标签： 武汉红灯一条街

Google’s strongest AI model, which has attracted much attention and is considered by the industry to be the most likely to beat GPT-4, has finally appeared!

On December 6th, US Western Time, Google CEO Sundar Pichai and DeepMind Director Demis Hassabis jointly announced the official launch of Gemini 1.0 in official website.

Gemini is jointly created by several Alphabet teams such as Google Research and DeepMind. As a new powerful multi-modal artificial intelligence model, it can induce, understand, operate and combine different types of information. It can not only process text, images, video and audio, but also complete complex tasks in mathematics, physics and other scientific fields, and can understand and generate high-quality codes in various programming languages.

Pichai described Gemini as "our largest and most powerful AI model to date" and said that it has shown the most advanced performance in many leading benchmarks. "The first generation of Gemini 1.0 was optimized for different sizes, namely: Ultra, Pro and Nano. These are the first models to enter the Gemini era and the first realization of our vision when we established Google DeepMind earlier this year. "

At the Google I/O conference in May this year, Pichai spoiled the news that Google was developing Gemini. It is described as the "Next Generation Multi-modal Intelligent Network", which is designed for API integration. It is said that it has trillions of parameters like GPT-4, but its computing power is five times that of GPT-4, and it can perform more complex and diverse tasks.

To this end, Google also merged its two strongest artificial intelligence laboratories: Google Brain and DeepMind, led by Demis Hassabis, the former CEO of DeepMind, and invested hundreds of millions of dollars in research and development of Gemini.

Even sergey brin, the co-founder of Google, who has resigned for four years, has returned to the office of Mountain View in Silicon Valley to participate in the Gemini decision-making and join the LLM scuffle.

But just last week, The Information quoted people familiar with the matter as saying that Pichai recently silently canceled a series of Gemini public appearances that should have been held in California, new york and Washington, D.C., because it was found to be "unreliable in handling some non-English queries", which cast a gray color on the product launch process.

Perhaps to consolidate market confidence, early this morning, Gemini 1.0 suddenly made its grand debut, appearing in the public’s field of vision and quickly occupying the front pages of major scientific and technological media.

So, what is the strongest artificial intelligence model that Google is betting on the whole army?

Hassabis, head of DeepMind, called Gemini their most flexible model, which can run efficiently on all kinds of devices from data centers to mobile devices.

In order to achieve this extensibility, Gemini 1.0 has designed three versions with different functions and sizes:

Gemini Nano —The most efficient model on the end-side equipment. Designed for smart phones, it can perform efficient AI processing tasks without connecting to an external server. Now it has been integrated into Pixel 8 Pro, which can support the function of "summarizing text" in recording applications and the function of "intelligent reply" in Gboard. Starting with WhatsApp, it will be extended to more applications next year.

Gemini Pro —The best model for various tasks running in Google data center. Support the latest version of the AI chat robot Bard from today. It can respond quickly and understand complex queries, which is the biggest upgrade since Bard was introduced. At present, it provides English services to more than 170 countries and regions, and plans to support new languages and regions in the coming months, and apply them to more Google products such as search, advertising, Chrome and Duet AI.

Gemini Ultra -The largest and most powerful model, dedicated to highly complex tasks, will be provided to developers and enterprise customers early next year after completing the current testing phase. At that time, an updated version of Bard Advanced based on Gemini Ultra will be launched.

In terms of model architecture, Gemini still uses Transformer architecture, adopts an efficient attention mechanism, and supports the context length of 32k.

Google confidently said that after rigorous testing and performance evaluation of the Gemini model, from natural image, audio and video understanding to mathematical reasoning,Among the 32 academic benchmarks widely used in the research and development of large-scale language models, the performance of Gemini Ultra has exceeded the most advanced level represented by ChatGPT at present.. Before the release of Gemini, Google conducted a series of tests to evaluate it with standard industry indicators.

In the MMLU test, the score rate of Gemini Ultra is 90.0%, which is higher than that of GPT-4 (86.4%), making it the first model to surpass the performance of human experts. The MMLU test covers 57 subjects, including mathematics, physics, history, law, medicine and ethics, and aims to evaluate the model’s understanding and problem-solving ability in the global knowledge field.

In Reasoning, Math and Code, except HellaSwag, which lags behind GPT-4 by 87.8%, others include challenging math problems such as multi-step reasoning, algebra/geometry/pre-calculus and so on.

In terms of multimodal capability, Gemini Ultra achieved a SOTA score of 59.4% in the new MMMU benchmark test, which exceeded the 56.8% of the multimodal version GPT-4V of OpenAI. This benchmark test spans many different fields and requires precise reasoning for many tasks.

In the image benchmark test, even without the assistance of Object Character Recognition (OCR) system, the performance of Gemini Ultra is better than all previous models only by analyzing pixel information. In audio testing, the scores of automatic speech recognition and automatic speech translation of Gemini are higher than those of Whisper system connected to GPT-4.

Hassabis said that this highlights the superiority of Gemini’s native multimodal. Up to now, the usual way to create multi-modal models is to train individual components of different modes independently, and then splice them together to try to simulate some functions.

Although such models can sometimes effectively perform specific tasks such as describing pictures, they often perform poorly in more conceptual and complex reasoning.

Gemini was originally designed in a native multi-modal way, and was pre-trained in different modes from the beginning using TPUs v4 and v5e chips designed by Google.. Then it is fine-tuned with more additional multimodal data to improve its performance.

This method enables Gemini to understand and reason all kinds of input content more naturally in the initial stage, and its ability in almost all fields has reached an unprecedented advanced level.

First of all, Gemini has complex multi-modal reasoning ability, which can help to understand complex written and visual information and discover indistinguishable knowledge content in massive data.

For example, it is instructed to filter irrelevant papers through the natural language prompt, or extract key data through reading. With a lunch break, Gemini can help you extract 250 document points from 200,000 papers, and further transform the data into any required chart form. This will greatly help to achieve innovative breakthroughs in science, finance and other fields at a digital speed.

The trained Gemini can obviously recognize and understand text, image and audio data at the same time, better understand subtle information and answer questions related to complex topics. This makes it especially good at explaining reasoning in subjects such as mathematics and physics. In the example, the staff showed that Gemini can check handwriting physical mistakes and explain the correct way.

In order to show the multimodal capabilities of Gemini more intuitively, Brother Chai released a video in X, saying that "the best way to understand the amazing potential capabilities of Gemini is to look at their practical applications".

In the video, Gemini taught the staff the pronunciation of "duck" in Mandarin according to the instructions, and also explained the Chinese tone.

The staff also gave Gemini a demonstration of interaction only in Chinese. By asking about the indoor light in a picture, Gemini is asked to give the orientation of the apartment in use. Gemini answers in Chinese and guesses that the room faces south. Circle a plant in the photo and ask what kind of lighting it needs. gemini then explains the plant species and lighting requirements. The whole process is as smooth as the mother tongue, which shows that Gemini is outstanding in multilingual environment, which is no less than GPT-4.

In addition, Gemini can understand, interpret and generate high-quality codes of the most popular programming languages in the world, such as Python, Java, C++ and Go. The ability to achieve cross-language work and handle complex information makes it one of the world’s leading basic coding models, helping programmers to use the powerful AI model as a collaborative tool to design applications.

For developers, starting from December 13th, Gemini Pro can be obtained through the Gemini API in Google AI Studio or Google Cloud Vertex AI. Android developers can also use Gemini Nano, the most efficient model for end-to-end tasks, through AICore.

Looking back on the development of Google’s big model all the way, compared with the continuous and rapid update of OpenAI’s "Wang Fried", Microsoft always seems to be one step behind when it integrates various AI functions of GPT into core products and pushes them to customers. When Bard, a chat robot, was released in February this year, it got off to a bad start, and the market value evaporated by 100 billion dollars overnight with a factual error. Benchmarking Microsoft Copilot’s Duet AI work suite, the market response was moderate, and the financial performance of cloud services also lost to Microsoft.

Especially after the internal friction caused by the reorganization of Brain and DeepMind teams and the loss of senior talents to OpenAI, Google’s AI battle is even more exhausted.

However, this is, after all, an AI pioneer who contributed to Transformer’s pioneering masterpiece Attention is all you need and the landmark artificial intelligence program AlphaGo, and inspired the subsequent development of many large models including ChatGPT. No matter from the technical genes, training data, capital and infrastructure, it should have one of the best strengths.

The release of Gemini is regarded by Google as the most critical technological innovation in the past decade. Can it make Google rally, beat OpenAI and regain the throne of the big model stadium?

Will the AI competition pattern be reshaped after Genmini Ultra comes out next year?

And, has everyone tried the new Google Bard? How do you feel?

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guide　language

The treatment scheme of herpes zoster can be roughly divided into traditional Chinese medicine therapy and western medicine therapy. Today, we will learn the western medicine therapy recommended by the guide.

Therapeutic goal of herpes zoster

Relieve acute pain; Shorten the duration of skin lesions; Prevent the spread of skin lesions; Prevent or reduce complications.

First, antiviral drugs

Commonly used drugs in clinical treatment of herpes zoster can effectively shorten the course of disease, accelerate the healing of rash, reduce the formation of new rash and reduce the spread of virus to internal organs. It should be used within 72 hours after the eruption, so as to quickly reach and maintain the effective concentration and obtain the best therapeutic effect. At present, the approved systemic antiviral drugs include acyclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir, bromovudine and foscarnet sodium.

acyclovir

Function characteristics:

Acyclovir triphosphate is produced by phosphorylation of viral thymidine kinase in infected cells, which can inhibit viral DNA polymerase and stop the extension of viral DNA chain.

　 Usage:

(1) Oral administration: 400-800 mg/time, 5 times/day, for 7 days;

(2) Intravenous drip: 5 ~ 10 mg/kg for patients with immune impairment or serious nervous system diseases, once every 8 hours, with a course of 7 days.　

Precautions:

Patients should drink plenty of water during the administration of acyclovir to prevent acyclovir from precipitating in renal tubules and damaging renal function.

Valaciclovir

Function characteristics:

The prodrug of acyclovir is quickly absorbed by oral administration and quickly converted into acyclovir in gastrointestinal tract and liver, and its bioavailability is 3~5 times that of acyclovir.

　 Usage:

Oral administration: 300 ~ 1000 mg/time, 3 times/day, for 7 days.

Fanciclovir

Function characteristics:

The prodrug of penciclovir is rapidly converted into penciclovir after oral administration, and maintains a long half-life in cells. The mechanism of action is the same as that of acyclovir, the bioavailability is higher than that of acyclovir, and the frequency and dosage of administration are lower than that of acyclovir.

　 Usage:

Oral administration: 250 ~ 500mg/time, 3 times/day, for 7 days.

brivudine tablets

Function characteristics:

The antiviral effect is highly selective, and the process of inhibiting virus replication is only carried out in virus-infected cells.　

Usage:

Oral administration: 125mg／/day, l times/day, for 7 days.

Sodium foscarnet

Function characteristics:

Blocking the phosphate binding site of viral DNA polymerase in a non-competitive way, thus showing antiviral activity.

　 Usage:

Intravenous drip: 40 mg/kg each time, once every 8 hours.

