分类： fdg

In the futures market, the trading volume and influence of soybean oil futures should not be underestimated. Selecting suitable soybean varieties for oil extraction is an important factor affecting the quality of soybean oil and futures prices. In this paper, we will discuss what kind of soybean oil should be used in soybean oil futures, and analyze the scientific basis of this choice.

First of all, the variety selection of soybean is directly related to the yield and quality of soybean oil. Common soybean varieties in the market include genetically modified soybeans and non-genetically modified soybeans. Genetically modified soybeans have high growth rate, strong disease resistance and high yield, but non-genetically modified soybeans are considered to be more suitable for producing high-quality edible oil because of their natural characteristics.

In order to compare the oil squeezing effects of different soybean varieties more intuitively, the following is a simple table:

As can be seen from the table, although the yield of non-GM soybeans is slightly lower, their oil quality is excellent and their market acceptance is high, which is an important consideration for futures traders who pursue high-quality soybean oil.

Secondly, the origin and planting environment of soybeans are also important basis for selection. Soil and climate conditions in different areas will affect the nutritional composition and oil content of soybeans. For example, soybeans in the midwest of the United States are considered as important producing areas of high-quality soybeans because of their fertile soil and suitable climate.

In addition, the processing technology of soybean will also affect the quality of final soybean oil. Modern oil pressing technology can retain the nutrients of soybeans to the maximum extent and reduce the production of harmful substances. Therefore, it is very important to choose soybean varieties with advanced oil extraction technology to enhance the market competitiveness of soybean oil futures.

To sum up, non-GM soybeans should be given priority in soybean oil futures, especially those from high-quality producing areas. This choice is based not only on the quality of soybean itself, but also on the market’s preference for non-genetically modified products and the blessing of modern oil pressing technology. Through scientific and reasonable selection, futures traders can occupy a more favorable position in the soybean oil market.

[Disclaimer] This article only represents the author’s own views and has nothing to do with Hexun. Hexun.com is neutral about the statements and opinions in this article, and does not provide any express or implied guarantee for the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the contents. Readers are requested for reference only, and please take full responsibility. Email: news_center@staff.hexun.com.

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1905 movie network news　 On April 1st, the symposium on the film of the "Red Shadow Project" for the 70th anniversary of the National Day was held in Beijing. The full name of "Red Shadow Project" is "Red Youth Film and Television Culture Promotion Plan", which aims to actively advocate film and television industry institutions to create their own films for young people, pay attention to inheriting red genes, and guide young people to establish a correct outlook on life and values.

At the scene, the leaders, experts and creators of the film and television industry also held a heated discussion around "Youth Film and Television Creation" and put forward their own views. Gao Yalin was once known to the audience, especially to the young audience, for his role in the series "Family with Children". Talking about the achievements of this drama, he said that "Family with Children" was forward-looking in the environment at that time, and it also brought a lot of enlightenment to every family. Gao Yalin believes that film and television dramas often play a decisive role in the cultivation of teenagers’ three views. Nowadays, the information in the Internet age is developed, but in many cases, people in the lower age group are easy to become "brain powder" that people don’t want to see on the Internet because of their lack of judgment. Therefore, it is urgent to promote the film and television creation of excellent teenagers.

Li Chengcai, the director who appeared on the stage with Gao Yalin, said frankly: "I think as filmmakers, we haven’t done enough." As a director, creating youth film and television works means taking on more responsibilities. Teenagers have a great demand for watching movies, but what do they need and want to see? This is the most critical question for adults at present. Some experts put forward suggestions anxiously, hoping that some current film and television works can not only pay attention to traffic, ratings and broadcast volume, but also pay more attention to the physical and mental health of the majority of teenagers in a deeper and more comprehensive way.

So what can the "Red Shadow Project" do for teenagers? It is reported that the future plan will be divided into three parts to promote: First, recommend a number of excellent children’s films with positive and positive energy themes suitable for children to watch every year; Second, extensively integrate the high-quality resources of the industry, mobilize social forces and professional forces to establish the "Red Shadow Theater" to make it a more convenient, healthy and safe exclusive cinema for children. In addition, the "Red Shadow Plan" will regularly organize mobile screenings and other love activities to help children in remote areas see good movies for the first time; It is better to teach people to fish than to teach people to fish. Thirdly, the "Red Shadow Plan" will also organize children to carry out film and television theme practice activities to enhance their expressive ability, imagination and independent thinking ability.

On the same day, Boogie, a young artist invited as the host of this symposium, also introduced the first batch of project films on behalf of the "Red Shadow Project". The first big movie of Pipiru Lu Xixi, Canned Little Man, Winter Olympics movie The Speed Guest, Women’s Football Theme Movie Being Famous Offside, and The Beautiful Times, a tribute film for the seventieth anniversary of the founding of the Young Pioneers, all went on stage to introduce their works.

The Canned Man is produced by Zheng Yaqi, the son of the author Zheng Yuanjie. He recalled that his father’s original intention to create this story was closely related to his childhood life, and the intention of canned food also had a strong brand of the 1980 s. Next, the film will be completed by the team that successfully completed the short film "How to Train Rabbits"; The two sports-related works, Speed Guest and Offside Fame, will further broaden the creative thinking of young people’s film and television works.

In the process of communicating with film and television creators, Boogie also shared his feelings from the perspective of young artists. He revealed that he had also filmed short films and micro-movies in middle school. In the film and television works, he was deeply impressed by the inspirational plot. As a new generation singer with many fans, Boogie also hopes to help the "Red Shadow Project" by her own strength, calling on more young people to pay attention to the youth film and television works and the creation of youth film and television works.

Many events in Beijing Winter Olympics are in full swing. As the "Olympic Games on the Cloud" carried and operated by cloud computing for the first time in the history of the Olympic Games, "Technology Winter Olympics" is a highlight of this Beijing Winter Olympics. Dozens of core information systems, such as competition results, competition broadcast and information release, have been fully uploaded to the cloud, greatly improving the efficiency of operation and collaboration and reducing operating costs. In the live broadcast and broadcast of the event, many innovations such as 8K ultra-high definition, 8K VR free viewing angle, cloud broadcast technology, and the application of digital twin technology and holographic virtual image technology have made Beijing Winter Olympics unique in style and charm.

The "Science and Technology Winter Olympics" covers all aspects from venues and facilities to competitions, broadcasting and watching games. Among them, as a vital part, the wisdom of watching the game is closely related to the intuitive experience of the audience on countless "clouds". So, how to let the public approach the "Science and Technology Winter Olympics" personally?

Since the start of the Beijing Winter Olympics, China Mobile Mi Gu, as the official broadcaster of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, has become the first choice for many spectators to watch the games with its full sense of science and technology. What groundbreaking technologies are behind its bright performance?

First, 8K ultra HD live broadcast reshapes the sensory experience of watching the game

The opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics "Every second is Chinese romance" is amazing all over the world, and the concept innovation and scientific and technological strength are perfectly integrated. To the surprise of the audience in front of the screen, this Winter Olympics is also the first Olympic Games in the world to use 8K technology for live broadcast of the opening ceremony and coverage of key events. On the night of the opening ceremony, at the 8K broadcast points of the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics, such as China Mobile Business Hall and Migu Coffee Shop in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Nanjing, Xiamen and other places, many viewers directly hit the beautiful opening ceremony of the day through 8K ultra-high-definition live broadcast for the first time, and the first experience of "watching the Winter Olympics in 8K ultra-high-definition live broadcast" made countless audiences feel refreshed.

