensive national strength and international influence have achieved a historic leap. The passenger and cargo transportation volume of railways and highways and the cargo throughput of ports rank first in the world, and the image of a big country with self-confidence, self-reliance, openness and tolerance is deeply rooted in people’s hearts.

　　The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made a strategic plan to promote Chinese modernization: "Basically realize socialist modernization from 2020 to 2035; From 2035 to the middle of this century, China will be built into a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power. "

　　"Practice has proved that Chinese-style modernization is feasible and stable, and it is the only correct way to build a strong country and national rejuvenation." On the new journey, we must cherish, persist, constantly expand and deepen, unswervingly follow this broad road, and comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization.

　　"High-quality development is the primary task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way"

　　"The general secretary cares about ‘ Hand-torn steel ’ There has been new progress. " Liao Xi, chief engineer of China Baowu Shanxi Taigang Stainless Steel Precision Strip Co., Ltd., introduced that "hand-torn steel" can be "folded and used" for more than 200,000 times when used on folding screen mobile phones.

　　In 2017, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader walked into the production workshop of Shanxi Taigang for the first time, and Liao Xi was struggling to explore "tearing steel by hand". The ardent expectations of the General Secretary encouraged him to get up the courage to innovate.

　　In 2020, the general secretary went to Taigang again, picked up a piece of "hand-torn steel" and sent a message that "the scientific and technological innovation of high-end manufacturing industry will continue to climb the peak".

　　Looking at high-quality development from a piece of "hand-torn steel" Driven by innovation, industrial upgrading, "hand-torn steel" is widely used in aerospace, precision instruments and other industries, and "combining rigidity with flexibility" witnesses quality change, efficiency change and power change.

　　Since the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has made a series of major decisions and arrangements, and promoting high-quality development has become the consensus and conscious action of the whole party and society, and high-quality development has become the main theme.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "High-quality development is the primary task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way." "Realizing high-quality development", as one of the "essential requirements of Chinese modernization", was clearly written into the Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress.

　　"High-quality development is a development that can well meet the people’s growing needs for a better life, a development that embodies the new development concept, a development in which innovation becomes the first driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous feature, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only way, and sharing becomes the fundamental purpose." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly explained.

　　— — Innovation and development, the "first driving force" is stronger.

　　Developing new quality productivity is the inherent requirement and important focus of promoting high quality development.

　　After important meetings and important inspections, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward a series of practical requirements for the development of new-quality productive forces, and made a summary in theory. "New-quality productive forces are advanced productive forces that play a leading role in innovation, get rid of the traditional economic growth mode and productive forces development path, have the characteristics of high technology, high efficiency and high quality, and conform to the new development concept."

　　To be "new", to be "quality", and to develop new quality productivity is surging.

　　Transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the added value of China’s equipment manufacturing industry above designated size has increased by 8.7% annually, and the core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry has steadily increased.

　　New kinetic energy and new advantages are cultivated and strengthened. The output of new energy vehicles, lithium batteries and photovoltaic products has increased rapidly, and the "three new" economy has flourished.

　　— — Coordinated development has a broader space for development.

　　Since the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has presided over nine symposiums to promote the implementation of regional development strategies.

　　He presided over a symposium to comprehensively promote ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, emphasizing "to continuously improve the coordinated pattern of ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin".

　　Presided over the symposium on promoting the development of the western region in the new era, demanding that "we should consistently do a good job in implementing the policies and measures of the CPC Central Committee to promote the development of the western region."

　　He presided over the symposium on promoting the rise of the central region in the new era and looked forward to "struggling to write a new chapter in the rise of the central region in the Chinese modernization drive."

　　Presided over the symposium to further promote the integration and development of the Yangtze River Delta, demanding "close integration and high quality".

　　The fourth symposium on the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt was held in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, exhorting "to seek long-term potential, long-term strategy and build a long-term foundation".

　　At the symposium on promoting the comprehensive revitalization of Northeast China in the new era, we encouraged "I believe that in the new journey of building a strong country and national rejuvenation, Northeast China will certainly be able to regain its glory and create new achievements".