Note meaning　

Patients with renal insufficiency should reduce the dosage accordingly;

If renal function continues to decline, acyclovir should be stopped immediately and famciclovir or other antiviral drugs should be used to continue treatment;

For patients suspected of renal insufficiency, creatinine level should be detected before initial administration (creatinine level is not required for bromovudine).

Second, analgesics

Mild to moderate pain:Acetaminophen and tramadol can be selected;　

Moderate and severe pain:

1. Opioid drugs, such as morphine or oxycodone;

2. Drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain, such as calcium channel regulator gabapentin and pregabalin, in addition to amitriptyline and 5% lidocaine patch. Severe acute pain during herpes zoster is a risk factor for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Combined with calcium channel regulator can not only effectively relieve pain, but also reduce the occurrence of PHN. Studies have shown that early use of pregabalin can significantly reduce the pain score of herpes zoster, especially within 7 days of herpes occurrence, which can significantly reduce the incidence of PHN. The pain of elderly patients with herpes zoster is more common and severe, which seriously affects all aspects of life, such as anxiety, disorder and inability to work or live normally. Studies have shown that pregabalin combined with oxycodone can not only further reduce the incidence of PHN, but also improve the daily activities and sleep of patients and improve their quality of life.

Third, glucocorticoid

At present, there is still controversy about whether to use glucocorticoid to treat herpes zoster.

It is generally believed that systematic application of glucocorticoid in the early stage of acute onset of herpes zoster and gradual decrease can inhibit the inflammatory process, shorten the duration of acute pain and the healing time of skin lesions, but it is ineffective for the pain with PHN.　

Recommended dose:The initial dosage of prednisone is 30~40 mg／/day, which is taken orally and gradually reduced, and the course of treatment is 1~2 weeks.

　Fourth, neurotrophic drugs

It is also helpful to relieve neuroinflammation and neuralgia. Commonly used drugs include mecobalamin, vitamin B1 and vitamin B12, etc., which are taken orally or injected intramuscularly.

Five, topical drugs

Mainly dry and anti-inflammatory.　

Blister fluid is not broken:Calamine lotion, acyclovir cream or penciclovir cream can be used externally.　

After herpes is broken:

3% boric acid solution wet compress;

1: 5000 furacilin solution wet compress;

0.5% neomycin ointment for external use;

2% mupirocin ointment.　

Ophthalmic herpes:3% Acyclovir Eye Ointment and Iodine Eye Drops for External Use.

References: [1] Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus Working Group. Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Dermatology .2018,51 (6): 403-406.

Laiyuan/Yunque

　　Xinhua News Agency, Tehran, September 21st: Talk about "America can’t be trusted" in the eyes of Iranians.

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Gao Wencheng

　　Iranian President Leahy made it clear in an interview with the American media a few days ago: "We can’t trust the United States." This sentence is not only his personal opinion, but also the consensus of Iranian society. From a government spokesman to an ordinary librarian, Iranian society now widely believes that — — "the United States cannot be trusted."

　　The formation of this social consensus is closely related to the United States’ treachery and arrogance on the comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear issue. In July 2015, after 10 years of arduous negotiations, Iran reached the the Iranian nuclear deal with the United States, Britain, France, Russia, China and Germany. However, in 2018, despite the opposition of the international community, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the Iranian nuclear deal and once again held high the sanctions stick to "exert extreme pressure" on Iran.

This is the scene of the new round of political director-level meeting of the Joint Committee of the Iranian Nuclear Comprehensive Agreement, which was filmed in Vienna, Austria on June 12, 2021. Xinhua News Agency (Photo courtesy of the EU delegation in Vienna)

　　The United States’ wanton breach of contract and indiscriminate sanctions have caused great harm to Iran’s development. After the Iranian nuclear deal was reached, the United States lifted sanctions against Iraq, and Iran’s daily average oil export once reached 2.5 million barrels, with a record economic growth rate of 13.6%. However, after the United States unilaterally broke the contract and re-imposed sanctions, Iran’s oil exports once plummeted to only 100,000 barrels per day, and the economy shrank sharply year after year.

　　Affected by US sanctions, the Iranian currency Rial has depreciated sharply in just a few years. Before the sanctions were restarted, more than 30,000 rials could be exchanged for 1 US dollar, but now it takes 30 Wan Li rials to exchange for 1 US dollar. The import and production costs of Iranian goods have increased significantly, and the shortage of materials has led to soaring prices and difficult people’s livelihood. Since 2018, the overall price in Iran has increased by about 85%, and food prices have doubled. Many Iranian families can’t make ends meet, and their lives are very tight. During the Chinese New Year, many Iranian children can’t put on new clothes, and many housewives have to think about buying a piece of meat for half a day.

　　The pain of people’s livelihood has caused Iranians to pay close attention to the Iranian nuclear talks and look forward to the early lifting of sanctions. However, the indirect negotiations between Iran and the United States on the Iranian nuclear deal’s resumption of performance have been going on for nearly a year and a half, with ups and downs in the middle, and no results have been achieved so far. The current U.S. government said one thing and did another. Although it verbally expressed its willingness to return to the Iranian nuclear deal, it inherited the previous government’s policy of "extreme pressure" on Iraq, and even during the negotiations, it continued to raise the threat tone and increase the sanctions against Iraq.

　　The current American government’s words and deeds are different, which has deepened the Iranian society’s cognition that "the United States cannot be trusted." Leahy said that if Americans want to reach an agreement, "why should they impose new sanctions on Iran during the negotiation?" Because the United States reneges on its word and has a bad track record, Iran is now very cautious in negotiations. The Iranian side has repeatedly asked the US to make a guarantee that it will not violate the contract again. Mohammad Marandi, consultant of the Iranian negotiating team, made it clear that Iran believes that corresponding provisions should be set, and if the United States breaches the contract again, it must pay the price.

　　Iranian society believes that "the United States cannot be trusted" is a silhouette of the increasing bankruptcy of American national credibility in the international arena. A number of polls show that the global influence of the United States is generally declining. In order to safeguard hegemonic self-interest, the United States has repeatedly broken the contract and "retired from the group" and provoked conflicts and confrontations. Although the United States often pretends to be so-called "democracy" and "human rights", it is hard to hide the evil consequences of its perverse actions on other countries and even the whole international community.

　　Russian video screenshot today

　　Overseas Network September 22ndAccording to the news of "Russia Today" on the 21st, some pictures and videos have been circulated on Russian social media platforms recently: a street in Barakovo is full of dead birds. This rare scene triggered a series of brain hole conjectures by netizens.

　　According to reports, this incident occurred in Barakovo, Saratov State, southwestern Russia, which is famous for its large nuclear power plant. According to videos and pictures uploaded by Russian social media users, local residents witnessed the bodies of dozens of dead birds scattered on a road.

　　Source: Russia today

　　Below the video, Russian netizens gave many conjectures about why dead birds fell from the sky. Some people blame it on natural phenomena, such as a strong wind or an accidental collision between two birds. Others think that fireworks and exhaust gas from factories may cause a large number of deaths, and some even say that it is related to 5G equipment, although this technology has not yet entered Russia.

　　"At the beginning of the nuclear disaster TV series Chernobyl, all the birds died." A comment with the highest praise linked the incident to the American HBO hit drama. The animal medical department of Saratov State is currently investigating this incident, which some people think may be related to bird flu. (Overseas Network Zhang Qi)

　　　　For today’s smart vendors, it is hard to imagine what is more important than diversified development. A few years ago, the mobile phone was still just a device for talking to us, but with the popularity of intelligent platforms, the mobile phone has changed from a communication device to a multi-functional intelligent terminal. Nowadays, in order to get rid of the homogenization of Android platform, Android manufacturers spare no effort to develop more potential of mobile phones. At this time, we will find that those manufacturers who can integrate the technologies of multiple product lines highlight more advantages than those who simply make mobile phones.

　　　　When CEO Kazuo Hirai took office, we first heard the strategy of "One Sony". This is not the first time for Sony to integrate the technology of other product lines into mobile phones, just like the Walkman series and Cyber-Shot series that we once amazed. This time, Sony once again applied its camera technology to smart phones, and L39h (hereinafter referred to as Sony L39h) became the first product under the concept of One Sony. Just like the words in Kazuo Hirai’s mouth after the release of several DCDV devices in Berlin, "The next product can present the best part of Sony to you at one time."

G lens Sony Xperia comprehensive evaluation

　　　　In terms of configuration, Sony L39h has adopted today’s flagship configuration without any accident. After the slow pace of last year, Sony’s flagship product has finally accelerated its pace in hardware this year, and has always maintained the strongest configuration at the same level as flagship models of other international brands. Like the Sony L36h released at the beginning of this year, Sony L39h uses a 1080p display screen. However, due to the overall improvement in photographing this time, the photosensitive element has also increased to 1/2.3 inch, so the overall thickness and length and width of the fuselage have increased to some extent in Bisogni L36h. The fuselage circumference of this model is 144× 74× 8.5mm, which will be thicker in the hand than that of Bisogni L36h, but relatively, it feels more comfortable because the frame adopts a brand-new flat cutting angle.

Sony’s first image flagship 5-inch 1080p Sony L39h

　　　　Sony L39h is equipped with 2.2GHz MSM8274 Opteron 800 quad-core processor and GPU Adreno 330 image processor, and its outstanding performance is beyond doubt. At the same time, Sony L39h has also continued Sony’s waterproof and dustproof features, reaching IP55/58 level. This means that the phone has a built-in dustproof and waterproof design, that is, all ports and covers are closed, and the phone can be dustproof and can be placed in the deepest 1.5 meters of clean water for up to 30 minutes. Of course, taking photos is the biggest improvement of Sony L39h this time, and we will show it in detail later.

　　　　Regarding the screen that most users pay attention to, the performance of the IPS screen in China made us feel amazing, but this amazing performance did not continue to the Sony L39h used in our evaluation. In other words, Sony L39h, like Sony XL39h, brings users a more vivid and clear visual experience through TRILUMINOS mobile display technology and X-Reality fast image processing engine, but this is only when we watch the screen from the front. When we look at the screen of Sony L39h from the side, the visual effect is still the same as Sony L36h. This really makes us regret. I wonder if the retail version is the same as the prototype used in the evaluation.

　　　　Every year, the flagship product has maintained a high degree of consistency in appearance. In the previous interview, Mr. Morinuma, the designer of Sony L39h, explained that this is first to maintain the continuity and consistency of the design language. But also, each product will be fine-tuned in design and introduce a brand-new design based on the actual experience of users. This time, Sony L39h, like Sony L36h, has adopted a plane-like fuselage line, the camera has no protrusion, and the front and rear sides are also protected by double-sided glass, which gives people a high-end and exquisite impression visually.

2 megapixel front camera

Keys are still built into the screen.

　　　　The screen size of Sony L39h is consistent with that of Sony L36h, which means that the change in the length of the fuselage mainly comes from the extension of the upper and lower ends of the screen. The place above the SONY English logo near the frame that looks like a groove is both the receiver and the breathing light. When charging or resting, the lights here will light up. In addition, the front camera located next to the logo has not changed, and it is still 2 million pixels, which is enough for self-timer and can also record 1080p video. At the bottom of the screen, we obviously feel that the "chin" Bisogni L36h of Sony L39h is getting longer, but the Android buttons are still built in the screen. Many netizens wondered why Sony didn’t put the Android button on this slightly longer chin. Although we didn’t get an official explanation, after actual operation, we found that with the growth of smart size, it is actually very difficult for us to hold the Android button on the chin of a mobile phone with a size of 5 inches or more. In other words, actually putting the buttons on the screen is more user-friendly in our actual operation, and it will be better if Sony can let users choose to hide or display these three buttons by sliding up and down in the future.