The family sat around watching the live TV broadcast of Winter Olympics, which became a rare Chinese New Year experience in this special ice and snow Spring Festival. In order to make more viewers feel the immersive live TV watching experience, Beijing Mobile IPTV has opened citizens to apply for the trial of 8K IPTV test products, which is the first broadband TV broadcast project in China that supports 8K, and will provide unprecedented ultra-HD live broadcast service for more viewers.

Second, HDR Vivid technology makes what you see come true

In order to truly present the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in front of the audience, under the overall layout of China Mobile, Migu Company applied HDR Vivid technology, one of the key achievements of ultra-high definition video technology innovation, to the live broadcast of the Beijing Winter Olympics. As an independent video technology standard with high dynamic range published in China, HDR Vivid has great advantages in bit depth, color gamut, maximum brightness, dynamic metadata and its adjustment, intelligent mapping and other technical parameters compared with traditional SDR.

By optimizing the video decoder, Migu Company explored a solution of HDR Vivid soft rendering for mobile terminals by using CPU multi-thread cooperation, video stream decoding and HDR Vivid key metadata extraction at the same time, which expanded the application scope of HDR Vivid standard, and optimized the rendering for ice and snow moving pictures, making the highlighted ice and snow pictures richer in layers, more delicate in picture texture, more prominent in athletes’ subjects and more realistic in visual effect.

Third, the AR studio is on the verge of ice and snow

On the evening of February 5th, the China short track speed skating mixed relay team won the first gold medal of the China delegation in this Winter Olympics, and the whole network was boiling. In the Migu Studio of China Mobile, Wang Meng, the champion of the Winter Olympics, partnered with Huang Jianxiang to perform the first show of "Professional and Humorous Qi Fei", which received 12 hot searches. "My eyes are rulers!" Waiting for the domineering golden sentence is the whole network to brush the screen, which has caused heated discussion. The Mi Gu Studio where they explained also contained Gan Kun, which was full of sense of science and technology and futurity.

In the Mi Gu Studio blessed by AR virtual technology, the scene can be changed at any time according to the live content, making people feel like they are always in the ice and snow field. The virtual VIZRT technology and the tactical analysis system will further enrich the dimension and depth of the event commentary and increase the visibility and professionalism of the live broadcast.

Four, MSC digital homo sapiens Gu Ailing "twin sisters" walked into the studio.

In the Winter Olympics, Gu Ailing won the gold medal in freestyle skiing women’s platform, which achieved a historic breakthrough for China athletes in this event. Outside the stadium, Meet GU, Gu Ailing’s "twin sister", an ultra-realistic intellectual, joined the China Mobile Migu Winter Olympics Guest Day Group, and before Gu Ailing’s competition, she appeared in the Migu Winter Olympics Studio to interact with the host and cheer for Gu Ailing. It is reported that this is also the first grand event in the history of live broadcast of the global Olympic Games in which several wise people appeared as guests.

Five, multi-channel explanation, multi-screen watching thousands of people watching the game.

On the first opening day, the # Curling Competition was discussed so loudly # The topic rushed to the hot search, and the original sound perspective of the Mi Gu video scene, which was loved by users, was immediately renamed as "How loud is it?" Poke here ",fun to respond to the interaction of netizens. This wave of "god-level operation" that has come and gone has also made many netizens shout that Mi Gu video is too fun.

In fact, the live acoustic perspective is just one of the many explanatory perspectives of Mi Gu video. During the Winter Olympics, in order to meet the audience’s different needs of watching the games, Migu video was launched with multiple commentary perspectives, including the commentary of Olympic champion, dialect, live soundtrack, CCTV, 5G bird’s-eye view of the Winter Olympics and other perspectives. With the multi-screen simultaneous viewing function of Migu video, you can watch multiple perspectives at the same time, and one screen can meet various needs, avoiding the trouble of switching back and forth, and don’t miss every wonderful moment.

VI. Real-time analysis of professional perspective of AI tactical analysis

For many spectators and ice fans, professional analysis when watching the game live is just needed. Recently, the perspective of "AI Tactical Analysis" was put into use in curling events, and the curve of curling movement during the competition was presented more intuitively in the form of live broadcast and analysis and explanation, which made many senior sports fans enjoy themselves and gained a lot. The audience who watched the curling competition for the first time praised: "I finally understand what the curling competition is about."

Seven, intelligent subtitles "for you who can’t hear"

This time, the "Intelligent Subtitle" function launched in the Mi Gu Video Winter Olympic Games has a warm name — — "For you who can’t hear" is called one of the warmest functions of watching the Winter Olympics by netizens. Intelligent subtitles rely on speech recognition technology, combined with neural network algorithm, and apply the natural semantic ability of real-time error correction of sports vertical scenes to realize the innovative large-scale commercialization of real-time bilingual subtitles of ultra-high-definition live broadcast of large-scale international events for the first time in China, which meets the needs of users in many countries and regions to watch live broadcasts and makes the commentary "audible" more "visible".

The intelligent subtitle function will cover hundreds of events such as figure skating, short track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle skiing, etc., and comprehensively improve the effect of live subtitle transcription for various sub-competition scenes, providing warm-hearted companionship for users watching the game on the cloud.

Eight, AVS3 codec standard "immersion" to enjoy each frame.

During the Winter Olympics, China Mobile Mi Gu also joined hands with Peking University and Shanghai Jiaotong University to apply the AVS3 coding and decoding standard to the live broadcast of Mi Gu video games. This is also the first application and landing of the AVS3 standard in the live broadcast scene of the mobile terminal, which breaks the limitation of the mobile terminal chip on the domestic AVS3 coding and decoding standard, and is of great significance to China’s ultra-high definition video industry.

Compared with the international video coding standard HEVC, the coding performance of AVS3 is improved by nearly 30%, and the soft decoding ability of the terminal is improved from the original 25fps to 50fps. The figure of the ice and snow athletes flying from far to near is clearly visible in every frame, as if it were just around the corner.

Nine, 360-degree ring beat technology "bullet time" stays in the highlight

On February 6th, in the men’s snowboarding slope obstacle skill qualification competition, Su Yiming, a teenager from China after 00, made a perfect jump and advanced strongly with the first place in the qualification competition. In this competition, Mi Gu used the 360-degree loop shooting technology to reproduce Su Yiming’s high-quality 1620 movements in 360 degrees with the cool "bullet time" special effects, and permanently fixed this highlight moment.

This time, the 360-degree loop shooting technology used by Mi Gu overcomes the difficulties of traditional technology in fixing the venue and deploying equipment in advance, and innovatively introduces "smart-doing" technologies such as content analysis, person identification and tracking, 3D digital reconstruction, editing and synthesis rendering, which once again leads a big step in improving the viewing experience of the Winter Olympics.

X. 5G Cloud XR creates a three-dimensional viewing space combining reality and reality.

In addition, relying on the 5G cloud XR, Mi Gu will use the Inside-Out positioning technology, multi-instance playback technology and multi-channel independent video simultaneous playback function to realize the three-dimensional viewing experience through Nreal AR glasses and create a six-degree free-space event experience scene.

This is also the first time that 5G+XR technology has been applied to the Winter Olympics. In the three-dimensional live broadcast space of multi-games, which combines reality and reality, it also supports eight virtual screens such as live broadcast of three games, game results, medal list, schedule, related recommendations and hot-selling goods. Users can switch games at will by dragging the virtual screen. The screen can also be scaled and adjusted far and near, and flexible ray control is adopted, which effectively reduces the discomfort and dizziness caused by traditional rigid dragging, and realizes a new breakthrough in XR terminal and scene.

Beijing Winter Olympics is not only a sports event, but also a concentrated application of many scientific and technological achievements and technological innovations. As the distinctive background of this Winter Olympics, "scientific and technological innovation" will be engraved in Olympic history as a pioneer. China Mobile Migu will continue to devote itself to the "smart watching" experience of the Winter Olympics and other large-scale events, and help the "Winter Olympics in Science and Technology" to the public with more technical capabilities, and promote the inheritance and development of the concept of Winter Olympics in Science and Technology.