　　At the symposium on strengthening the comprehensive prevention and control of desertification and promoting the construction of key ecological projects such as the "Three North", we called for "putting ‘ Sanbei ’ The project has become a fully functional and unbreakable green Great Wall and ecological security barrier in northern Xinjiang. "

　　Hosted a symposium on promoting the construction of xiong’an new area with high standards and high quality, and further promoted the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, emphasizing "firmly grasping the functional orientation, mission and principle requirements of the CPC Central Committee on xiong’an new area" and "firmly grasping the function of resolving Beijing’s non-capital ‘ Bull’s nose ’ " .

　　Since the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has attached great importance to the coordinated development of regions, and the regional plates have integrated and interacted, and the balance of development has gradually increased, forming a new pattern of coordinated development.

　　— — Green development, the development background is more distinct.

　　Wuliangsuhai is a pearl embedded in the "zigzag bend" of the Yellow River. Once, the water quality here deteriorated and the ecology deteriorated. After systematic management, birds are flying and reeds are swaying.

　　In June 2023, the General Secretary came to Wuliangsuhai. Local responsible comrades reported to the General Secretary the change of governance ideas: following the general secretary’s concept of systematic governance, putting mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand together for overall consideration, the pattern and effect have obviously changed.

　　Under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, the construction of beautiful China has made great strides, and the development answer sheet of the new era is greener. Compared with 2012, China’s energy consumption per unit GDP decreased by 26.8% in 2023.

　　— — Open development, internal and external linkages are smoother.

　　On September 12th this year, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader sent a congratulatory letter to China International Fair for Trade in Services in 2024, stating: "China is willing to work with other countries in the world to conform to the general trend of economic globalization, share opportunities, discuss cooperation and jointly promote development".

　　Experience VR skiing and learn from table tennis robot … … 85 countries and international organizations set up exhibitions. Fruitful results reflect the high-quality development of service trade.

　　Only an open China will become a modern China. The scale of China’s trade in goods increased from 24.4 trillion yuan in 2012 to 41.8 trillion yuan in 2023, and the construction of a trade power was solidly promoted. From 2013 to 2023, the total import and export volume of goods increased by 4.0% annually.

　　— — Sharing development, development results are more inclusive.

　　In June this year, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited Ningxia and asked about the current situation of Suining Town. "I heard that it is now well built and has a characteristic industry. Such a hard place in the past has become a place where grapes and wine are produced, which is very emotional and gratifying! "

　　In April 1997, the supreme leader comrade, then deputy secretary of Fujian Provincial Committee, came to Ningxia and pressed the "fast forward button" for the marriage between Fujian and Ningxia and the integration of mountains and seas, which gave birth to a brand-new model of cooperative development between the east and the west.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the new urbanization with people as the core has been further promoted, and the rural revitalization strategy has been implemented steadily. From 2013 to 2023, the GDP of the central and western regions increased by 6.9% and 7.1% respectively, which was faster than that of the eastern region.

　　"Adhering to innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development is a profound change that has a bearing on China’s overall development." Firmly grasping the primary task of high-quality development, the great ship of the Chinese nation, Fuxing, will surely sail and sail.

　　"Chinese modernization, people’s livelihood is great"

　　An apple sees its heart.

　　In February 2015, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader returned to Liangjiahe, Shaanxi Province, and went to see the apple plantation at the height of the mountain ridge, swearing that "the apple industry must be firmly grasped";

　　In October 2022, the general secretary came to the apple orchard in Nan ‘gou Village, Yan ‘an, praising "this is agricultural modernization, and you have found a suitable industrial development direction";

　　In September this year, the general secretary came to Nanshan Huaniu Apple Base in Maiji District, Tianshui City, wishing the villagers’ lives "as prosperous as apples";

　　… … … …

　　Apple’s story reflects the deep feelings of the people’s leaders for the people and reflects the unswerving initial intention of the century-old party.