MicroSIM card slot on the right side and power button and volume button.

The bottom of the right side is provided with a hanging hole and a camera shutter.

　　　　Sony L39h adopts a complete seamless design, and uses aluminum frame to make the mobile phone more durable. At the same time, it also uses this frame as an antenna through brand-new technology, which solves the disadvantage of poor call signal of metal body. Sony L39h still designed the main card slots and buttons on both sides of the fuselage, and attached dust plugs, thus maintaining a high degree of visual integration with the frame without affecting the appearance. On the right side, there is still the microSIM card slot, power button and volume button, and at the bottom, Sony L39h has added a photo shutter button, which is also convenient for users to take photos through the physical shutter button when they can’t touch the screen underwater.

The microSD card slot and data interface on the left side of the fuselage support MHL data transmission.

Metal contact for connecting magnetic attraction waterproof charging base

　　　　The design of the left card slot of Sony L39h is somewhat different from that of Sony L36h. The positions of the microSD card slot and the data interface are upside down, with the microSD card slot at the top and the data interface supporting the transmission of microUSB and MHL at the bottom. Sony L39h also has an official standard waterproof charging base, and the metal contact below the data interface is used when connecting with this base.

　　　　Another subtle change of L39h fuselage lies in the design of earphone hole, which is located at the top of the fuselage, but it is not equipped with dust plug like Sony L36h. Of course, users don’t have to worry about water coming into this earphone hole. Nowadays, the application of waterproof nano-coating technology is not uncommon. Personally, I think Sony chose to equip the interfaces on both sides of the frame with dust plugs, mainly for aesthetic considerations. In practical use, especially for people who listen to music on their mobile phones every day, the dust plug in the earphone hole is indeed redundant, and this design is just right.

The earphone hole at the top is not equipped with dust plug this time.

The bottom is almost a speaker, so it won’t block when you hold it.

　　　　Another change comes from the position of the Sony L39h speaker. Sony L36h designed the speaker at the lower right side of the fuselage, which is the position of the Sony L39h camera shutter button. In actual use, if we hold the mobile phone in one hand with the right hand, the speaker will be easily blocked, and the movement of the hand will directly cause the sound of the speaker to be loud and small. This time, the speaker is designed at the bottom, which is a good solution to this problem. This change is still very intimate.

The back is still a whole glass design.

Main camera marked with G and 1/2.3 inch sensor

XPERIA capital logo at the bottom of the back

　　　　The back of Sony L39h’s fuselage is still full of glass, and the explosion-proof membrane is also pressed for protection when it leaves the factory. This design is really beautiful, but it is also easy to be contaminated with fingerprints. Relatively speaking, white is the color with the least fingerprints among the three colors of black, white and purple. Sony’s English logo is located in the center of the fuselage. Above is the mark of NFC position, and below is the word XPERIA in all capitals. This time, it seems to emphasize the advantages of taking pictures. It is rare for Sony to mark the G word of G lens next to the camera, as well as the camera pixel size of 1/2.3 inch sensor and 20.7 million pixels. It can be seen that Sony is indeed full of confidence in taking pictures of this product.

　　　　L39h is equipped with Android 4.2 jelly bean system, but it does use a slightly different UI from Sony L36h upgraded to Android 4.2. Of course, the difference between the two is not very huge. At least as far as the main interface and the unlocking interface are concerned, we have not found any difference in the operation mode. At most, the buttons that enter the application interface are designed differently.

　
Sony L39h Home Screen and Unlocking Interface

　
The theme of Sony L39h (left) has changed a lot from Sony L36h.

　　Like the Sony L36h, the Sony L39h can change the theme and add widgets and applications to the home screen by pressing and holding the home screen. By contrast, we can see that the theme of Sony L39h has changed obviously. At the same time, when we do this operation, the presentation form of the thumbnail of the upper home screen is also different, from white translucent to black translucent, which is more visually recognizable.

　
The menu style of Sony L39h (left) application interface is also different from Sony L36h.

　
Sony L39h (left) drop-down notification bar can display more shortcut buttons.

　　　　In the application interface and drop-down notification bar, Sony L39h has also changed. In the past, we need to click the button in the interface to call out the menu of unloading and sorting, but in Sony L39h, we just slide the screen to the far left and call out the corresponding menu. When we drop down the notification bar, we can see that the shortcut operation buttons of Sony L39h have been expanded from one row to two rows, but we still don’t support setting the buttons independently.

　
Sony L39h (left) changed to X-Reality for mobile.

　　　　The change of display interface is also obvious. One of the highlights of Sony L36h is that you can manually adjust the white balance settings, but in Sony L39h, the white balance option has been cancelled. But in contrast, in Sony L39h, the original Bravia Engine 2 was replaced by the latest X-Reality for mobile, and a new backlight optimization mode was added. X-Reality for mobile can make the picture presented to us clearer and more vivid, which can be regarded as another upgrade of Bravia.

　　　　In terms of function, there is not much innovation in this L39h, which continues the characteristics of Sony L36h and the middle school, such as sketch function. On the whole, Sony L36h put all the emphasis on taking pictures. Let’s take a look at how the new camera flagship of this Android platform performs.

Sony L39h, the biggest change is taking pictures.

　　　　Sony L39h has three key words in taking pictures, namely, 1/2.3-inch large Exmor RS layered image sensor, Sony G lens, and mobile BIONZ image processor. So how does Sony explain these three keywords?

　　　　The main camera of Sony L39h has been achieved, and the 1/2.3-inch Exmor RS laminated sensor can capture more scene light and make full use of the powerful function of camera lens to shoot ultra-high resolution images. The sensor has higher sensitivity, which can reduce noise, ensure smooth and clear images, and completely reproduce all wonderful details with higher fidelity. Sony G lens is a unique feature of Sony used in cameras, which has extremely high in-focus imaging quality. In addition to sharpness, it also has excellent light gathering ability. The F2.0 large aperture 27mm wide-angle lens adopted by Sony L39h can perform better in low light and capture more light.

　　　　In addition, in order to get better detail reproduction effect, Sony L39h also uses the powerful algorithm of Sony mobile BIONZ image processor to make the shooting picture more vivid and realistic. Ultra-high pixel resolution, automatic exposure and automatic white balance ensure the accurate presentation of the colors captured by Sony G lens-while achieving brightness balance, the colors are enhanced and reproduced with rich texture layers and layers, and the effect is the same as that seen by the naked eye. The combination of 1/2.3 inch 20.7 megapixel mobile Exmor RS layered sensor and mobile BIONZ image processor can also eliminate noise.

　　　　Finally, a new breakthrough of Sony L39h lies in the zoom of 3x clear image. When shooting at a long distance, the high-resolution sensor and the mobile BIONZ image processor can provide users with an optical zoom of 81mm, bringing the picture closer, and the details are still clear. Of course, as our text shows, it is limited to zoom 0 distortion within 3 times.

Sony L39h camera basic function

Sony L39h camera interface

In advanced automatic mode, the current scene mode will be displayed in the lower right corner ("soft capture" in the picture).

Long press shutter continuous shooting needs to be set in advanced automatic mode.

　　　　In fact, the basic camera function of Sony L39h is not much different from that of the past. However, it should be noted that there were various scene modes for us to choose from in Sony in the past. However, in Sony L39h, users can’t manually select the scene mode, but can only automatically identify the most suitable scene mode at present through the "advanced automatic" mode. In addition, the function of continuous shooting requires us to open the option of long-press the shutter button continuous shooting in the setting menu of "Advanced Auto" mode. Frankly speaking, the setting of these small options is actually more complicated than before.

　　　　After reading the basic functions, let’s take a look at the featured functions in L39h. Obviously, the time shift function of Timeshift Burst, the information acquisition function of Info-eye and the shooting function of AR augmented reality are the three most interesting camera functions in Sony L39h. How to play these functions?

Info-eye function in Sony L39h

　　　　The function of Info-eye is very interesting, and we can use it as a new way to get information. Info-eye can shoot landmark buildings, characters, red wine, business cards and other formulated objects. As long as we shoot through the camera viewfinder, we can immediately see the relevant information obtained by networking.

Timeshift Burst function, the user can capture it without fail.

　　　　Timeshift Burst’s time shifting function is actually to help users capture the best photos through ultra-high-speed continuous shooting. When the shutter is pressed, the Timeshift Burst time shift function will completely record 61 images in one second before and after the shutter. After taking pictures, we just need to dial the photos in the turntable and choose the best one to save.

Seven AR Augmented Reality Scenes

　
"Diving" and "Masquerade Ball" Scenes

　　　　The fun photo function of AR augmented reality is very suitable for users with children at home, or for multi-party to enliven the atmosphere. Sony L39h provides us with seven interesting AR scenes. When the face is recognized, Sony L39h will automatically add funny accessories such as hats and glasses to the face, and the addition of these AR animations is also very intelligent. When there is a plane in the picture, these animations will be placed on the plane, and there will be no unscientific pictures such as corals floating in the air or mushrooms appearing overhead.

Sony L39h still comes with 9 kinds of filters.

　　　　In the Sony L39h, nine kinds of camera filters used in Sony are retained, so users can take photos of various small and fresh literary styles directly through the camera in their mobile phones according to their own needs.

　　　　　After introducing the innovation of L39h camera technology and the breakthrough of camera function, we should also take a look at the photo proofs of Sony L39h. Because Sony L39h is a product that has made a big breakthrough in taking pictures, we also chose the flagship Sony L36h at the beginning of this year for comparison. Although there is a big difference in the number of pixels between the two, it is really unfair to compare them, but it is also part of Sony L39h’s photo improvement. We will present the proofs in outdoor, indoor, macro and low light, and the AR proofs of Sony L39h will also be attached.

Sony L39h outdoor proofs (backlight)

Sony L36h outdoor proofs (backlight)

Sony L39h outdoor proofs (in the sun)

Sony L36h outdoor proofs (under the sun)

　　　　The outdoor proofs in the daytime are divided into two situations, one is that there is enough light in the sun, and the other is that the shade is relatively backlit. Sony L39h’s color in the sample under the shade of the tree is more realistic than Bisogni L36h’s, and the degree of protection is higher. However, in a sunny environment, perhaps due to the large amount of light entering Sony L39h, the overall color tone is a little whiter than Sony L36h, but at the same time, the details of trees in the distance are richer.

Sony L39h indoor proofs

Sony L36h indoor proofs

Sony L39h indoor proofs

Sony L36h indoor proofs

　
Sony L39h/ Sony L36h indoor proofs

　
Sony L39h/ Sony L36h indoor proofs

　
Sony L39h/ Sony L36h indoor proofs

　　　　We took a lot of indoor proofs, and chose the shopping mall as an environment with complicated light for comparison. We can clearly see that Sony L39h’s ability to aggregate light is much better than that of Bisogni L36h. At the same time, Sony L36h appeared obvious color cast when shooting indoors, while Sony L39h restored the real color in place and controlled the noise well.