　　　　　　 CCTV News:Pay attention to the adjustment of medical insurance catalogue. Everyone goes to the hospital to see a doctor and prescribe drugs. Generally, doctors and patients will give priority to drugs listed in the medical insurance catalogue. Because only drugs that enter the medical insurance catalogue can be reimbursed by medical insurance. Therefore, which drugs are in the catalogue and which drugs are not in the catalogue are very important for patients, hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. Not long ago, the National Health Insurance Bureau and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security officially published the latest version of the list of drugs in the routine access part of the national basic medical insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance. Compared with the old list, some drugs were included and some drugs were transferred out. Then, how is the list of drugs adjusted this time, and what changes will it bring to drug use?

　　　　　　 The adjustment of the national medical insurance drug list is the first comprehensive adjustment of the drug list after the establishment of the National Medical Insurance Bureau in 2018. After the adjustment, there are 2,643 drugs in the routine access part, including 1,322 western medicines and 1,321 Chinese patent medicines.

　　　　　　 China established the medical security system for urban workers in 1998. In 2000, the first edition of the National Basic Medical Insurance Drug List was published. This adjustment this year is the fourth comprehensive adjustment for the list. Different from the previous adjustment of "more in and less out", this adjustment has significantly increased the intensity of transfer, and 150 varieties have been transferred.

　　　　　　 Xiong Xianjun, Director of Medical Service Management Department of National Health Insurance Bureau:Except that 71 of them are some medicines whose numbers have been revoked in National Medical Products Administration, 79 varieties, 53 western medicines and 26 Chinese patent medicines have been transferred.

　　　　　　 What principle is the adjustment based on when the medicines in the medical insurance catalogue are transferred out? What kind of drugs have been transferred?

　　　　　　 Fu Hongpeng, researcher of Health Development Research Center of National Health and Wellness Commission:There are mainly three kinds of drugs transferred out. One kind is that National Medical Products Administration has cancelled the approval number. The other kind is easy to be used irrationally, such as the auxiliary drugs monitored in clinic. The phenomenon of irrational use of these drugs in clinic is obvious, and it is transferred accordingly. There is another category, which has been replaced by new and better alternative drugs, mainly these three categories.

　　　　　　 It is worth noting that the drugs transferred from this medical insurance catalogue adjustment include the drugs in the first batch of national key drug list for rational drug use released by National Health Commission. In the list of key monitoring drugs, most of them are adjuvant drugs.

　　　　　　 Professor Shi Luwen of Peking University College of Pharmacy:Indications are broad, or its clinical evidence is not so sufficient. It is easy to expand clinical use and cause unreasonable use.

　　　　　　 These drugs are used by many departments because of their wide indications. Although the dosage is huge, the clinical effect is not obvious. Such drugs occupy a lot of medical insurance funds.

　　　　　　 Xiong Xianjun, Director of Medical Service Management Department of National Health Insurance Bureau:The key drugs monitored by the Health and Health Commission were originally listed in the 2017 edition of the National Drug List. Experts suggested that they be transferred out, so many of these drugs are varieties with sales exceeding 100 million yuan.

　　　　　　 A large amount of medical insurance funds are used to pay for some drugs with low clinical treatment value. This problem is a hot spot of social concern and a pain point that needs to be solved urgently. This catalogue adjustment has identified this pain point.

　　　　　　 The structure of drugs in the medical insurance catalogue has changed greatly through the transfer of drugs and drugs, thus adjusting the use structure of medical insurance funds. In and out, optimize the structure.

　　　　　　 Xiong Xianjun, Director of Medical Service Management Department of National Health Insurance Bureau:After the transfer, the medical insurance fund and the people will pay less. This will save some funds for the protection of new drugs, or for the purpose of changing birds in cages.

　　　　　　 If you spend less money on unnecessary drugs, you will have more money to spend on truly effective drugs. In this adjustment, the newly added drugs cover the national essential drugs, drugs for the treatment of major diseases such as cancer and rare diseases, drugs for chronic diseases and drugs for children, among which 5 drugs for the treatment of major diseases, 36 drugs for chronic diseases such as diabetes and 38 drugs for children were added through routine access.

　　　　　　 Jiang Ling, Chief Pharmacist of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China:For example, chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, have been transferred to many compound preparations produced and marketed in recent years, such as some compound preparations of type 2 diabetes, such as some schemes of metformin combination. From our professional point of view, compliance is better, because compliance is very important in the treatment of chronic diseases, and he should adhere to it for a long time. The curative effect will be better, and the blood sugar will be better maintained.　

　　　　　　 On the one hand, increasing dosage forms makes the treatment effect better, and at the same time, some innovative new drugs are included in the regular access catalogue of this medical insurance catalogue. This time, a total of 148 varieties were added to the routine access part of the drug list adjustment, including 47 western medicines and 101 Chinese patent medicines. No matter whether it is transferred in or out, what principle is this adjustment based on?

　　　　　　 Xiong Xianjun, Director of Medical Service Management Department of National Health Insurance Bureau:The first standard is clinical necessity, and the second is drugs with better pharmacoeconomic evaluation, which are actually these two standards. The first goal is to meet the basic needs of the insured for clinical medication, and the second point is that the medical insurance fund and the insured spend less money to buy better drugs and improve the efficiency of the use of funds.

Hua Qiangu, Chu Qiao Biography, Sansheng Sanshi and Xiangmi are all from the hands of "North" filmmakers, and the Beijing News interviewed the practitioners to reveal the reasons.

Why did Hong Kong directors become mainland costume drama makers?

After the Millennium, costume dramas have exploded, and diversified types such as martial arts, fantasy and Xianxia have attracted young audiences from generation to generation. Looking at the explosive costume dramas in the past two decades, we can easily find that most of them are directed by Hong Kong directors. From Legend of the Sword and the Chivalrous Man, Hua Qiangu, Biography of Chu Qiao to to the sky kingdom … Hong Kong directors inherited the production experience of Hong Kong costume dramas, and opened a new era of mainland costume dramas with their unconstrained imagination, real and freehand brushwork, and delicate and touching emotional shaping. Why do Hong Kong directors become the guarantee of costume drama? What are their advantages in shooting? The Beijing News reporter interviewed six Hong Kong TV directors to reveal their experience in filming costume dramas.

Hong Kong directors open the costume drama market

In 2005, Li Guoli, a Hong Kong director, was the producer. The costume drama The Legend of the Sword and the Chivalrous Man, directed by Wu Jinyuan, Liang Shengquan, Guanzhi Mai and others in Hong Kong, caused a sensation in the mainland and became the memories of youth of a generation of young people. Four years later, also produced by Li Guoli, The Legend of the Sword and the Chivalrous Man 3, directed by Hong Kong directors Liang Shengquan, Lin Yufen and Huang Junwen, reappeared, and Douban was rated by nearly 300,000 people, and became popular with actors such as Yang Mi, Tang Yan and Liu Shishi overnight. The success of the "Fairy Sword" series led by Hong Kong directors officially opened the prelude to the mainland costume fantasy and fairy drama.