　　The dream of a well-off society, the dream of a strong country and the Chinese dream are, in the final analysis, the "happy dreams" of ordinary people.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out: "Chinese modernization means people’s livelihood. All the work of the party and the government is for the people to live a happier life. "

　　On November 15, 2012, when the 18th CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) met with Chinese and foreign journalists, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader described people’s expectations with 10 words "Geng": "Our people love life and expect better education, more stable jobs, more satisfactory income, more reliable social security, higher-level medical and health services, more comfortable living conditions and a more beautiful environment, and expect children to grow up and work better. The people’s yearning for a better life is our goal. "

　　Since the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has always focused on people’s livelihood concerns, adhered to the people first, life first, and grasped the bottom line of people’s livelihood. People’s livelihood security is effective and high-quality development is more temperature-sensitive.

　　— — Focusing on solving the people’s urgent problems, this livelihood answer sheet is heavy.

　　Consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation, the general secretary "can’t worry at all times." When I visited Gansu in September this year, I emphasized "preventing the rural population from returning to poverty on a large scale"; During an inspection tour in Shandong in May this year, he pointed out that "promoting agricultural efficiency, increasing farmers’ income and increasing rural vitality"; In December, 2023, I visited Guangxi, and asked for "establishing a normalized assistance mechanism for rural low-income population" … …

　　"Picking more than 100 kilograms of dried pepper on an acre of land can earn 40,000 to 50,000 yuan on 10 acres of land, and the income is stable." Du Shewa, a poverty-stricken household in Shaping Village, Wudu District, Longnan City, Gansu Province, is credited. In the first half of this year, the number of people out of poverty reached 32.74 million, and the per capita disposable income of farmers in poverty-stricken counties continued to grow rapidly.

　　The production and life of the affected people, General Secretary Nianzi is here. Concerned about the post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction of Jishishan, and exhorted to "do a good job in the life support and post-disaster recovery and reconstruction of the affected people in the earthquake-stricken areas of Jishishan to ensure the safety and warmth of the people for the winter"; The deployment of flood control and drought relief work requires "ensuring normal production and living order and minimizing disaster losses".

　　Jishishan County, Gansu Province has completed the maintenance and reconstruction of disaster-stricken schools in an all-round way, and Hebei has included the restoration and reconstruction of post-disaster rural houses in the province’s 20 livelihood projects … … Rebuild their homes and make the lives of ordinary people better.

　　Employment is the most basic livelihood. In June, 2022, in Yibin College, Sichuan, the general secretary exhorted "to further tap job resources and do detailed employment guidance services"; In August 2020, during an inspection tour in Anhui, the General Secretary called for "more supporting measures to help enterprises, reduce burdens, stabilize jobs and expand employment"; In February 2019, when visiting the "courier brother", the general secretary emphasized "efforts to create more jobs".

　　Firmly stabilize the employment "rice bowl". Since the new era, the employment priority strategy has run through all aspects of economic development, the employment situation has remained stable, and a large country with a population of more than 1.4 billion has achieved relatively full employment.

　　To safeguard and improve people’s livelihood, we will do whatever the masses think.

　　The bottom line is the policy. About 70% of the national fiscal expenditure is used for people’s livelihood. In 2024, the central government allocated a budget of 66.7 billion yuan for employment subsidies and 408.5 billion yuan for the transfer of common financial affairs in the field of education.

　　Social security is more powerful. The world’s largest medical and health service system, the world’s largest social security system and the world’s largest quality education system have been built. The child welfare and minors protection systems have been continuously improved, and China’s characteristic old-age service system has achieved remarkable results.

　　Residents’ pockets are more solid. In 2023, the per capita disposable income of the national residents reached 39,218 yuan, which was 76 times higher than that in 1949 after deducting the price factor. The income growth rate of residents was faster than the economic growth rate, and the income growth rate of rural residents was faster than that of urban residents.

　　— — Better meet the people’s needs for high-quality life, this livelihood answer sheet is full of color.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "unswervingly improve people’s livelihood and well-being, and closely integrate high-quality development with meeting people’s needs for a better life".

　　From "with or without" to "with or without", the consumption structure of residents has been optimized and upgraded. Smart products fly into ordinary people’s homes, and green and low-carbon goods become the new fashion. In 2023, the national Engel coefficient was 29.8%, which was 34.1 percentage points lower than the 63.9% in 1978.