　　　　Next, we will challenge the low light and macro of L39h and the effect of AR photography. In low light, we chose indoor and outdoor situations. Strictly speaking, the two macro photos were also taken in low light environment.

Sony L39h Low Light Proof (Evening)

Sony L36h weak light proof (evening)

Sony L39h weak light proof (night view)

Sony L36h weak light proof (night view)

Sony L39h Weak Light Proof (Indoor)

Sony L36h Weak Light Proof (Indoor)

　　　　Sony L39h did a good job in the part of taking pictures in low light. First of all, while improving the brightness, the color is more natural, and there is no loss of some details. The picture of the building was taken at sunset in the evening, and both Sony L39h and Sony L36h automatically improved the overall brightness of the picture. However, we can find that the billboard in the Sony L36h sample has obvious details missing, and the building itself also appears white and the contrast is not strong enough. When shooting at night after the sky is completely dark, although the performance of Sony L36h is still satisfactory, it is obvious that there is a certain gap in saturation compared with Sony L39h, and the color of the picture is not vivid enough. In the last indoor low-light shooting session, the proofs of the two devices have obvious differences in fineness. Because Sony L36h will smear seriously in order to reduce noise when shooting in dark light, the overall picture gives us a little fuzzy feeling.

Sony L39h macro proofs

Sony L36h macro proofs

Sony L39h macro proofs

Sony L36h macro proofs

　　　　In macro aspect, both Sony L39h and the previous Sony L36h have a good performance, and the blur of the background is in place. The only difference between them is that they are both shooting outdoors in the evening, but the brightness of Sony L39h is higher.

Sony L39h AR model proofs

　
Sony L39h AR model proofs

　　　　Finally, let’s look at the photo proofs in AR augmented reality mode. Because the dinosaurs or other animations in the picture are constantly moving, the photos taken by everyone must be different. AR animation is very smart to attach to the ground or desktop, and when taking a portrait in AR mode, hats, glasses, etc. will be added to the corresponding positions and will move with the movement of the portrait. However, if we cover a part of the face with our hands, or shoot the side face, these AR elements will not appear on our face.

　　　　Generally speaking, the camera performance of Sony L39h has been greatly improved compared with Sony L36h, but in the process of actual use, we also found some shortcomings. Sony L39h’s imaging speed is a little slower, so it is easy to take a photo because of hand shaking, which will be more obvious when shooting in low light. In addition, it is AR mode, and the effect of shooting through the main camera in low light environment is not very ideal. We hope that Sony can optimize this in the future.

　　　　Next, let’s look at the multimedia performance of L39h. First of all, in terms of video, it is definitely no problem for Xiaolong 800 to play 1080p video, but some formats that Sony comes with cannot be played, and we need to play them through soft decoding of third-party players.

Sony L39h Full HD Effect

Sony L39h player screenshot

Sound effects can also be turned on in the

　　　　Sony L39h, like Sony L36h and Sony L36H we evaluated before, plays mpg with the help of a third-party player. But overall, the mobile phone plays 1080p video quite smoothly, which also provides a solid hardware foundation for Xiaolong 800. Sony L39h’s video player can also set sound effects to bring a better viewing experience.

　
Various visual effects in the audio player can be set.

　
Only when playing music can it be fixed in the unlocking interface.

　　　　In terms of audio, Sony L39h can play the audio files in m4a, ogg, wav and mp3 formats we tested, but the ape format can only be played with the help of a third-party player. The music player is not much different from the recently upgraded Sony L36h, and just like the Sony L36h, the music player can only be displayed on the unlocking interface when playing music, which means that we can’t directly access the music player from the unlocking interface at ordinary times, but need to unlock it first and then click to enter, which is somewhat inconvenient.

　
Sony L39h Fast Web Browsing Experience

Playing online web videos is quite smooth.

　　　　Perhaps because it is not the final retail version, the application of Sony L39h we evaluated is not very complete. Just for exampleWhen we want to test the online experience, we find that there is no preset in the mobile phone, so we will test it in Sony Select.Sony L39h’s performance in loading web pages, zooming and playing videos is very smooth, which makes it difficult for us to pick out any shortcomings. With enough hardware in place to support it, Sony L39h’s performance is taken for granted.

　　　　Hardware configuration is not the biggest publicity highlight of L39h this time, but in any case, for most users, hardware is always one of the first factors to consider when choosing a product. Sony L39h is equipped with a 1080p display screen, and has chosen the top Opteron 800 processor in Qualcomm at 2.2GHz, supplemented by 2GB RAM and 16GB body storage space, of which the space available for users has reached 11GB. Following the first release of this world’s earliest release, Sony L39h is also the second intelligence equipped with the Opteron 800 processor in Sony products.

Sony L39h with Opteron 800 processor

　　　　Xiaolong 800 processor is equipped with brand-new quad-core Krait 400 CPU, Adreno 330 GPU, Hexagon V5 DSP and the latest 4G LTE Cat 4 modem. Based on Snapdragon S4 Pro processor, the performance is improved by up to 75%, and the process technology is further upgraded to 28 nm HPm technology node. In the multimedia field, Opteron 800 series processors can shoot, play and display UltraHD video.

Xiaolong 800 SoC architecture (picture from Qualcomm)

　　　　In addition to the advantages of performance and speed, Xiaolong 800 processor also has excellent battery life. You can run multiple applications at the same time, surf the Internet quickly, and play videos smoothly, which are all intuitively reflected in our previous evaluation. In addition, the Snapdragon 800 series MSM8274 quad-core processor with 2.2GHz frequency adopted by Sony L39h is an asynchronous processor, and each core supplies power independently. The battery power will be accurately allocated according to the user’s use needs, thus achieving the effect of saving electricity. In addition, with the STAMINA power-saving mode in Sony L39h, the worry-free use of the whole day under normal intensity is not a problem.

The graphics performance of Adreno 330 is 50% higher than that of Adreno 320 (picture from Sony)

　　　　On the GPU side, the graphics performance of the new generation Adreno 330 is 50% higher than that of the previous generation Adreno 320, which allows users to enjoy the freshest 3D games with the best visual effects. The extremely fast performance of web browsing also comes from the performance improvement of Adreno 330.

　
Device information detected by Antutu version 4.0

　
AnTuTu’s total score is 30444.

　
Rank/comparison in AnTuTu Sony L36h

　　　　AnTuTu Runfen recently released the latest version of V4.0, in addition to the previous four test items of CPU, RAM, GPU and IO, this time it also added the user experience rating item. AnTuTu said that "in the traditional test, the performance limit of hardware will be emphasized, but the highest score of the test can not fully reflect the operating efficiency of the system", and AnTuTu thought that "multitasking ability is a very important indicator. The processing efficiency of multi-core and multi-task will directly affect the fluency of the whole system. " Therefore, AnTuTu V4.0 adds MultiTask Multithread Performance Test, and quantifies the optimization degree of UI/ROM through Dalvik. At the same time, AnTuTu V4.0 also provides 3D performance test in ES 3.0 environment, so the AnTuTu running score in this version is not comparable to that in the previous evaluation, and we can only compare it through the popular model rankings given by AnTuTu for the time being. Obviously, Sony L39h, which runs at 30444, does have the superiority of the flagship model. Compared with Sony L36h, the score is improved obviously.

Sony L39h has made a breakthrough, but there is also room for improvement.

Summary:

　　　　As a flagship product, Sony L39h is very attractive in hardware configuration and appearance. The strong performance of Xiaolong 800 and the integrated application of camera technology make this product have its own unique personality. At the same time, considering that this is the first product under the concept of One Sony, Sony L39h has also become a Sony flagship model with unique significance.

Advantages:

　　　　The application of Sony photography technology improves the imaging quality;

　　　　Aluminum seamless integrated frame ensures beautiful appearance and good call quality;

　　　　Xiaolong 800 processor, excellent performance;

　　　　IP55/58 waterproof and dustproof.

Insufficient:

　　　　If you use IPS screen, you will have a better visual effect;

　　　　If the imaging speed can be improved, the camera experience will be more perfect.

Comprehensive performance test—

　　　　Basemark　OS

　　　　BasemarkOS measures the overall performance of equipment system level, and the test items include system test (standard according to application, message service, Java, file operation, storage, database, and Bluetooth, dialer, etc.). Graphic testing (2D imaging, graphic scaling, JPEG, PNG and GIF encoding and decoding, 3D game testing); Use example tests (calendars, contacts, etc.).

　
L39h Basemark OS comprehensive score 376

　　　　Quadrant　Advanced　Edition

　　　　Developed by Aurora Softworks, Quadrant is a veteran mobile device performance testing tool. Its testing scope includes 12 CPU tests, 1 memory test, 4 I/O tests, 1 2D graphics processing test, and 3 3D graphics processing tests, and finally the comprehensive score of a tested device is fed back. Devices without GPU units cannot run this software. Theoretically, the higher the score, the stronger the hardware comprehensive performance of the tested equipment.

　
Sony L39h Quadrant Advanced scored 17526.

　　　　Quadrant includes three versions: Standard, Advanced and Professional. The Advanced version not only provides the final test results, but also provides offline browsing and advanced settings. There is no difference between Professional and Advanced in function, but the former is aimed at commercial users (such as agents and manufacturers) and the software price is higher. Our test choice: Quadrant Advanced Edition.

CPU performance test—

　　　　AndEbench (divided into AndEMark Native and AndEMark Java)

　　　　AndEBench is a software released in 2012, which provides a way to evaluate the performance of Android platform, and can test the performance of CPU and Dalvik(Dalvik is a soft device in Android system, which is responsible for running applications, so it is also one of the main parts of Android), and compare the local and Java performance of different devices. This test software can also prove the multithreading performance of a platform, and its final running is divided into two aspects: the execution efficiency for native pre-installed applications and the execution efficiency for third-party applications installed separately.

Sony L39h AndEBench score

　　　　Linpack

　　　　Linpack has become the most popular one in the world to test the floating-point performance of high-performance computer systems. The floating-point performance of a high-performance computer is evaluated by using gauss elimination to solve a system of linear algebraic equations with density of n degree in one variable. Compared with computers, the Linpack software of Android mobile phone version is relatively simplified, and the latest version only contains single-threaded and multi-threaded tests. As the name implies, the stronger the processor’s computing power, the higher the score. The advantages of dual-core and even future multi-core processors are reflected in the multi-thread testing part, and the test results are given in floating-point operations per second (Flops).

　
Sony L39h floating-point operation test (single thread/multi-thread)

RAM performance test-

　　　　Memory（Stream）

　　　　Memory(Stream) is a memory test software. We can know the memory management performance of the mobile phone through the test scores of several sub-items such as Copy (data copy), Scale (capacity), Add (addition) and Triad (synthesis) and the comprehensive scores. The higher the score, the better the memory management performance of the device.

Test scores

GPU graphics test—

　　　　

　　　　3DMark was originally introduced by Futuremark Company on PC platform to measure the performance of graphics cards, and it has established a benchmark image among enthusiasts. In February 2013, in addition to the traditional Windows platform, the new generation of 3DMark added three new mobile platform versions, namely Android, iOS and Windows RT, which achieved cross-platform test comparison.