Statistics can also prove the importance of Hong Kong directors in mainland costume themes. Throughout recent years, most of the costume works that have scored more than 8 points in Douban or rated more than 200,000 people are created by Hong Kong directors. Among them, Li Guoli, as the production director of film and television in the Tang Dynasty, has produced many landmark costume dramas, such as Legend of the Sword and the Chivalrous Man, treading on thin ice, Strange Man and a Plum. Lin Yufen has shot Hua Qiangu, to the sky kingdom and Chenxi Yuan successively, which established her label as "the trump card female directors" in the fantasy market of ancient costume. Zhu Ruibin won the recognition of many young audiences with "Sweet Honey as Heavy as Frost" and "Long Songs"; Chung Shu Kai set off a craze for costume idol dramas because of Warrior Lanling and Choosing Heaven. Guoguan Liang and Ma Huagan are tacit "old partners", and they have successively cooperated with such hit works as Lingyu, The Battle of Shushan and New bride with white hair. Jin Yong’s "Legend of the Condor Heroes" and "Eternal Dragon Slayer" have been remake again, and Jiang Jiajun, an experienced Hong Kong director, has also been chosen to work … If we say that the Hong Kong director’s "going north" in the early years has made the mainland’s booming costume fantasy and martial arts market; Nowadays, the popularity of costume dramas has also made Hong Kong directors synonymous with explosive dramas in the Mainland, and they have more room for development.

Avoid the shortcomings of cultural differences, and the behind-the-scenes teams such as Wuzhi are neat.

Why can Hong Kong directors achieve mainland costume dramas? "Give full play to advantages" is the most important reason.

In 1999, under the recommendation of people in the industry, Guoguan Liang came from Hong Kong to the mainland with a bigger market. Previously, Hong Kong audiences had few channels to see mainland film and television dramas. "Later, with this idea of going north, I saw some (mainland works). The whole production concept, from theme to performance mode, is quite different from Hong Kong. "

Hong Kong TV plays follow the factory-style production mode, with fast pace and high degree of commercialization. A play can be completed in a few months by alternately shooting the shed scene and the location. At that time, the shooting speed in the mainland was relatively slow, there were fewer commercial elements, the plot paid more attention to realism, and there were more live scenes.

With a little knowledge, the first TV series that Guoguan Liang chose after "going north" was the costume comedy Legend of Jigong. "Because my Mandarin is not good, I even have problems listening, and I have never lived in the mainland. In the mainland, the lines in the north and the south are different. How can I shoot modern dramas in the mainland? " In Guoguan Liang’s view, costume drama has relatively no strict reference standards, and Hong Kong and the mainland are in the same strain in traditional culture, so costume drama can well avoid the shortcomings of cultural differences of Hong Kong directors. "Come to the mainland or shoot what I am good at. The market is so big, I should be competitive. " Guoguan Liang thinks so.

Different from Guoguan Liang, when Zhu Ruibin came to the mainland to film, the first thing he came into contact with was the time drama and fashion drama. It was not until nearly ten years ago that he gradually turned to the works of ancient costumes, and directed such works as Qing Yun Zhi, Sweet Honey as Heavy as Frost, Long Songs, Meeting with Jun Chu and so on. However, even though he has rich experience in fashion drama, he has been in the mainland for more than 20 years, and Zhu Ruibin is still afraid to shoot history and other subjects. "Because I don’t think I can control it, I don’t have such a deep cultural background to understand. There will be some ancient poems and prose in the dialogue. When I don’t quite understand it, I dare not do it myself. On the contrary, costume fantasy, idols and youth, although they also have historical backgrounds, are more about feelings than history. So I can use more imaginative ideas to integrate. "

Chung Shu Kai also shot many costume dramas and fashion dramas, and his chronological drama "A Beautiful Scene Knowing Geometry" was also very popular. In his view, Hong Kong directors should have no problem with urban fashion sense, but life dramas still need to really live in the mainland environment to feel the real life atmosphere. On the contrary, themes such as ancient costumes and the Republic of China are relatively less difficult.

The producers of costume dramas value Hong Kong directors not only because of their personal abilities, but also because it is more convenient for them to cooperate with the Hong Kong team. It is reported that many mainland costume dramas are now using teams with "Hong Kong drama genes", especially martial arts instruction, photography and lighting. In 2017, the martial arts instructor of The Legend of the Condor Heroes studied at TVB. "Now many martial arts instructors are Hong Kong people, or have worked in Hong Kong, or served as deputies under the martial arts instructors in Hong Kong. They are unique in the mainland and have their own shooting style, but their techniques are still in line with Hong Kong action design. " Jiang Jiajun observed. In 2022, the main line-up of Qi Qiyi’s suspense drama "Hidden Mother" for women in costume also showed a strong alliance between Hong Kong and mainland film and television teams. "Photography and lighting are all from Hong Kong, hoping to facilitate communication and meet the requirements of the script more directly and quickly." Qi Qiyi said.

Shooting "Martial Arts" is very thoughtful, giving consideration to both action and artistic expression.

Just as Hong Kong directors are unfamiliar with the mainland market, the mainland knows little about the resumes of Hong Kong directors.

Liang Guoguan once participated in filming Bao Qingtian, I have a date with a zombie and many other works in Hong Kong, but his initial position in the mainland was more limited to "Hong Kong director"-he must be good at filming costume dramas and martial arts dramas. When he was appointed as the director of Group B of the costume martial arts drama Xiao Eleven Lang, Guoguan Liang not only needed to shoot a lot of scenes with drama, but also was asked to be a part-time "martial arts director". "I only left a few martial arts, so let me tell them how to fight, and then I will shoot. There is really no way, so I will bite the bullet and shoot. " Guoguan Liang said with a smile.

Since the 1980s, "Martial Arts in Ancient Costume" has become synonymous with Hong Kong drama in the hearts of mainland audiences. Huo Yuanjia was the first Hong Kong drama to be introduced to the mainland, and then works such as Dragon Eight, The Condor Heroes and The Dragon Slayer by Eternal Adversity continued to be popular in the mainland. Strangeness and groping for each other make it logical for a large number of Hong Kong directors to enter the mainland costume market.

In Jiang Jiajun’s view, the rich and systematic experience of costume drama has given Hong Kong directors a strong sense of faith in the subject. "Costume films are about rivers and lakes, a martial arts or fantasy world. The director must have a strong belief and believe in the existence of this world, so you dare to use your imagination to realize it. It is quite convenient for Hong Kong directors to shoot this aspect from the beginning of their career. "

Take the action scenes that need imagination most in ancient costumes as an example. Hong Kong directors have their own way of shooting. "We will refer to the movements of some animals, including the acrobatic troupe, to study some scenes such as flying in the play." Jiang Jiajun said that when he filmed The Legend of the Condor Heroes, he set the principle of "using less special effects, really shooting and shooting" for martial arts design, and made every effort to truly show the righteousness of chivalry with actions. For example, in the past dramas, "Eighteen Palm of Dragon" was mostly "painted" into a dragon with light-sensitive special effects. However, Jiang Jiajun asked martial arts instructors to use some tangible objects on the scene to assist in the presentation of skills. For example, leaves can be used to form a dragon in the Woods, which truly reflects the internal strength described in Jin Yong’s novels. In the play, Qiu Chuji and Yang Tiexin fought against each other’s guns and swords, hitting from the shed to the outside, and successively using stools, cups of water and snow to compete for internal strength. Jiang Jiajun once revealed in an interview with the media that the actions in this play are also derived from the real play of swords and guns, with some ethereal lightness skill and clever weapon use in the middle. In Jiang Jiajun’s view, when designing actions, you can’t just "hit", but let the audience see something more fresh than they can imagine.

Huagan Ma is used to leading some martial arts styles. In a costume martial arts drama he shot, there are ten different characters called "Ten Evil Ghosts". According to the characteristics of each character, Huagan Ma designed a completely different style of play for them. For example, "chihuo", Huagan Ma made him step on a steel wire, which seemed to float in the air, and used the invisible steel wire as his weapon, reflecting his "killing" intangible characteristics. The hero in the play is a handsome boy, but his actual mind is deep, so Huagan Ma discussed with the martial arts instructor that his tricks must look cruel, violent and explosive.