　　From "material sufficiency" to "spiritual abundance", there are many bright spots in the service consumption market. Snow, ice, fire at night, and cultural craze, new scenes have ignited new impetus for consumption, and residents’ consumption has changed from physical consumption to service consumption that reflects the needs of a better life.

　　"Along the way, we have relied on the people to hand over one answer sheet after another that goes down in history. Facing the future, we still have to rely on the people to create new historical achievements. " When the 20th CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) met with Chinese and foreign journalists, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader had a firm tone.

　　"To turn the blueprint of Chinese modernization into reality lies in further deepening reform in an all-round way."

　　Reform and opening-up, the most striking feature and the most magnificent weather in contemporary China.

　　Chinese-style modernization is constantly advancing in the reform and opening up, and it will certainly open up broad prospects in the reform and opening up.

　　The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the central task of building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way, realizing the goal of the second century, and comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization, and made strategic arrangements for promoting Chinese modernization.

　　"To put these strategic arrangements into practice and turn the blueprint for Chinese modernization into reality, the fundamental thing is to further comprehensively deepen reforms, constantly improve various institutional mechanisms, and provide institutional guarantees for promoting Chinese modernization." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed.

　　"Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Comprehensive Green Transformation of Economic and Social Development" was issued;

　　The Sixth Meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform deliberated and adopted documents such as the Division of Work Plan for the Implementation of the Important Reform Measures of the Third Plenary Session of the Twentieth CPC Central Committee by the relevant departments of the central and state organs, and the Opinions on Implementing the Promotion Strategy of the Pilot Free Trade Zone;

　　The 11th meeting of the 14th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) voted to adopt the decision on gradually delaying the statutory retirement age;

　　… … … …

　　After the closing of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a series of major reform measures were launched one after another, which further deepened the reform in an all-round way.

　　— — Anchor the overall goal of further deepening the reform in an all-round way and promote the comprehensive deepening of the reform to March in breadth and depth.

　　The goal is the direction, the goal is the guidance, and the goal is the motivation.

　　The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made it clear: "The overall goal of further comprehensively deepening the reform is to continue to improve and develop the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity."

　　"The Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee anchored the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization in 2035 and put forward ‘ Seven focuses ’ The goal of sub-sector reform requires the completion of the reform tasks proposed in the Decision by 2029, which provides a timetable, road map and task book for further comprehensive deepening of reform. " Ding Yuanzhu, a professor at the Teaching and Research Department of Social and Ecological Civilization of the Central Party School (National School of Administration), said.

　　Anchor modernization and deepen reform. Focusing on building a high-level socialist market economic system, Several Measures on Strengthening Support for Large-scale Equipment Renewal and Trade-in of Consumer Goods, and Five-year Action Plan for Deeply Implementing People-oriented New Urbanization Strategy have been issued one after another. Focus on the construction of beautiful China, the work plan for accelerating the construction of a dual control system for carbon emissions, and the guiding opinions on further improving financial support for the green, low-carbon and high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt … …

　　On the new journey, the policy has continued to exert its strength, and all localities have joined forces to gather the most extensive reform forces.

　　— — Focusing on the theme of promoting Chinese modernization, we will further comprehensively deepen the reform strategy.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has made strategic arrangements for comprehensively promoting Chinese modernization. To further deepen the reform in an all-round way, we must closely focus on the theme of promoting Chinese modernization. "

　　The "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee put forward more than 300 important reform measures, all of which involved system, mechanism and system level, covering all aspects of promoting Chinese modernization.

　　The birthplace of rural reform, Xiaogang Village, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, has also welcomed a bumper harvest. There are even live broadcast rooms in the field, and it is also a new farm work to bring goods. "From ‘ Red handprint ’ , to ‘ Red notebook ’ , and then to today’s ‘ Dividend ’ We explore the development of a new rural collective economy and create more industries that enrich the people. " Li Jinzhu, member of the Standing Committee of Fengyang County Committee and first secretary of Xiaogang Village Party Committee, said.