　
L39h 3DMARK test results

　　　　3DMark for Android and iOS tested the graphics processing ability of the device through two load scenarios, IceStorm and IceStorm Extreme. In each scenario, the graphics processing ability of GPU was tested through two animations, and another animation was used to test the physical rendering ability of CPU. The GPU graphics test accounted for a larger proportion in the total score.

　　　　Basemark　X

　　　　Basemark X can be mainly used to evaluate the game image performance of iOS, Android and Windows Phone 8 devices, and supports cross-platform comparison. The uniqueness of this benchmark tool is that it is the only professional evaluation software based on the real game engine Unity4, which can generate high-quality performance comparison results.

Sony L39h Basemark X running results

　　　　Specifically, Basemark X designs the load according to the current and even future 3D game usage, and can test the equipment in a very high state. Basemark X mainly tests the game content, including particle special effects, advanced lighting effects and post-processing, which can mainly test the GPU performance of hardware equipment.

　　　　Basemark　ES　2.0　Taiji

　　　　Basemark ES 2.0 Taiji is a graphics testing software, which uses a pre-designed screen scene of a girl playing Tai Chi to test the three-dimensional graphics performance of the equipment, from which we can know how fast the tested equipment performs in the background of games and graphics.

Sony L39h Basemark ES 2.0 Taiji test results

　　　　GFXBench　2.7.0（Eygpt　HD　On/Off　Screen； T-Rex HD On/ Off Screen needs to test four parts).

　　　　GFXBench 2.7.0 is a graphic testing software and an upgraded version of GLBenchmark 2.5.1, which contains more than 30 benchmark projects. It mainly contains high-quality 3D scenes, and the picture is more complicated.

Test-

　　　　Sunspider0.9.1

　　　　Sunspider0.9.1 is aimed at the browser test items. The advantages and disadvantages of the browser are considered by the display speed of various data, including graphics, etc. The test items included are very complicated. Through the test of 3d, bitops, math, string and other items, a total score is obtained, and the score is recorded in milliseconds (ms). The lower the final value, the shorter the time, which proves that the performance of the browser is better.

Sony L39h Sunspider test result is 859.1ms

　　　　Vellamo

　　　　Vellamo is a benchmark application developed by Qualcomm (similar to Neocore), which allows you to test the performance and stability of the browser, including Java script performance, rendering, networking and user interface. The result of this tool also includes several sub-items, but we only take the total score. The higher the score, the higher the optimization degree of the mobile phone to the browser and the better the web browsing experience.

　
Vellamo test results (HTML5/METAL)

　　　　Vellamo, as a mobile web ruler tool, has now been expanded to include two main modules. HTML5 module can be used to evaluate the performance of mobile web browser, while Metal module can measure the performance of CPU subsystem of mobile processor. The test suite is easy to click and use, and it is managed by modules. Vellamo can evaluate many aspects such as scrolling and zooming, 3D graphics, video performance, memory reading and writing, bandwidth peak performance and so on.

HTML5 test-

　　　　Fishbowl (set to 10 fish) FishIE Tank (set to 50 fish)

　　　　The device’s HTML5 performance is tested by a picture full of fish in the webpage, in which the number of fish can be set. During the test, the fish are swimming constantly. In the case of the same number of fish in different devices, the faster the swimming speed, the stronger the HTML5 performance, and the corresponding fps value will be given in the page. Similarly, the higher the fps value, the better.

When 10 fish, the Fishbowl test result is 60fps.

With 50 fish, the FishIE Tank test result is 51fps.

　　　　HTML5 is the next major revision of html, and it is still in the development stage. Its main benefit is to strengthen the performance of Web pages and provide better search engine optimization. The Web APP developed based on HTML5 has shorter startup time and faster networking speed, especially for mobile users, which has better picture speed and more exquisite web animation effect.

When Sony CEO Kazuo Hirai took office, we first heard the strategy of "One Sony". This is not the first time for Sony to integrate the technology of other product lines into mobile phones, just like the Walkman series and Cyber-Shot series that we once amazed. This time, Sony once again applied its camera technology to smart phones, and Sony Xperia Z1 L39h became the first product under the concept of One Sony.

　　At the beginning of last month, Liu Fang’s autobiographical youth inspirational novel Pomegranate Qingqing, which was conceived and written in three years, was published.

　　This 170,000-word novel, with the western rural education in the early 1990s as the background, depicts the ideals, work, love and friendship of a group of young teachers engaged in rural education. Among them, there are not only daily stories of Liu Fang and her students, but also Liu Fang’s experience in rural education.

　　"Someone asked me what novel I wrote when my eyes were out of sight, and who read it. I firmly say, write to yourself, to the discerning, to the blind, to those who have gone through youth and have dreams, to see a lost youth and to see a bright world in the eyes of the blind. " Liu Fang wrote this in the preface to Pomegranate Green. She hopes that this book can bring more teachers’ college students and future teachers touch and think, and let more people pay attention to rural education.

　　Not long ago, our reporter walked into Liu Fang’s new home in Dijing Jiayuan Community, Baiyun District. The sunshine from the balcony makes the clean and tidy room particularly bright. Liu Fang is wearing a long cotton dress embroidered with white flowers and a black belt with a golden metal chain. Her long hair is tied in a low ponytail behind her head, and she walks slowly from the room with a smile on her face, which is gentle and beautiful.

　　She warmly greeted us to sit down in Mandarin, which had not changed her accent. Although her eyes were invisible, she was very energetic. During the interview, her humorous and joking words made us laugh again and again.

　　★ Character file

　　Liu Fang, born in 1970, was born in Hubei. At the age of 5, she and her mother came to Baiyun District with her father to support the construction of the third line in Guiyang. He used to be a first-class Chinese teacher in Baiyun No.3 Middle School in Guiyang, and now he is a psychological counseling teacher in this school. Director of China Disabled Persons’ Federation Blind Literature Association, member of Guizhou Disabled Persons’ Federation.

　　Rooted in rural education for 21 years, he began to lose his sight gradually due to retinitis pigmentosa in 1997, but he still insisted on cultivating the three-foot platform. Won the title of the second "Moral Model of Dedicated Service in Guiyang" and "Good People Around Guiyang" in 2010.

　　★ Dialogue with Liu Fang

　　Reporter: Although you have lost your eyesight, you are so optimistic, humorous, cheerful and strong. What is the biggest pain you face?

　　Liu Fang: Actually, I am not optimistic myself, but I am optimistic and strong for others. I just found out that I had a great psychological impact when I was sick, and I couldn’t sleep at night. It was very painful to think about what parents, children and husbands should do if they were really blind in the future.

　　When I encounter specific difficulties, I will also be very painful. For example, other teachers use pens to correct papers and exercise books quickly, but I have to get close to see them clearly. I feel that such a simple thing can be so laborious; When I accidentally fell into the ditch while walking, I would feel so sad.

　　When my eyesight is declining and my son is growing up, I find that other pains are not pains, and the most painful thing is not to see what the child looks like. Because the most selfless love in the world is maternal love, how can you show maternal love when children can’t see it? After my son was six or seven years old, I didn’t know what he looked like. I heard that he was handsome and heavy-eyed, but I couldn’t see him.

　　Everyone has their own ideals, but I can’t see, and I can’t do many things I want to do. I still feel very sorry.

　　Reporter: You wrote Pomegranate Green to appeal to the society to pay attention to rural education and rural students. What do you think rural education needs now, and what should society and individuals do?

　　Liu Fang: I have been engaged in education in rural areas for 21 years, and I really feel a lot. At present, the unbalanced development of education is most prominent in rural areas, unlike the schools in the city, which are very balanced in terms of teachers, hardware and equipment.

　　I think rural education needs teachers first. At present, many normal college students have no firm belief in teaching in the countryside. If every normal student is unwilling to go to the countryside, how can the teachers in the countryside be balanced?

　　Secondly, public opinion should have more positive publicity on rural education. Nowadays, we always promote good famous schools and famous teachers, and few people pay attention to why we can’t build a good school in the countryside and lead famous teachers to the countryside. Instead, the countryside has trained a good teacher and sent it to the city, so public opinion has neglected the propaganda of rural education.

　　Third, rural students need to be concerned. Now, in the class where I am the deputy head teacher, 26 of the 44 children are left-behind children, and 30 of the 50 children in a class in the school are single-parent families. Who will supervise and care about their mental health after returning home? Many children go to Internet cafes and are swallowed up by the demons of many black Internet cafes in society.

　　The turning point of life from "white" to "black"

　　When she was in Guiyang Teachers College, Liu Fang was a little night blind, but she didn’t pay much attention. In 1993, at the age of 23, she was assigned to Baiyun No.3 Middle School (then known as Maijia Middle School) as a Chinese teacher and a class teacher. She was absorbed in her work and didn’t take night blindness seriously.

　　However, night blindness is getting heavier and heavier, and ripples begin to appear in front of your eyes during the day.

　　One day in August 1997, she came to the provincial doctor. "You have retinitis pigmentosa. This is a difficult medical problem in the world. There is no medicine and surgery to cure it. In the future, you will slowly lose sight and become blind. " The doctor’s conclusion, like a bolt from the blue hit Liu Fang on the head, she was stunned and her legs and feet were weak …

　　After returning home, Liu Fang did not tell her family about her illness. "Some pains will be magnified when they are spoken, which will make more people suffer together." She works, does housework and takes care of the children as usual, but with the aggravation of eye diseases, she will get caught on the edge of the bowl and the table when she is picking vegetables, even if she is equipped with myopia glasses.

　　In 1999, Liu Fang’s invisibility spread from night to day. She wanted to see the most beautiful scenery before she went completely blind, and went to the World Horticultural Exposition being held in Kunming alone. Up to now, she still remembers the beautiful scenery that made her "amazing".

　　In 2000, the family knew about Liu Fang’s illness. In order not to let her family worry too much, she tried to make herself stronger.

　　In 2006, Liu Fang got a disability certificate. But she thinks that although her eyes are disabled, she can still work and take care of herself. "I am not invisible at once, and many living habits are gradually formed." She walks freely at home now, washing clothes, cleaning and bathing dogs by herself. She is not blind at all.

　　Don’t give up the "three-foot podium dream"

　　"My primary school teacher taught me love, my junior high school teacher taught me rigorous scholarship and strict requirements, my senior high school Chinese teacher taught me to read, love books and revel in teaching, and my college literature introduction teacher made me understand that I should constantly cultivate myself." Liu Fang said that when I first joined the work, my goal was to "be a good teacher like my favorite teacher".

　　Therefore, she never gave up the "three-foot podium dream".

　　In September 2001, after reading Jin Yong’s the legendary swordsman, Liu Fang could hardly see clearly. She began to listen to books on MP3 and radio, and installed software for the blind on the computer to read books. In a year, she "read" more than 20 books.

　　Before, Liu Fang memorized all the key points and difficulties in the key articles of Chinese textbooks for junior high school for three years with her remaining eyesight.