"Martial arts drama action play, the other party punched me, the protagonist is not blocked by light, and after the block, I have to throw the other party off with a beautiful figure. For example, if one or two chopsticks fly over, they can fly into the chopsticks tube … "Huagan Ma said that the action of costume drama should not only be beautiful, but also have ideas; There is artistic conception after the action, which expresses the spirit and integrity of martial arts. This is also the advantage that Hong Kong directors have in understanding the meaning of costume martial arts.

Ingenious combination of unconstrained thinking and tradition

There is a big wedding scene between Haodu (Liu Yuning) and Li Leyan (Zhao Lusi) in the TV series Long Songs. One is a princess and the other is a minister. How should the wedding of these two people be held? Zhu Ruibin was very upset about it. He asked etiquette, history and other consultants about the ancient wedding culture, how men and women should walk in, what they need to cross, how to worship the bride and so on.

In Zhu Ruibin’s view, the advantage of Hong Kong directors is their imaginative and creative thinking, which can bring more diversified and creative treatment to the lens language and picture expression of costume dramas. But it also stems from the lack of traditional culture of Hong Kong directors. "When we were young, we didn’t have a chance to understand the history of China too deeply. It was all superficial. We all listen to ancient stories, and then imagine them in our own way according to what we hear and tell them. Just like The Journey to the West, which was shot in Hong Kong before. "

Therefore, when filming costume dramas in the Mainland, Zhu Ruibin often requires himself to "grasp both hands", with the help of the mainland team’s professional control of traditional culture, combined with the imagination and lens language of Hong Kong directors. In the end, in this five-minute wedding drama, every etiquette detail was exquisitely displayed, from dressing and dressing to walking and visiting the church. The red yarn faintly visible in front of the camera and the interlaced lens show the romance and obscurity of the wedding. "I will try to put the new lens feeling into the traditional expression."

Written/Beijing News reporter Z Ryan

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, the Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue an orange rainstorm warning at 18: 00 on July 27.

　　It is estimated that from 20: 00 on July 27 to 20: 00 on July 28, there will be heavy rain or heavy rain in eastern and southern Zhejiang, Fujian, most of Taiwan Province Island, and parts of southeastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, western Chongqing, eastern Sichuan, central Shaanxi and eastern Gansu. Among them, there are heavy rains (250-300 mm) in southeastern Fujian, southeastern Zhejiang and southeastern Taiwan Province Island. Some of the above areas are accompanied by short-term heavy rainfall (the maximum hourly rainfall is 30 ~ 60 mm, and the local area can exceed 80 mm), and there are strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds.

　　The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a typhoon red warning at 18: 00 on July 27.

　　This year’s No.5 typhoon "DOKSURI" was upgraded from a strong typhoon to a super typhoon this afternoon (27th). At 5pm, its center is located in the northeast of the South China Sea, which is about 360 kilometers south-east of Xiamen, Fujian, that is, 21.4 degrees north latitude and 119.2 degrees east longitude. The maximum wind force near the center is 16 (52m/s), and the lowest pressure at the center is 935 hectopascals.

　　It is estimated that Du Surui will move to the north-west direction at a speed of 15-20 kilometers per hour, and its intensity will be strengthened. It will land in the coastal area from Dongshan to Putian in Fujian on the morning of the 28th (strong typhoon level or super typhoon level, 48-55 m/s, 15-16).

　　Gale forecast:From 20: 00 on the 27th to 20: 00 on the 28th, there will be strong winds of 5-7 and gusts of 8-9 in bashi channel, eastern and southern South China Sea, east Taiwan Province, Taiwan Province Strait, most of the East China Sea, Taiwan Province Island and its coastal areas, Fujian and its coastal areas, Zhejiang and its coastal areas, eastern Jiangxi, Jiangsu coastal areas, Shanghai and its coastal areas, and eastern Guangdong coastal areas. Among them, the winds in bashi channel, the sea area east of the northeast of the South China Sea, the sea area south of the Taiwan Province Strait, parts of southern Fujian and coastal areas and the southern coast of Taiwan Province Island can reach 8-12, and the gusts are 13-15. The winds in the nearby sea area where Du Surui Center passes can reach 13-16, and the gusts are 17 and above.

　　Precipitation forecast:From 20: 00 on the 27th to 20: 00 on the 28th, there were heavy rains or heavy rains in parts of eastern and southern Zhejiang, Fujian and most of Taiwan Province Island, among which there were heavy rains (250-300mm) in southeastern Fujian, southeastern Zhejiang and southeastern Taiwan Province Island.

Players from both sides fought for it in the game.

After nearly two years of dominating English football, Liverpool and klopp have suffered the biggest crisis so far.

After losing 0-1 to Burnley in the league, Liverpool lost 2-3 to arch-rival Manchester United in the "Double Red Club" in the early morning of 25th, and missed the fifth round of the FA Cup.

In Asian football, South Korean star Sun Xingyu, who plays for Tottenham Hotspur, was elected as the best overseas player in Asia in 2020. In this selection, no player from China made the list.

In the 78th minute, B Fei scored a fatal blow with a free kick.

B cost a fatal blow, Manchester United eliminated Liverpool in the FA Cup.

In the early morning of 25th, the fourth round of the FA Cup in 2020-2021 was a focus battle. Manchester United played against Liverpool at Old Trafford. Although Salah scored twice, it still could not prevent Liverpool from being eliminated by Manchester United 3-2.

The two sides had a confrontation in the league a week ago, when they played 0-0, which meant that Manchester United had been unbeaten in five games against Liverpool, creating the longest unbeaten record since 2002.

It is worth mentioning that Liverpool’s memory at Old Trafford is not good either-the last time they won the "Double Red Club" was in March 2014, and after klopp coached Liverpool, he was 4 draws and 1 loss at Manchester United, and the winning percentage was zero.

In the 18th minute, Salah took the lead, and then Manchester United relied on Greenwood and Rachford to win two cities in a row. In the 58th minute, Salah scored the second goal, which brought the two sides back to the same starting line. In the 78th minute, B took a free kick to complete the fatal blow.

After the game, Liverpool manager klopp was very depressed.

According to the data, Manchester United controlled the ball 41% better than Liverpool 59%, shot 14-14, and shot right 6-6 … It can be seen that the scenes of the two sides were neck and neck, but Manchester United finally seized the opportunity.

This victory is of great significance to Manchester United. Apart from eliminating Liverpool, Manchester United also won the first victory against the "BIG6" team this season, which is also the first time Ole Gunnar Solskjaer has defeated Liverpool in various competitions since he took over Manchester United.

In contrast, Liverpool was in a bad situation. The league lost to Burnley 0-1, and the FA Cup was planted at Manchester United’s feet. It lost two games in three days-the FA Cup trip ended ahead of schedule, and it also fell behind the leader Manchester United by as much as 6 points.

Sun Xingyu is currently ranked second in the Premier League scorer list.

Sun Xingyu won the best overseas player of AFC.

On the 24th, the AFC officially announced that Sun Xingyu, a South Korean player who plays for Tottenham Hotspur, was elected as the best overseas player in Asia in 2020.

This is the fourth time that Sun Xingyu has won this honor, and it is also a successful re-election after 2019. China players were not selected.

The best overseas player of AFC is to recognize the performance of Asian male players registered in professional clubs outside AFC in clubs and national teams. Before this award, Sun Xingyu was already the winner of the best international player in the three Asian Football Associations, in 2015, 2017 and 2019 respectively.

In addition to winning the AFC Best Overseas Player Award, Sun Xingyu also won the Best Player of Tottenham last season and the 2020 Korean Footballer of the Year in 2020, and became the second Asian player to win the FIFA Republika Srpska Award.