　　One leads to its outline, and all eyes are open. On the new journey, all localities and departments focus on promoting the theme of Chinese-style modernization, focusing on the right direction, keeping the right and innovating, enhancing the accuracy, synergy and effectiveness of further deepening reform, and making every effort to promote Chinese-style modernization to be stable and far-reaching.

　　— — Adhere to the system construction as the main line and promote all aspects of the system to be more mature and more stereotyped.

　　The negative list system ushered in a new upgrade. Recently, the Opinions on Improving the Market Access System issued by the Central Office and the State Council put forward market access management measures set by laws, administrative regulations, the State Council decisions and local regulations, and temporary market access management measures set by government regulations of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government according to law, all of which were included in the national unified negative list of market access.

　　On September 6th, Hangzhou-Wenzhou high-speed railway was put into operation. This privately-owned high-speed railway line added another stroke to the "Yangtze River Delta on the track". The Ministry of Commerce and other departments recently issued a notice to clarify the pilot work of expanding opening up in the medical field.

　　A stable system leads to a stable country, and a strong system leads to a strong country. On the new journey, all regions and departments adhere to the system construction as the main line, strengthen the top-level design and overall planning, break the system at the same time, build a fundamental system, improve the basic system and innovate important systems.

　　— — Do a good job in the implementation of reform with the spirit of nailing nails, and turn the strategic deployment of further comprehensive deepening reform into a powerful force to promote Chinese modernization.

　　The Yellow River has nine twists, and the general secretary has far-reaching plans. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has visited the provinces and regions of the Yellow River Basin for more than 30 times. "Going through it is not just to have a look, but to have thinking, ideas, deployment, action, integration of knowledge and action, and to be an activist!" The general secretary stressed.

　　"This year, the Yellow River has been continuously flowing for 25 years, which proves once again that to do a good job in the Yellow River, we must persevere and work hard. Guided by the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, we will improve the level of water conservation and intensive utilization, improve the disaster prevention and mitigation system, and keep the mother river alive forever." Ma Yonglai, deputy director of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, said.

　　"if you see it, you will unswervingly grasp it." To be a firm doer and doer of Chinese modernization, we should work hard to turn the grand blueprint of Chinese modernization into a beautiful reality step by step.

　　****** 　******

　　The new and the old push the picture scroll, and Dan Qing’s wonderful hand is to Cuifeng.

　　The golden autumn of 2024 ushered in the 75th anniversary of the founding of New China.

　　"Over the past 75 years, China has made great historical achievements in its development. Now, the whole party and people all over the country are struggling to promote Chinese modernization. We must be more United and work harder. Let’s work together and create new and greater glories. " The words of the Supreme Leader General Secretary are inspiring and inspiring.

　　"Chinese modernization is done, and great undertakings are done!"

　　On the new journey, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is at the helm as the core of the CPC Central Committee and the whole party, with the scientific guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era of the Supreme Leader, and the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country are United and struggling. "The goal of building a socialist modern power in an all-round way will certainly be realized, and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will certainly be realized!"

　　(Reporter Wang Xiaodong, Wang Hao, Ge Mengchao, Liu Shuwen)

　　On August 3, 2016, Zotye officially announced the listing of the 2017 Damai X5. The new Damai X5 is equipped with a 1.5T engine and matched with a 5-speed manual transmission and a CVT gearbox.A total of 13 models were launched in the new car, and the price range was 7.79-12.19 million yuan.During the launch conference of the new Damai X5, Zotye Damai’s new medium-sized SUV Damai X7 was unveiled simultaneously."Real shot Zotye Damai X7"

　　New car highlights:

　　1. Adopt a brand-new "Domy" logo.

　　2. Equipped with sports elements such as ice blue sports headlights, 17-inch sports wheels and red brake calipers.

　　3, equipped with high-tech configurations such as car WIFI and mobile phone wireless charging.

　　The new Damai X5 and Damai X7 all use the brand-new "Domy" logo, and "Domy" has also become the exclusive logo of Zotye Damai product series. This time, the new Damai X5 and Damai X7 appeared at the same time for the first time, which further confirmed the fact that Zotye Damai will change the logo.