　　She explored a set of her own teaching methods, such as composition class. Her composition comments are very rich, and some students write "Miss Liu, I look forward to reading comments" at the back of the composition. Later, it was very difficult to correct the composition, so she took the students’ compositions to the classroom and let them read them first, and then the whole class commented, revised and graded them together …

　　When writing on the blackboard is difficult, she takes advantage of her strong imitation ability to combine the stories and jokes she has heard with teaching and tell them to students vividly. Speaking, learning, teasing and singing in cross talk, life, Dan, purity, ugliness in Beijing opera are also skillfully used in teaching by her. There is always laughter in class, and students say, "It’s very happy to attend Teacher Liu’s class."

　　During her 21-year teaching career, Liu Fang has been a class teacher for 14 years, and most of her classes are "double-poor classes" and "problem classes". However, in the senior high school entrance examination, these classes often ranked first in the parallel classes of the school, especially in the 2005 senior high school entrance examination, and the top three scores were all in the classes she brought.

　　Transform into a "spiritual mentor"

　　In June, 2008, the last senior high school entrance examination for students led by Liu Fang ended. Since the beginning of the new semester, she has stopped taking classes and teaching Chinese, but has transformed into a psychological counseling teacher in the school.

　　"I can’t see with my eyes, and I can’t change my exercise books, compositions and test papers. The new Chinese textbooks have changed and become more numerous. If I continue to teach, I will teach a language that is lacking." Although it was painful to give up her beloved Chinese teaching, with the encouragement of school leaders and colleagues and the trust of students, Liu Fang chose to transform.

　　"Some people don’t need you to help them solve their problems. They just want to find a psychological spillway." To this end, Liu Fang had the idea of establishing a "growth record bag" for students. The students designed the cover of the file bag themselves and put their hearts in it. "Just put the thoughts and secrets in it and let it go."

　　Nowadays, in Liu Fang’s psychological counseling room, rows of "growth record bags" with different covers are neatly placed. Some students took them away after graduation, and some still stayed in the psychological counseling room. There have been hundreds of them in recent years.

　　"Some children came to me with psychological problems. After giving them counseling, the teacher told me that the child was much better, and I was particularly fulfilled. This is my happiest thing." Every day, many students come to Liu Fang’s psychological counseling room to chat and talk with her.

　　Every semester, Liu Fang will attend classes in 25 classes in the whole school at least twice, give psychological counseling to students on common problems, give some lectures irregularly, and occasionally be invited by other teachers to be a guest teacher of composition. Every week, she will go to the moral lecture hall of the rural children’s palace to tell students moral stories.

　　Support the blue sky of students with love

　　"Liu Ma, how are you recently? You should take care of yourself! " Hu Xin often calls to care about Liu Fang, and sometimes buys a lot of fruit to visit her at school.

　　He is a student of Liu Fang’s class of 2003, but he dropped out of school in the second day of junior high school to work. "Teacher Liu is very kind to us. After I dropped out of school, she always advised me to continue studying. Now I regret giving up my studies, but I am very grateful to Teacher Liu for her love for me." Now 27-year-old Hu Xin drives an excavator in Baiyun District, and often helps Liu Ma. Liu Fang wants to refuse, so he says, "Teacher Liu, I am your son, and we are all your sons. It is right for her to help her."

　　"Children will encounter troubles when they grow up, especially left-behind children, children of floating population, children from single-parent families, and students with learning difficulties. Using’ love’ can help them and give them strength and courage." As long as students are found to have difficulties, Liu Fang will help them, donate clothes and school supplies, and help them pay tuition and clothing expenses.

　　Yuan Fengmei unfortunately became an orphan in the third grade. Liu Fang approached her, comforted her, supported her and gave her family warmth. A few years later, she was admitted to Beijing Normal University and chose to be a teacher. Now she often comes to see "Liu Ma" as a teacher in Huaxi Tsinghua Middle School. "Last year, I had surgery and she stayed with me for one night. In the morning, she quietly put 300 yuan under my pillow and wrote’ My daughter gave money to my mother’." Liu Fang said.

　　Today, Liu Fang is still as popular as ever in Baiyun No.3 Middle School. Before class, the students will take the initiative to pick her up to the classroom. If she appears in class in advance, the students will scream with surprise.

　　Simple life and devoted writing

　　Every day, after getting up and eating breakfast, Liu Fang went downstairs and went to school with her colleagues who came to pick her up for work. After school in the afternoon, she was sent downstairs by her colleagues. After having a rest after dinner, she will exercise on the treadmill on the balcony for an hour, take a hot bath, sit quietly on the floating window of the bedroom and start writing novels …

　　This is Liu Fang’s life now, simple but full.

　　"I like writing. In the past, I mainly wrote prose and poetry. Later, I listened to more novels and began to write novels myself." Liu Fang said that her second autobiographical novel Ten Years of Flowers has written 50,000 words. She arranged chapters according to the flower language. The first chapter "Roses Bloom" wrote about the time of love, the second chapter "Lilies Bloom" wrote about newly married life, the third chapter "Sunflowers Bloom" wrote about the birth of children, and then there was "Jasmine Bloom" …

　　She said that she should write down her marriage, family and love in the ten years that she could not see from sight.

　　★ She in their eyes

　　Zhu Weiran (son of Liu Fang): In my heart, my mother is both strong and fragile. I want to be my mother’s "little crutch" all my life.

　　Ye Zhiya (Vice President of Baiyun No.3 Middle School): Liu Fang is an excellent teacher with a strong Chinese foundation. Although she can’t see with her eyes, she still insists on attending classes, which is amazing and admirable. She regards the school as her home, and she is also very enthusiastic about her colleagues. She can remind me of something difficult to say in a kind way, and she is a very wise person. She cares about her students very much, and her classmates like her very much, calling her "Liu Fang’s mother".

　　Zhou Libo (Liu Fang’s student): "Liu Fang’s mother" is a very kind and strong person. She is very kind to every student. She can find the bright spots in us. She teaches Chinese best. She moves us with her heart and influences us with love, which brings us a lot of fun and warmth. She is brave in the face of life and full of positive energy, which deeply affects us. Thanks to fate, I met such a good teacher. Besides my mother, she is the person I admire most.

　　Mao Yanhong (colleague of Liu Fang): Liu Fang is very thoughtful in teaching. She often gives us guidance in teaching methods and treatment of students. Her composition class is very distinctive. It’s really a pity that she can’t teach Chinese now. She has an open mind and a good attitude. She will lend a helping hand whenever her colleagues need help. She is charitable and enthusiastic about public welfare, and she is a person who takes pleasure in helping others.

　　Original title: A total of 760 people, the list of members of the 14 th Beijing Municipal Political Consultative Conference was announced!

　　On January 8, the Standing Committee of the 13th CPPCC Beijing Committee held its 38th meeting. The meeting deliberated and adopted the Decision of the Standing Committee of the 13th Beijing Committee of the China People’s Political Consultative Conference on the Members of the 14th Beijing Committee of the CPPCC.

　　1. the Communist Party of China (CPC) Beijing Municipal Committee (20)

　　Wang Yinghua Lu Yan Liu Zhiwei (Manchu) Liu Zhengang Li Liang Yang Jinghui (female) Yu Fei Zhang Caixiong Zhang Jiaming Chen Xu Lin Fusheng Zhou Kairang Zhao Jiachen (female) Qian Wei (female) Xu Jianyun Cui Shuqiang Han Yu Han Geng Han Suohua Wei Xiaodong

　　2. Beijing Municipal Committee of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (18 members)

　　Wang hong (female, Manchu) Ren Xuefeng Liu Chuan Li Fengqin (female) Yan Li (Manchu) Li Shuo (Manchu) Wu Yongquan Wu Yongchang Zhang Zhaoqi (Hui) Zhang Weiqian (female) Luo Ying (female, Manchu) Yao Weihai Tao Shuilong Chang Jianmin (Mongolian) Liang Xinhua Fu Chuan Chu Xiaowei Fan Wei (female)

　　3. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Democratic League (18 members)

　　Wang Dongyan Wang Yayu Wang Yongqiang Wang Zhe Mao Yonghui (female) Yin Hailong Liu Ning Yan Wei Li Guangxi Wu Nan Zhang Zhenjun Zhang Xuesong Hu Peng (female) Liu Xuequan Zhong Zurong Shi Guanghai Cao Xianbin Cheng Hong (female)

　　4. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Democratic National Construction Association (18 members)

　　Ma Chunxiu (female) Wang Wenyong Wang Hong (female) Lu Changlin Tian Jingxin (female) Bi Jianyu Liu Jinghui Liu Yu ‘an Jin Ming An Ting (Mongolian) Su Jian Li Haili (female) Gu Shuzhong Wang Lijun Zhang Jie (female) Gao Wujun Guo Tianyong Pei Pucheng.

　　5. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Association for Promoting Democracy (14 members)

　　Wang Liping (female) Cang Yuqing (female, Hui nationality) Sultan xin li (female) Yang Jinlong Yu Shengquan Zhao Jianguo Zhao Chao Xiang Jun swimming battle Chun Yan (female, Manchu) Xu Zhaohui Gao Chongyao Gong Liutang Liao Yi (female)

　　6. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Agricultural Workers’ Democratic Party (14 members)

　　Wang Dong Wang Jinnan Zhu Xiufeng Liu Cunzhi Liu Juncai (female) Liu Meiyan (female) Jiang Xin (female) Zhang Jianmin Zhang Qinqin (female) Chen Xiaojing (female) Jing Zhicheng Guo Hongmei (female) Ge Qinggang Han Xiujuan (female)

　　7. china zhi gong party Beijing Municipal Committee (7 members)

　　Liu Xuezeng Xu Bin (female) Li Manying (female) Yang Jinsheng Hu Yongfang (female) Gu Xingfa Dong Xiaoli (female)

　　8. Beijing Municipal Committee of Jiu San Society (14 members)

　　Ma Guanghui (female) Ma Hongtao (female) Wang Qiang Zuo Xiaobing Ye Peigui Yiming (Manchu) Liu Zhong Liu Zhongfan Xu Li (female) Shen Xinghai Song Ping (female) Zhang Xuegong Guo Yi (female) Zeng Xiaofeng

　　9. Beijing Municipal Committee of Taiwan Democratic Self-government League (7 members)

　　Zhuang Wenjing (female) Yang Xu Chen Wei Chen Jun (female, Gaoshan nationality) Ou Yunsong Xian Haizhen (female) Xie Tianxiang

　　10. People without party affiliation (14)

　　Wang Chuanli Wang Jiannan (Hui nationality) Long Yunbin (female) Liu Yi (female) Li Xiaomu Li Zhiying Yang Wenliang Yang Beibei (female) Wu Chen Zhang Yaqin (female) Lin Bao Xia Qinfang (female) Huang Yuguang Cao Chen (female)

　　11. Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Youth League of China and Beijing Youth Federation (16)

　　Yu Fei Ma Xiaojiao (female, Hui nationality) Wang Xin Wang Bo Liu Han Liu Yuanyuan (female, Miao nationality) Lu Chao (Daur nationality) Li Yongle Wu Zhen Ouyang Jihua Guo Xiaoran (female) Zhong Mianmian (female, She nationality) Gao Yixuan Huang Xiaobin Cheng Lesong Liao Hongcheng.