In a year, Koreans scored 22 goals for Tottenham in various competitions, which can be described as the absolute "thigh" of the team.

In 2021, Sun Xingyu is still in a hot state in Tottenham. Just as Tottenham beat Sheffield United 3-1 in the Premier League in the last round, Koreans kicked a corner to assist hollier to score.

After harvesting assists, Sun Xingyi has directly participated in 100 goals in the Premier League, including 65 goals and 35 assists. He is also the first Asian player to achieve this achievement.

C Ronaldo didn’t get much support from his teammates in this game.

Juventus won Serie A 2-0 and Cristiano Ronaldo contributed assists.

On the evening of 24th, Juventus beat Bologna 2-0 in Serie A, and Cristiano Ronaldo sent an assist, but it was difficult for the Portuguese to be satisfied with their teammates in the whole game.

In the 15th minute, Cristiano Ronaldo assisted Artur to take the lead, and he looked in good shape. Later, cuadrado recklessly chose to hit the door twice when Cristiano Ronaldo ran out of the vacancy, which made him fall into the embarrassment of "running with him".

Especially in the 32nd minute, after cuadrado entered the restricted area, he was surrounded by three defenders, but he turned a blind eye to Cristiano Ronaldo, who was in a better position and was unmarked …

Seeing that his teammates didn’t want to pass the ball, Cristiano Ronaldo simply instigated the attack himself-in the 74th minute, Cristiano Ronaldo took the ball on the left side of the penalty area, and after facing two defenders, he made a sharp cross and gave it to mckenney, who was unguarded in the penalty area. The latter was less than two meters away from the goal, but he kicked it strangely.

In a relatively easy game, it is a pity that Cristiano Ronaldo failed to continue to expand his advantage in the top scorer list.

Fortunately, this round of AC Milan lost and Inter Milan drew, and Juventus caught up with the leader in the standings. At present, it is 7 points behind the leader AC Milan with one game less.

After the game, Cristiano Ronaldo also INS said: "Very important victory! We are on the right track and keep it up! "

Abraham (second from left) performed a hat trick.

Werner missed and Chelsea advanced 3-1 in the FA Cup.

On the evening of 24th, Chelsea beat Luton 3-1 at home in the FA Cup and advanced to the last 16. Abraham scored a hat trick in this game, while Werner was saved from a penalty.

There is no doubt that this game belongs to Abraham’s personal show. In the first half, he kicked twice on the top of his head. Although Luton pulled back a goal by Clark, in the second half, Abraham pushed and shot in the penalty area to seal the victory.

According to OPTA statistics, the last Chelsea player who scored a hat trick in the FA Cup was the 2016 Oscar (currently playing for Shanghai Super League); The last English player to wear a hat in the FA Cup was the current coach of Abraham-Lampard (January 2007).

While Abraham was performing to his heart’s content, Werner was somewhat disappointed-the German striker created a penalty in the 85th minute, but he personally took the penalty and was bravely saved by Sluga.

In terms of scoring after the game, Abraham who scored a hat trick scored a game-high 9.6 points, while Werner who missed the penalty only scored 6.1 points.

This victory has not lifted the crisis of Chelsea coach Lampard’s coaching position. According to British media, Chelsea executives have made contact with former Paris Saint-Germain coach tuchel; In addition, the famous Italian coach allegri is also a potential candidate.

According to the voting statistics of local media in London, only 29% of the fans choose to support Lampard to stay in office, while the remaining 71% all think that Lampard should be dismissed immediately.

West Thermal River completely dominated the game.

West Thermal Power River recorded 10 three points and 13 assists, and the director reversed.

On the evening of 24th, in the match between Jilin and Tongxi in CBA, Tongxi team once fell behind by as much as 20 points, but Xire Lijiang hit 10 three-pointers and scored 34 points, which saved the day by his own efforts. In the end, Tongxi defeated Jilin with a 125-122 reversal and won two consecutive victories.

At the beginning of the game, Tongxi team obviously didn’t adapt to the strength of Jilin team. By the second quarter, it was 20 points behind 37-57. At the crucial moment, the West Thermal River broke out in time and hit 3-pointers four times. Although Tongxi was still 13 points behind Jilin at the end of half-time, it kept the suspense of the game.

In the second half, Xi Rejiang continued to show off, hitting 3 points frequently and sending out assists. In the last minute and 50 seconds of the game, the two teams tied at 117, and Xi Re hit a three-pointer to let Tongxi lead again. Four seconds before the end, Xi Re, who was sent to the free throw line, hit two free throws to let Tongxi hold a three-pointer lead.

In this campaign, Xi Rejiang scored 34 points, 4 rebounds and 13 assists, including 10 of 19 3-pointers, which tied the record of 3-pointers hit by active local players in a single game.

In the last round of competition, Xire Lijiang also hit 7 3 points, which surpassed Mengda and rose to the fifth place in the three-point list of CBA history. This season, West Thermal Power River has hit a total of 112 three-pointers, ranking first in the league.

Air crash site.

There was another air crash in Brazil, and four players of the lower-level team were killed.

On November 29th, 2016, Sharpe Corns Club in Brazil suffered an air crash. As a result of the plane crash, 71 of the 77 people on board died, including 19 players. Today, Brazilian football has once again staged a tragedy of air crash.

On the 24th local time, a small plane crashed in Tocantins, killing six people on board. Among these six people, one is a pilot and the other five are from the low-level team Palmas.

These five people are President Mera, goalkeeper Ranule, left-back Prak Soders, central defender Guilherme and midfielder Molinari.

According to the original plan, Palmas, the five people, will take this small plane to go to Iania to take part in the war with villanova. After the air crash, villanova Club announced that it agreed to postpone the match that was supposed to start on Monday.

The cause of the air crash in Palmas is still under investigation, and major Brazilian football clubs have also issued statements to express their condolences to Palmas Club.

Original Joshua Sokol Jizhi Club

introduction

"It’s hard to extinguish the lights when the rain blows, and the wind blows more brightly. If you fly up, it will be a moon star. " A poem "Ode to Fireflies" by Li Bai shows his infinite reverie of comparing fireflies to starlight. When it comes to fireflies, we may think of the starlight in the shade on a summer night, or the shimmer among the quiet treetops. Have you ever been curious about this kind of creature that gleams slightly? What are the mechanisms and laws behind their flashing? Recently, Orit Peleg, a computational biologist from the University of Colorado, and his team independently developed a high-precision 360-degree camera and triangulation method, which clearly recorded the flash data of different firefly species scattered everywhere. Through these data, Peleg discovered the mystery of synchronous flashing of fireflies of specific species, and also recorded the strange synchronous state that is rare in nature.

Research areas: synchronization, self-organization, group behavior, emergence.

Joshua Sokol | Author

Niu xiaojie | translator

Deng Yixue | Editor

1. Synchronous flashing fireflies

In Japanese folk tradition, fireflies symbolize the departed soul or silent and surging love; In some indigenous cultures in the Andes of Peru, it is regarded as the eye of the ghost; In all kinds of western cultures, fireflies and other luminous insects have been associated with dazzling metaphors, and even these metaphors are contradictory: childhood, crops, bad luck, elves, fear, pastoral, love, luck, death, fornication, summer solstice, stars, words (Stefan Ineichen, 2016) …

Physicists pay attention to fireflies for the same mysterious reason: records show that among more than 2,200 firefly species scattered around the world, a few have the ability to blink synchronously. In Malaysia and Thailand, mangroves covered with fireflies will flash with the beat like Christmas lights; Every summer in Appalachia, fields and forests will be rippling with fluorescent waves that look a little gloomy. In addition to attracting fireflies’ spouses and a large number of viewers, this fluorescent performance show also inspired human beings’ initial attempt to explain the phenomenon of synchronization-that is, the alchemy of magical synergy from very simple elements. In ancient Europe, fireflies were once called "alchemists" because they could shine: perhaps they didn’t really turn other metals into gold, but they did create light strangely. )

Orit Peleg remembers her first encounter with fireflies. It was in the textbook of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (written by mathematician Steven Strogatz) that she used, and fireflies appeared as one of the examples of "how to synchronize simple systems". At that time, Peleg had never even seen fireflies, which were not common in her hometown of Israel.