　　In terms of appearance, the new Damai X5 basically maintains the overall shape of the old model, but has made some adjustments in the details. The brand LOGO of the front and rear of the car has been changed to a brand-new handwritten "Domy" logo. The new car also adopts brand-new ice blue sports headlights, 17-inch aluminum alloy sports wheels and red brake calipers. The body color has been increased on the basis of black, white, silver and red. Brown, purple and orange are available for selection.

　　In terms of interior, the design of the new Damai X5 is basically the same as that of the old models, but on the basis of the original black interior, burgundy and beige interiors are added for selection. In addition, the new car is also equipped with a brand-new sports style seat, which greatly improves the sports texture of the interior.

　　In terms of configuration, the new car has added nearly 18 configurations such as tire pressure monitoring, panoramic image, PM2.5 green cleaning technology, body stability system, boneless induction wiper, main driver’s one-button lifting (with anti-pinch function), front parking radar, car 4GWifi, mobile phone wireless charging, mobile phone remote control and automatic headlights.

　　In terms of power, the new car is still equipped with a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine from Mitsubishi, with a maximum power of 110 kW and a peak torque of 195 Nm, matching the 5-speed manual and CVT gearboxes. According to the information released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, it can be predicted that the Damai X5 will be expected to launch a 1.6-liter engine model in the future. By adjusting the calibration of engine ECU and optimizing the matching of gearbox, the comprehensive fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is reduced by 5%, and the fuel consumption of manual transmission and automatic transmission products reaches 7.0 liters and 7.2 liters respectively.

　　Competing models:

　　Beiqi Magic Speed S6

　　Guide price: 7.98-11.68

　　As a strategic model of Beiqi Magic Speed SUV market, Beiqi Magic Speed S6 is bound to shoulder the heavy responsibility of helping it compete in the A-class SUV market segment. From the perspective of comprehensive strength, Magic Speed S6 is a powerful competitor, especially Beiqi Magic Speed S6 is highly matched at the same level. Magic Speed S6 adopts a brand-new X-shaped air intake grille, which makes the overall shape tough, the interior is simple and generous, and the whole look more fashionable with pure black color matching and imitation wood grain decorative strips. The magic speed S6 adopts the driving form of front drive, and the suspension form is updated to front and rear independent suspension, and a 1.5T turbocharged engine is adopted.

　　Jianghuai Ruifeng S5

　　Guide price: 8.94-13.95

　　Jianghuai Ruifeng s5 is located in a compact SUV with high cost performance, with smooth body lines, fashionable appearance and inheriting the family-style front face. The interior is simple and fashionable, the instrument panel with double barrels is full of bright spots, the ground clearance of 210mm makes it have good passability, and the spacious driving space in the car allows drivers and passengers to start their driving journey with a relatively calm sitting posture. The configuration of JAC Ruifeng S5 can be said to be very attractive, and it is very kind to have navigation on the standard model alone. In terms of power, Ruifeng S5 is equipped with 1.8T and 2.0L engines, matched with 6-speed manual transmission or 6-speed DCT powershift.

　　Want to know what the latest new cars are and what the official price is? Mobile phone users can know by pressing the QR code:

　　The Spring Festival in the Year of the Loong is approaching. Can the villagers who suffered disasters last year have a good year? The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader misses him very much.

　　On February 1st, the 22nd day of the twelfth lunar month, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to Tianjin, and went straight from the railway station to Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, located in the suburbs.

　　In the field, contiguous vegetable greenhouses are endless, and there is a thriving scene. It is hard to imagine that a few months ago, there was a catastrophic flood in the Haihe River basin, and more than 2,000 greenhouses in the village were flooded.

　　The general secretary said with deep affection: "Since last year, other places in China have also suffered from natural disasters such as floods, typhoons, earthquakes, landslides, freezing rain and snow, and I always pay attention to them."

　　Along the way, I am deeply concerned and full of deep feelings of people first.

　　"The country is peaceful and the people are safe, and the people’s security can make the country peaceful." The simple and sincere words of the Supreme Leader General Secretary warm the hearts of all the affected people.