　　12. Beijing Federation of Trade Unions (32)

　　Wang Li (female) Wang Xiuying (female) Wang Xiaoyan (female) Wang Rui Ye Fei (female) Fu Xiangsheng Lu Decheng Liu Changyong Liu Jun An Chunling (female) Sun Yu Zhimei Sun (female) Yin Yi Hong Li Weihua Li Wei Li Donghua Song Lijing (female) Song Wei Shang motherland Zhou Honglei Zhou Xianliang Zhou Fugang Zheng Mojie (female) Zhao Dongmei (female) Zhao Lijun (female)

　　13. Beijing Women’s Federation (14)

　　Wang Zhen (female) Wang Shu (female) Bian Yufang (female) Lu Yongli (female) Li Ting (female) lily li (female) Yang Weixian (female) Xiao Yunzhu (female) He Haiyan (female) Tong Xin (female, Manchu) Yu Lixin (female) Zhang Yajun (female) Zheng Xiaodan (female) ice storm.　

　　14. Beijing Federation of Industry and Commerce (15)

　　Julia Tian Gangyin Yinqi Liu Baiqi Sun Taoran Li Jun Li Zhiqi Li Ming Zou Tao Chen Jie (female) Zhao Yujin Xia Shudong Liang Jiliang Peng Yongdong Yanying (female)

　　15. Beijing Science and Technology Association (9)

　　Fang Zhongxiong Tian Wen Bai Lin Sun Lili (female) Xin Bing (female) Zhang Que Qu Feng (female) Zhao Yu Gu Ciyang

　　16. Taiwan Province Compatriots Association (7)

　　Ma Yunfei (Gaoshan) Bai Tianliang (female, Gaoshan) Li Liangfei (female) Gao Wei Huang Saixi (Manchu) Cao Hui (female) Cai Yu (female)

　　17. Beijing Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (10)

　　Wang Wensheng Bai Tao (female) Lv Zhibin Guan Hongliang Chen Zhongzhou Mabel Miao (female) Lin Jianhao Rong Yang Liu Wenchao Yin Qiang

　　18. Cultural and artistic circles (31)

　　Wang Jiequn (female) Wang Bo Fang Ming Bai Jingfeng Feng Yuanzheng Ren Zhe Liu Hongli Liu Hengfu Du Yanfeng Du Zhenjie Li Yangwei (female) Li Xiulei (female) Li Chunliang Yang Yang Yang Jiayi Jason Wu (Manchu) He Bing Zhang Hongsheng Chen Ning (female) Pang Wei (female) Nie Yijing (female) Xu Chunni (female) Guo Lei Peng Dinghuang (female) Fu Ruoqing Shu Xiaofeng Lei Bo Kun.

　　19. Science and technology (67)

　　Wang Yongsheng Wang advanced Wang Yuxiang Wang Gaofei Ye Yangsheng Shi Xinxing Feng Liqiong (female, Mongolian) Liu Wenjun Liu Wenchao Liu Donghong (female) Liu Wei Liu Liang Liu Zhenfei Liu Haiming Liu Qingyu Liu Lin (female) Qi Xiangdong Xu Qiang grandson Qiang Su Shaolin Du Yonghong (female, Hui nationality) Du Cuilan (female) Li Ping Li Minji Li Lianrong Li Juan (female) Yang Xu (female) Wu Congxiao (female) Wu Quqing Tong Lizhi (female) Zhang Zhiyong Zhang Jianxi Zhang Lingyun Chen Xiaohua Chen Peng Lin Runhua Lin Jing Luo Aiwu (female, Manchu) Peng Yue Zhou Jiangtian Kelly Y Zhou Zhou Fubao Qu Qingchao Zhao Changshan Zhao Hongfei Zhao Yiwu Zhongzhu Shi Huiyang Jiang Junjie Yao Yugui He Zhiqiang Nie Yiren Qian Zhiguo Qian Jiahong (female) Xu Dongsheng Xu Qing (female) Gao Lufeng Guo Tiande Guo Xiaopeng Huang Yuhong (female) Cao Xiaozhong Xie Shunxing Xie Xiaoliang Zhai Junyi Dai Qionghai Dai Peng Wei Jixiang

　　20. Social Sciences (26)

　　Ma Yuanying (female) Ma Qiang Wang Minzhong Wang Lei (female) Long Weiqiu Liu Pinghua Liu Ning (female, Manchu) Jiang Zongmeng An Fengde Yang Lihui (female) Yang Zhengjun Yang Zhuhui (female, Dong nationality) Wu Liguang (female, Daur nationality) Wu Ge Shen Teng Zhang Yuxi Zhang Wei (female, Hui nationality) Miao Lin Zhou Lei (female) Zhao Yifan.

　　21. Economic circles (63)

　　Ding Lixia (female, Hui nationality) Yu Lirong (female) Wang Yongxiang Wang Jinxi Wang Jindong Wang Wujun Wang Guohua Wang Chengjun Bai Wen (Mongolian) Qiao Xiangli Liu Shichun Liu Donghui (Manchu) Liu Anqi (female, Hui nationality) Liu Suoxiang liujing (female) Li Shizhu Li Gang Li Weidong Li Yan (female) Li Li (female) Li Tie Xin Yang Wu Tao Song Fengjing Zhang Wanqi Zhang Yuzhuang Zhang Lingzhang Yougan Zhang Qin (female) Zhang Jianli Zhang Xiaosheng Chen Li Yi (female) Chen Shaolin Chen Daihua Chen Junwei Fan Wenzhong Fan and Xiang Zhijun Luo Wei (female) Zhou Yuan Zheng Yi Zhao Minge Zhao Li (female) Zhao Yan (female) Hu Ligang Yu Huigen Jiang Deyi Qin Hongxia (female) Gu Weida Xu Quansheng Tao Lin (female) Huang Li Huang Xiuhong (female) Huang Yi Chang Yanjun (female) Liang Xinhua (female) Xie Zhengguang Pan Xiuming Huo Haifeng Mu Rongjun Mu Peng Wei Lianwei Wei Yi (female)

　　22. Agriculture (22)

　　Wang Xiaoxia (female) Wang Yanfang (female) Wang Derived Fu Yujie (female) Rui Yukui Li Yunfu Li Yuli Li Chenggui Yang Jun Wu Yixia (female) Yu Ming Zhang Linna (female) Zhang Xinhui Chen Liping (female) Fan Hong Lang Xiaolei (Manchu) Hu Xinzhi Yao Xuexiang Cao Weidong Dong Min (female) Cheng Wenhua Xue Gang.

　　23. Education (55)

　　Wang Wenju Wang Fengjuan (female) Wang Haixia (female) Wang Zheng Wen Jirong Fang Fuquan Yin Xiaodong Si Guangya Qiao Dongliang Liu Zhengwei liuhong (female) Liu Yan (female) Yan Yonghong (female) Mai Feng Li Lidong Li Xuhong (female) Li Jianyong Li Yi Li Juan Shen Jie (female) Zhang Dayu Zhang Qiangbin Lin Borong Hang Min (female) Luo Discipline Season (female) Jin Yinghua (female) Korean) Zhou Mingsheng Zheng Xiaoping Zheng Shimin Zhong Zhao Hao Chen Liu Xuexin Yao Guangye Li Zheng Jia Yuge (female) Xia Xinghui (female) Tao Chunmei (female) Cui Tiening (female) Shang Hongling Sui Yan Peng Lianmao Han Baocheng Han Xianzhou Cheng Kai Cheng Yong Chu Guoqing Bao Xinzhong Dou Guimei (female) Liao Ying (female) Tan Tianwei Yan Jiuhong (female) Wei Zhongpeng.

　　24. Sports (9)

　　Yin Peiyan Liu Yumin Liu Haoyang Li Na (female) Chen Dong Zhao Wen Liu Qianxun (Korean) Yin Donghai Cao Weidong

　　25. Press and publication (14)

　　Wang Ping Yin Wensheng Ye Zhenzhen Li Wu Li Mingsheng Li Ge Zhang Jinghua (female) Chen Lujun Wu Tianmin Yedda Chiu (Manchu) Zhao Jingyun Xu Renjie Gao Jinhong Teng Shengping (female)

　　26. Medical and health sectors (30)

　　Yu Baoxin Ma Lishuang (female) Shi Chunbao Zhu Chunmei (female, Mongolian) Liu Qingquan Liu Jingyuan Qi Yue Feng (Mongolian) Guan Zhenpeng Sun Yang Li Hong (female) Li Haichao Li Xianyun (female) Yang Xuefang (female) Shi Jie (female) Wu Chenying (female) wu bin (female) He Yinping (female) Shen Lin (female) Zhang Xiaoyan.

　　27. Friendship with foreign countries (12)

　　Liu Bo Liu Chunchen Sun Yao Su Hong Wu Xiangren Zhang Yongming Luo Cunkang Hu Bofei (female) Tu Xinquan Han Jian (female) Zang Likun (female) Xiong Jiuling (female)

　　28. Social welfare and social security (14)

　　Wang Li (female) Wang Jinshan Tian Chunhua (female) Xu Yanli (female) Li Jun (Tujia) Li Hong (female) Li Baofeng Li Fuying (female) Wu Wenyan (female) Zhang Ya (female) Lin Yingzhao Ouyang Tong Zhao Xuesong Han Fengqin (female)

　　29. Ethnic minorities (11)

　　Liu Baoge (Daur) Liu Qi (female, Hui) Su Faxiang (Tibetan) zingerle Tu (Mongolian) Perhat Khaliq Ynsup (Uygur) Jin Xin (female, Manchu) Meng Chunyan (female, Hui) Namura (female, Ewenki) Lacan (Tibetan) Heidekun (Hui) Cheng Cheng (female, Hui).

　　30. Religious circles (14)

　　Wang Chengya Wang Chongen (Hui nationality) Shi Huimin Lu Yingci (Hui nationality) Liu Kejie (Hui nationality) Li Shan Li Hua Li Xinjun Zhao Qinglong Hu Xuefeng (Mongolian nationality) Liu Cuimin (female) Yuan Zhihong Chang Jian Chang Cang.