"It’s so beautiful that I can’t forget it even after many years." But when Peleg tried to apply computational methods to biological research at the University of Colorado and Santa Fe Institute, she found that although fireflies inspired many mathematical studies, there were few quantitative data describing the actual actions of insects.

Orit Peleg (left), a computational biologist at the University of Colorado, and Raphaël Sarfati, a postdoctoral fellow in her laboratory, have developed a complex system for capturing high-resolution data about firefly flashes in the wild. | Source: Glenn Asakawa

So she began to solve the problem. In the past two years, a series of papers in Peleg laboratory have collected synchronous data of multiple firefly species in multiple locations, and the clarity is much higher than that of previous biologists. Bard Ermentrout, a mathematical biologist at the University of Pittsburgh, described these research results as "quite surprising"; "I was shocked," said Andrew Moiseff, a biologist at the University of Connecticut.

The paper shows that the real firefly group behavior is not as idealized as in periodicals and textbooks for decades. For example, almost all models of firefly synchronization assume that each firefly has its own "metronome". However, the preprint released by Peleg Lab in March this year shows that not all fireflies have their own metronomes. For fireflies without metronome, the collective beat will only appear when many fireflies gather (Sarfati, R. et al., 2022). In addition, Peleg also recorded a rare type of synchronization [1], which mathematicians call "chimera state". In reality, unless it is a well-designed experiment, this type of synchronization is almost never observed in the natural state (Bansal, K. et al.).

Biologists hope to find new ways to reshape the science of fireflies and call for their protection. At the same time, when mathematicians try to construct synchronization theory similar to that in Steven Strogatz’s textbook, there is not much feedback from synchronous creatures such as fireflies to get real data. "This is a big breakthrough," said Strogatz, a professor of mathematics at Cornell University. "Now we can start trying to get through the obstacles between biologists and mathematicians about fireflies."

2. Synchronization evidence that is difficult to capture

For centuries, the record of firefly synchronization in Southeast Asia has gradually penetrated into the western scientific context. In Malaysia, fireflies called kelip-kelip (flashing onomatopoeia) can live in groups in trees by the river. In 1857, a British diplomat who was traveling in Thailand wrote: "They echo each other, and the light flashes and goes out. In an instant, every leaf and branch was decorated with a diamond-like fire. " （Gudger, E. W., 1919）。

Not everyone can agree with these records. In 1917, in a letter to Science magazine, someone objected: "It is against the laws of nature that such a phenomenon occurs in insects." He believes that this seemingly obvious synchronization effect is caused by the viewer’s involuntary blinking. However, in 1960s, this fact, which had long been known by local people in mangrove swamps, was confirmed by firefly researchers through quantitative analysis.

The firefly of Photinus carolinus species is one of the few known species that flash synchronously. This photo of fireflies is composed of several 30-second shutter exposure photos. | photography: Jason Gambone

A similar scene was staged in the 1990s, when Lynn Faust, a naturalist in Tennessee, read the confident assertion of Jon Copeland, a scientist, that "there are no synchronized fireflies in North America". Faust knew at that time that what he had observed in the nearby Woods for decades was remarkable.

Faust invited Copeland and Moiseff (collaborators) to see a species called Photinus carolinus (P. carolinus) in the Great Smoky Mountains. Male fireflies are filled with forests and open spaces, suspended at a height similar to that of human beings. These fireflies are not intensive cooperative flashes, but give off a quick flash in a few seconds, then keep quiet for several times this time, and then make the next quick flash. Imagine a similar scene in which a group of paparazzi are waiting for a star to appear. They just take a series of photos quickly every time a star appears, and then fiddle with their fingers in their spare time.

Copeland and Moiseff’s research shows that a single P. carolinus firefly does try to flash with fireflies or LED lights in a nearby jar. The team also placed high-sensitivity cameras on the edge of surrounding fields and forest clearing to record flashes. Copeland looked at the video frame by frame and calculated the number of fireflies shining at each moment. The statistical results show that the fireflies in the field of view of the camera do flash at regular and interrelated time intervals.

Twenty years later, Peleg and her postdoctoral physicist Raphaël Sarfati had better technology to collect firefly data. They designed an image capture system consisting of two GoPro cameras separated by several feet. These cameras can shoot 360-degree videos, so they can capture the dynamics of fireflies from the inside rather than just from the side. The method of calculating firefly flash is no longer frame by frame by hand, but an algorithm developed by Sarfati-recording the flash time and three-dimensional spatial position by triangulation of firefly flash.

In June 2019, Sarfati brought this capture system into the field for the first time in Tennessee to find P. carolinus fireflies. Before that, he had imagined a dense picture similar to the synchronized flashing of fireflies in Asia, but the scene in Tennessee was even more chaotic. This was the first time he saw this scene with his own eyes-there were as many as 8 rapid flashes in about 4 seconds, repeated every 12 seconds. But this chaos is exciting. As a physicist, Sarfati thinks that a highly fluctuating system is more informative than an orderly system. He said: "It’s complicated, even chaotic, but very beautiful."

3. Random and echoing flashes

When Peleg studied firefly synchronization in college, she first understood this phenomenon through the Kuramoto model established by Japanese physicist Yoshiki Kuramoto based on the early work of theoretical biologist Art Winfree. It is the originator of explaining the mathematical mechanism of synchronization phenomenon, and it can be used to describe the synchronization phenomenon in both human cardiac pacing cells and alternating current.

In general, the synchronization system model needs to describe two processes. One is the dynamics of isolated individuals. That is, if there is only one lonely firefly in the jar, how does its own physiological structure and behavior rules determine its flash? The other is what mathematicians call coupling, that is, how the flash of one firefly affects the flash behavior of other fireflies adjacent to it. With the ingenious combination of these two processes, the noise from different fireflies can be quickly adjusted into a neat chorus.

Yoshiki Kuramoto, a professor of physics at Kyoto University, established the most famous synchronization model in 1970s, and jointly discovered chimera state in 2001. | Source: Tomoaki Sukezane

In the Tibetan model, each firefly is regarded as a vibrator with an inherent preference for rhythm. Imagine: there is a hidden pendulum in the firefly that swings steadily, and the firefly flashes every time the pendulum sweeps its arc bottom. Suppose it will move its pendulum forward or backward a little after seeing the flash of a nearby firefly. Even if fireflies are unsynchronized at first, or their preferred internal rhythms are different, in this model, the last group tends to converge on a coordinated flashing pattern.

Over the years, there have been several variants of this model, and each variant has adjusted the rules of internal dynamics and coupling process. In 1990, Strogatz and his colleague Rennie Mirollo at Boston College proved that if a group of simple firefly-like oscillators are related to each other, they will almost always synchronize regardless of the number. In the second year, Barderment Trout described the process of synchronization of Pteroptyx malaccae firefly population in Southeast Asia by accelerating or slowing down the internal oscillation frequency. Just in 2018, the research team of Gonzalo Marcelo Ramírez-Ávila of San Andreas University designed a more complicated mechanism: fireflies switch back and forth between "charging" and "discharging" States, and they will flash during the process.