　　"People’s business is the most important thing."

　　In the sixth port village in the west of Tianjin, in the greenhouse, Artemisia selengensis, cauliflower and spinach are growing well.

　　On the morning of February 1, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to the village to learn about the recovery of local agricultural production.

　　Vegetable farmers Hao Jian and Zhang Fengwen are busy in the new shed. Picking, packaging, ready to deliver fresh vegetables to the community in the city.

　　They were very excited when they met the general secretary, and introduced their vegetable fields one after another. "Special thanks to the party and the government, the greenhouse was repaired, replanted and planted, and production quickly resumed."

　　△ On February 1, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader walked into the shed of Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin, and had a cordial exchange with vegetable farmers.

　　Liubu Village is one of the vegetable bases in Tianjin. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader held Lao Hao’s hand: "We should thank you for your hard work and enrich the Spring Festival ‘ Shopping basket ’ 。”

　　"Our food is delicious, especially sweet." Zhang Fengwen said.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader smiled and asked: "What is the reason for the sweet food?"

　　"Water is good, soil is good, red sand."

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is well aware of the worries and hopes of the villagers and has always been concerned about those places that have suffered disasters.

　　In November last year, in Shuiyuzui Village, Mentougou District, Beijing, the General Secretary inquired in detail about the damage of villagers’ houses, repair expenses, heating, etc., stressing that "it is a hard task to ensure the safety and warmth of the affected people for the winter. The winter in the north is long, and the winter in the mountains is particularly cold. The heating work must be carried out in detail to achieve every household. "

　　"The party’s good policy is to make the people happy." In Diaowo Town, Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province, the general secretary went to farmers and wheat fields, urging local cadres to organize and arrange agricultural production and strive for a good harvest next year.

　　△ On November 10, 2023, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader inspected the growth of Chinese cabbage in the farmland near Wanquanzhuang Village, Diaowo Town, Zhuozhou City, Baoding, Hebei Province.

　　Every sentence, every pile, every piece, is concerned with the "big things and small feelings" of the villagers.

　　On the village square of Liubu Village, the villagers paid a New Year greeting to the General Secretary. "I am also very happy to see such an atmosphere and scene after the disaster." "The affairs of ordinary people are the most important thing, and we must do it well." The words of the general secretary are simple and firm.

　　△ On February 1, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader waved to the villagers during his inspection in Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin.

　　"Rely on your own hands to rebuild a beautiful home"

　　Flower cakes, steamed buns, window grilles and lanterns … … Du Honggang’s home in the sixth port village, where four generations live under one roof, is full of joy in 2008.

　　"Is there anything else that the party and the government need to care about?" The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader cordially talked with his family, and calculated the disaster losses and the increase in production development and employment after the disaster.

　　"With the help of the party and the government, I quickly got through the difficulties and didn’t feel that life was difficult. I have added a little grandson, and this year is a happy year for the whole family. "

　　After listening to this, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said with emotion: "Only when the country is peaceful and the people are at peace can the country be peaceful. The Party Central Committee and party committees and governments at all levels always remember the safety and warmth of everyone, and hope that the villagers can rebuild their beautiful homes and create a happy life with their own hands."

　　△ On February 1, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader had a cordial exchange with Du Honggang, a villager, when he visited Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin.

　　Last year, the flood disaster affected a wide area, many flood storage and detention areas were opened, and many people were relocated. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has been very concerned about the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction work and the living security of the affected people.

　　On September 7, 2023, starting from Harbin city, Heilongjiang province, the general secretary went to Longwangmiao Village, Laojieji Township, shangzhi city, where the disaster was serious, to visit and sympathize with the affected people and see the situation of rice disaster and the reconstruction of houses damaged by water.

　　△ On September 7, 2023, in Longwangmiao Village, Laojieji Township, shangzhi city City, Harbin, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader went into the home of villager Yang Chungui to inspect the repair of damaged houses.

　　"The party and the government are very concerned about the people in the disaster areas, and always walk hand in hand with everyone through thick and thin. I hope that under the leadership of the party organization, Qi Xin will work together to overcome the difficulties and strive to build a beautiful home." The general secretary’s words are inspiring.

　　Today, Longwangmiao Village in Laojieji Township has a new look, with rows of houses and clean roads.

　　△ Corner of Laojieji Township, shangzhi city, Heilongjiang

　　"In the new year, we must redouble our efforts to make the villagers’ lives better and better through specific measures such as setting up cooperatives." Liu Lijia, the first secretary of Longwangmiao Village, said that the village took the lead in completing the reconstruction, replacement and maintenance of 168 damaged houses, and the infrastructure was restored in time, and more than 100 seedling greenhouses were rebuilt or repaired to lay a solid foundation for spring ploughing production in 2024.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader once said: "My greatest wish is that everyone can enjoy a good year."

　　Now, 1,200 mu of vegetables replanted in Liubu Village are being harvested; In the distance, thousands of acres of winter wheat will soon turn green and spit new green. Seeing the rainbow after the storm, the encouraged villagers are heading for a better life.

　　"Have a happy and peaceful Spring Festival"

　　Children’s dances are uniform, young people’s performances are full of energy, and the yangko tunes sung by old people are full of flavor … … Before the Spring Festival, in the centralized resettlement site of Xiaohongping Village, Jishishan County, Gansu Province, everyone was rehearsing "Village Night" in full swing.

　　△ Rehearsal scene of "Village Night" in Xiaohongping Village, Jishishan County, Gansu Province

　　On December 18th last year, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred in Jishishan County, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province, affecting Gansu and Qinghai provinces. Xiaohongping village is one of the hardest-hit villages in this earthquake. There are 379 households with more than 1,800 people living in centralized resettlement sites.

　　After the earthquake, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attached great importance to it and made important instructions at the first time, demanding that all efforts be made to carry out search and rescue, properly resettle the affected people, and do their utmost to ensure the safety of people’s lives and property.

　　This Spring Festival, the affected people will spend it in the resettlement sites. In order to increase the atmosphere of the Chinese New Year and boost everyone’s confidence in rebuilding their homes, Xiao Hongping Village organized a "village night" with board houses.

　　Ma Xingquan, 44, is the main actor in Yangko minor in "Village Night". "The rice, noodles and oil for the Chinese New Year are all ready, and the twist and avocado are also fried. A few days ago, the government also distributed living materials and solatium to everyone. " Ma Xingquan is busy attending the rehearsal of the "Village Night" program, and he is also studying in the welding training class organized by the labor department to contribute to the reconstruction of the village.

　　△ In the board room of the resettlement site, Ma Xingquan’s fried dough twists and avocados.

　　During his inspection tour in Tianjin, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that Party committees and governments at all levels should attach great importance to people’s livelihood and security, material and energy supply, social harmony and stability, and ensure that the people have a happy and peaceful Spring Festival.

　　Tianjin Xiqing District strengthens the inspection and maintenance of people’s housing, strengthens the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and pipeline network, and arranges the production and life of people in disaster areas; We will spare no effort to ensure sufficient market supply during the Spring Festival, ensure a stable supply of daily necessities, and create a consumption scene full of fun, taste and taste.

　　△ On January 18th, 2024, the lighting ceremony of Yangliuqing National Tide Light Show in Xiqing District of Tianjin was held in Yangliuqing Town.

　　New year, new March. In the north and south of the great river, the strong flavor of the year is permeated with the confidence and strength of Chinese sons and daughters to forge ahead in a new journey.

　　"Everyone should be full of confidence in the new year and live a better life." "During the Spring Festival, all localities can hold more cultural activities that the masses like to see and hear, making the festival more festive and cheerful."

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader sends a New Year greeting to everyone, which is warm and harmonious — —

　　"I wish the Chinese people at home and abroad good health, family happiness, all the best and good luck in the Year of the Loong! I wish the great motherland good weather, peace, prosperity and prosperity! "

　　Producer: Geng Zhimin

　　Producer Xing Lai

　　Editor-in-Chief Ning Lili

　　Write Zhang Yanan.

　　Visual sense Jiang yuhang