However, when Peleg and Sarfati’s cameras started capturing 3D data from Photinus carolinus fireflies in 2019, their analysis revealed a new pattern.

One of them is to confirm what Faust and other firefly biologists have mentioned for a long time: a bunch of flashes often start in one place and then cascade and spread in the forest at a speed of half a meter per second. This contagious ripple shows that the coupling of fireflies is neither global (the whole group is related) nor purely local (each firefly only cares about its neighbors). On the contrary, fireflies seem to pay attention to other fireflies at different distances. Sarfati said that this may be because fireflies can only see flashes that occur in a continuous line of sight, while in forests, vegetation often blocks their sight.

P. carolinus fireflies do not seem to meet the core premise of the Tibetan model: unlike Southeast Asian fireflies, P. carolinus fireflies in Tennessee do not have such a cycle. When Peleg and Sarfati put a P. carolinus firefly in the tent, it flashed randomly and didn’t follow any beat. "Sometimes it flashes after waiting for a few seconds, and sometimes it waits for a few minutes," Strogatz said. "This is beyond the scope of existing models."

However, once the research team put in more than 15 P. carolinus fireflies, the swarm in the whole tent showed a collective flash with an interval of several tens of seconds. This synchronization and periodicity is only the result of firefly aggregation. In order to find out how this happened, Peleg’s team asked physicists Srividya Iyer-Biswas from Purdue University and Santa Fe Institute. Soon, Kunaal Joshi, a doctoral student at Iyer-Biswas, analyzed the data they collected on the spot and developed a new periodic emergence model. The detailed paper has been uploaded to the preprint (Sarfati, R., 2022).

Topic: Emergency Periodicity in the Collective Synchronous Flashing of Fireflies.

Address: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483608v1.

Imagine a lonely firefly flashing and following the rules: if it is sealed now, it will wait for a random time interval and then flash again. However, fireflies need to "charge" their light organs, so there is a shortest waiting time (recovery period). It is also easily influenced by its peers: if it sees another firefly flashing, it will flash immediately as long as its physical conditions permit.

Merrill Sherman/ cartography, translated by Niu Xiaojie/.

If there is a large firefly in the silent darkness now, it will be followed by a flash. Each firefly randomly chose a waiting time longer than the recovery period. However, whoever flashes first will inspire all other fireflies to flash immediately. Every time the environment gets dark, the whole process repeats itself. With the increase in the number of fireflies, at least one firefly will randomly choose to flash again when the body allows, which will trigger other fireflies to flash. Therefore, the time between two flashes will be shortened to the recovery period. Researchers who carefully observe this scene will see a stable group rhythm: that is, from flash to darkness, and then suddenly flash from darkness.

Peleg’s second preprint found another peculiar pattern (Sarfati, R., & Peleg, O. ,2022). In Congari National Park, South Carolina, when her team used equipment to record the synchronization of fireflies of Photuris frontalis species, Peleg noticed some strange phenomena: "I caught a small firefly out of time, but it was still punctual."

Topic: chimera States among synchronous fireflies

Address: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491720v2.

The analysis shows that although most firefly "choirs" are flashing rhythmically, the stubborn outliers refuse to cooperate. These outliers are in the same space, flashing according to their own cycle, which is not commensurate with the rhythm of the surrounding "symphony". Sometimes, these outliers seem to be synchronized; Sometimes they just blink randomly, regardless of each other. Peleg’s research group described this as a chimera state, which is a form of synchronization. It was first pointed out by Kuramoto and his postdoctoral fellow Dorjsuren Battogtokh in 2001 (Kuramoto, Y., & Battogtokh, D., 2002), and analyzed by Strogatz and Northwestern University mathematician Daniel Abrams in a mathematical idealized form in 2004. Some neuroscientists’ research shows that this strange synchronization state in brain cell activity has been seen under some experimental conditions, but other than that, it has not been observed in nature so far (Bansal, K., et al., 2019).

The earliest study on chimera state

Thesis title: Coexistence of coherence and inheritance in non-locally coupled phase oscillators.

Address: https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0210694.

At present, it is not clear why nature prefers this "hodgepodge" synchronization to the unified synchronization form. However, this basic synchronization phenomenon also constitutes an evolutionary mystery: how does this aggregation help male individuals stand out from potential spouses? Peleg thinks that we should not only study the behavior patterns of male fireflies, but also pay attention to female fireflies. Her research team has begun to study the firefly P. carolinus, but has not studied the species P. frontalis which is prone to chimera state.

4. Fireflies and Computer Science

For the model, it is now necessary to encapsulate the observed firefly patterns in a new or improved framework. Ermentrout’s paper, which is still under review, provides a unique mathematical description of Photinus carolinus fireflies: suppose these insects are noisy and irregular oscillators instead of waiting for purely random time beyond the minimum recovery time required? In this way, fireflies may flash periodically only when they gather. In computer simulation, this model is also consistent with Peleg’s data. Ermentrout said: "Although we didn’t write it out in a program, there were still fluctuations and so on."

Biologists say that Peleg and Sarfati’s cost-effective camera and algorithm system are very helpful to promote firefly research and make it popular. Fireflies are difficult to study in the wild, because it is difficult for the public to distinguish species by their flashes except the most dedicated researchers and hardcore enthusiasts. Therefore, although people are worried that many firefly species are becoming extinct, it is still relatively difficult to measure the range and abundance of firefly population. Peleg’s work can make it easier to collect, analyze and share firefly flash data.

In 2021, Sarfati used this system to confirm a report from Arizona: local Photinus knulli firefly species can synchronize when the aggregation number is enough. This year, Peleg Lab sent 10 copies of camera images to firefly researchers all over the United States. In order to promote species protection, machine learning researchers in Peleg Lab are trying to develop an algorithm to identify firefly species from video flash patterns.

Fireflies have inspired the development of mathematical theory for decades; Peleg hopes that these more subtle truths discovered now will have a similar impact. Moiseff has the same wish. He said that fireflies "were already doing computer science before we humans appeared." Understanding their synchronization mechanism can help us better grasp the self-organizing behavior of other organisms.

references

[1] link: https://www.quantamazine.org/physicists-discover-exotic-patterns-of-synchronization-20190404/

[2] Stefan Ineichen (2016). Light into Darkness: The Significance of Glowworms and Fireflies in Western Culture. Advances in Zoology and Botany, 4(4), 54 – 58. DOI: 10.13189/azb.2016.040402.

[3] Sarfati, R., Joshi, K., Martin, O., Hayes, J., Iyer-Biswas, S., & Peleg, O. (2022). Emergent periodicity in the collective synchronous flashing of fireflies. bioRxiv.2022.03.09.483608, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.09.483608

[4] Sarfati, R., & Peleg, O. (2022). Chimera States among Synchronous Fireflies. bioRxiv 2022.05.12.491720; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.12.491720

[5] Bansal, K., Garcia, J. O., Tompson, S. H., Verstynen, T., Vettel, J. M., & Muldoon, S. F. (2019). Cognitive chimera states in human brain networks. Science Advances, 5(4), eaau8535.

[6] Gudger, E. W. (1919). A Historical Note on the Synchronous Flashing of Fireflies. Science, 50(1286), 188–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1643069

[7] Kuramoto, Y., & Battogtokh, D. (2002). Coexistence of Coherence and Incoherence in Nonlocally Coupled Phase Oscillators. Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems, 5(4), 380-385.

This article is translated from Quanta Magazine.

Title of the article: How How Do Fireflies Flash in Sync? Studies Suggest a New Answer

Article link: https://www.quantamazine.org/how-do-fireworks-flash-in-sync-studies-suggest-a-new-answer-20220920/

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Original title: "Synchronous flicker of fireflies: how to emerge order in randomness?" 》