　　31. Environmental resources sector (19)

　　Yu Hua (female) Sun Aihua (female) Li Feng He Kaitao Min Qingwen Wang Bigang Zhang Jianxin Zhang Yong Chen Qing Chen Tian Meng Wentao Hao Liuliang Liu Xiaolei Huang Miansong (Hui nationality) Han Long Fu Zhibin Xie Haibing Pan Anjun Ju Yang

　　32. Specially invited persons (126)

　　Yu Xun Ma Lanxia (female, Hui nationality) Ma Hongping (female, Hui nationality) Ma Zhigang Ma Chunling (female) Wang Wenjie Wang Lilian Wang Xu Wang Bo Wang Tao Wang Yanqing Lu Yuming Tian Liyue Feng Guoyou Lu Shijie Zhu Xicai Liu Jiugang Liu Jiwen Liu Guoxun Liu Zexing Liu Baojie Liu Guiming liuyong Liu Deji Yan Weihong Jiang Lan (female) Tang Qinfei Tang Xiaoou Qi Jinli Ruan Peiying (female) Mou Xiaochun (female) Yan Weiqun Li Zhong Li Yongsheng Li Donglan (female) Li Guohong (female). Li Guanyi Li Li Li (female) Li Haoran Li Jiacheng Li Huanjiang Li Huiguang Li Ran (female) Li Jingyi (female) Alex Yang Yang Lishan (female) Lian Wei Wu Kongan Wu Wenping Wu Zhilong Wu Kerui Wu Yaling (female) Kin-Chung Ho He Chaoqiong (female) He Jingfeng Zou Geyin Xin Keli Zhang Yong Bird Zhang Shusen Zhang Xiaolan (female) Zhang Jian Zhang Bo Zhang Yali (female) Zhang Miao Zhang Deqi. Chen Meibao (female) Chen Tao Chen Tingting (female, Tibetan) Shao Xinming Miao Lifeng Lin Dongmei (female) Lin Yanxin Lin Yixin (female) Lin Yaoming Zhou Jingxiao Zhou Yingbo Zheng Yongshun Zheng Huien (female) Zhao Hongsheng Rong Dehong Ke Liang Zhong Baili Shi Ronghuai Hong Dingteng Fei Baoqi He Yalan (female) He Jiandong Mo Qiming Suo Yijun Jia Jiaya Xu Shengheng Xu Yuxi Xu Guizhong Xu Ying Ling Junjie. Guo Jihong Xi Chengpo Tao Kuangchun Tao Chuanming Huang Dalun Yongguang Huang Kang Huaihai Tu Jianying (female) Jiang Dongqiang Cheng Changhong Cheng Yan (female) Zeng Anye Zeng Shunfu Xie Chengrun Bao Xiaojian (female) Cai Zhiting (female) Guan Haoming Liao Jingmei (female) Liao Yijian De Lihua (female, Manchu) Yan Yizhen (female) Xue Guoqiang Wei Guangxun.

Many people think that 3D printing is to extrude materials from hot nozzles and stack them into shapes, but in fact 3D printing is far more than that! Today, Antarctic Bear will introduce seven kinds of 3D printing processes. Even 3D printing can clearly distinguish different 3D printing processes.

In fact, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a general term, covering several completely different 3D printing processes. These technologies are worlds apart, but the key process is the same. For example, all 3D printing starts with a digital model, because the technology is digital in nature. Parts or products are originally electronic files designed by computer aided design (CAD) software or obtained from digital parts library. Then the design file is decomposed into slices or layers by special construction preparation software for 3D printing, and the path instructions to be followed by the 3D printer are generated. Next, you will understand the differences between these technologies and the typical uses of each technology.

Why are there seven types?

The types of additive manufacturing can be classified according to the products they produce or the types of materials they use, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) divides them into seven general types (but these seven 3D printing categories can hardly cover more and more technical sub-types and mixed technologies). ：

● Material extrusion

● Reduction polymerization

● Powder bed fusion

● Material spraying

● Adhesive spraying

● Directed energy deposition

● Sheet lamination

First, material extrusion

△ Material extrusion 3D printing

Material extrusion as the name implies: material is extruded through a nozzle. Usually, this material is a plastic filament, which is melted and extruded through a heated nozzle. The printer places materials on the building platform along the process path obtained by software. The filament then cools and solidifies to form a solid object. This is the most common form of 3D printing. At first glance, it sounds simple, but considering the extruded materials, including plastics, metals, concrete, bio-gel and various foods, it is actually a very broad category. The price of this type of 3D printer ranges from $100 to seven figures.

● Subtypes of material extrusion: fused deposition modeling (FDM), building 3D printing, micro 3D printing and biological 3D printing.

● Materials: plastic, metal, food, concrete, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (lower limit: ±0.5mm)

● Common applications: prototype, electrical enclosure, shape and fit test, fixture and fixture, investment casting model, house, etc.

● Advantages: 3D printing method with the lowest cost and wide range of materials.

● Disadvantages: Generally, the material performance is low (strength, durability, etc.), and the dimensional accuracy is usually not high.

1. Fused Deposition Molding (FDM)

△FDM parts can be made of metal or plastic on various 3D printers.

FDM 3D printer is a multi-billion dollar market with thousands of machines, ranging from basic models to complex models of manufacturers. The FDM machine is called Fuse Manufacturing (FFF), which is exactly the same technology. Like all 3D printing technologies, FDM starts with a digital model and then converts it into a path that a 3D printer can follow. Using FDM, one filament (or several filaments at a time) on the bobbin is loaded into a 3D printer and then sent to the printer nozzle in the extrusion head. The nozzle or nozzles of the printer are heated to the required temperature to soften the filament, thus connecting successive layers to form a solid part.

When the printer moves the extrusion head along the specified coordinates on the XY plane, it will continue to lay the first layer. Then the extrusion head rises to the next height (Z plane), and the process of printing the cross section is repeated, building layer by layer until the object is fully formed. Depending on the geometry of the object, it is sometimes necessary to add a support structure to support the model when printing, for example, if the model has a steep overhang. These supports are removed after printing. Some supporting structure materials can be dissolved in water or another solution.

△FDM 3D printers provide a wide range of machines for amateurs, small businesses and manufacturers (sources: Creality, Raise3D, Stratasys).

2.3D biological printing

△3D bio-printing is similar to traditional 3D printing, but the raw materials are quite different.

3D biological printing or biological 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which organic or biological materials (such as living cells and nutrients) are combined to create a natural three-dimensional structure similar to tissues. In other words, bioprinting is a kind of 3D printing, which can produce anything from bone tissues and blood vessels to living tissues. It is used in various medical research and applications, including tissue engineering, drug testing and development, and innovative regenerative medicine therapy. The actual definition of 3D bioprinting is still developing. Essentially, the working principle of 3D bio-printing is similar to FDM 3D printing, and it belongs to the material extrusion series. (Although extrusion is not the only bio-printing method)

3D bio-printing uses the material (bio-ink) discharged from the needle to create a printed layer. These materials, called bio-inks, are mainly composed of living substances, such as cells in carrier materials, such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, silk, alginate or nano-cellulose, which serve as molecular scaffolds for structural growth and nutrients.

3. Building 3D printing

△ Building 3D printing

Building 3D printing is a rapidly developing field of material extrusion. This technology involves the use of super-large 3D printers (usually up to tens of meters) to extrude building materials such as concrete from nozzles. These machines usually appear in the form of gantry or robotic arm systems. 3D architectural printing technology is now used in residential buildings, architectural features and construction projects from wells to walls. Some researchers say that it may significantly change the whole construction industry, because it reduces the demand for labor and construction waste.

There are dozens of 3D printed houses in the United States and Europe, and 3D building technology is being researched and developed, which will use materials found on the moon and Mars to build habitats for future expeditions. Printing with local soil instead of concrete as a more sustainable building method has also attracted attention.

Second, reduction polymerization

△ Reduction polymerization using laser

Barrel polymerization (also known as resin 3D printing) is a series of 3D printing processes, which uses a light source to selectively cure (or harden) photopolymer resin in a barrel. In other words, light is precisely directed at a specific point or area of liquid plastic to harden it. After the first layer is cured, the building platform will move up or down (depending on the printer) by a small amount (usually between 0.01 and 0.05 mm), and the next layer will be cured and connected with the previous layer. This process is repeated layer by layer until a 3D part is formed. After the 3D printing process is completed, the object is cleaned to remove the remaining liquid resin and post-cured (in the sun or ultraviolet room) to enhance the mechanical properties of the parts.

The three most common forms of barrel polymerization are stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA). The fundamental difference between these types of 3D printing technologies lies in the light source and the way it is used to cure the resin.

△ vats polymerization uses light to harden photosensitive resin layer by layer.

Some 3D printer manufacturers, especially those that manufacture professional 3D printers, have developed unique and patented photopolymerization variants, so you may see different technical names in the market. Carbon, an industrial 3D printer manufacturer, uses a barrel polymerization technology called Digital Photosynthesis (DLS), Origin of Stratasys calls it Programmable Photopolymerization (P3), Formlabs provides a technology called Low-Force Stereolithography (LFS), and Azul 3D is the first to commercialize the barrel polymerization in the form of large-area rapid printing (HARP). There are also photolithography-based metal manufacturing (LMM), projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) and digital composite manufacturing (DCM), which is a technology of filling photopolymer and can introduce functional additives (such as metal and ceramic fibers) into liquid resin.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Stereolithography (SLA), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Micro Stereolithography (μSLA), etc.

● Material: photopolymer resin (castable, transparent, industrial, biocompatible, etc.)

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (the lower limit is 0.15mm or 5nm, using μSLA).

● Common applications: injection molding polymer prototypes and end-use parts, jewelry casting, dental applications, consumer goods.

● Advantages: smooth surface finish and fine feature details.

1. Stereolithography (SLA)

△ Stereolithography (SLA) Examples of SLA 3D printing from 3D Systems, DWS and Formlabs.

SLA is the first 3D printing technology in the world. Stereolithography was invented by Chuck Hull in 1986. He applied for a patent for this technology and set up 3D Systems Company to commercialize it. Today, this technology can be used by enthusiasts and professionals from many 3D printer manufacturers. SLA uses laser beam to aim at a barrel of resin, selectively solidifies the cross section of the object in the printing area, and builds it layer by layer. When most SLA printers use solid-state lasers to cure components. One disadvantage of this barrel polymerization is that compared with our next method (DLP), the point laser may take longer to track the cross section of the object, and the latter will flash light to immediately harden the whole layer. However, laser can produce stronger light, which is required by some engineering-grade resins.

△SLA 3D printer uses one or more lasers to track and cure a single layer of resin at one time.

Micro-stereolithography (μSLA)

Micro-stereolithography technology can print micro-parts, and the resolution is between 2 microns (μm) and 50 microns. For reference, the average width of human hair is 75 microns. It is one of the "micro 3D printing" technologies. μSLA involves exposing photosensitive material (liquid resin) to ultraviolet laser. The difference lies in the special resin, the complexity of laser and the addition of lens, which will produce almost incredible small light spots.

△Nanoscribe and Microlight3D are two leading manufacturers of TPP 3D printers (source: Nanoscribe and Microlight3D).

Two-photon polymerization (TPP)

Another micro 3D printing technology, TPP (also called 2PP), can be classified as SLA, because it also uses laser and photosensitive resin, and it can print parts smaller than μSLA, as small as 0.1 micron. TPP uses pulsed femtosecond laser to focus on a narrow spot in a large barrel of special resin. This point is then used to cure a single 3D pixel, also called a voxel, in the resin. By curing these nano-scale to micron-scale voxels layer by layer in a predefined path. TPP is currently used in research, medical applications and the manufacture of micro parts, such as microelectrodes and optical sensors.

△ Micro 3D printing: TPP technology

2. Digital Light Processing (DLP)

△ DLP 3D printing parts of △Anycubic, Carbon and ETEC

DLP 3D printing uses a digital light projector (instead of a laser) to flash a single image of each layer on a layer or resin at the same time (or to expose a larger part for multiple times). DLP (more common than SLA) is used to produce larger parts or larger parts in a single batch, because no matter how many parts are in construction, each layer needs exactly the same exposure time, which is more efficient than the point laser method in SLA. The image of each layer consists of square pixels, resulting in a layer formed by small rectangular blocks called voxels. Light is projected onto the resin using a light emitting diode (LED) screen or a UV light source (lamp) and onto the construction surface through a digital micromirror device (DMD).

△ Digital Light Processing (DLP) resin 3D printer has a hobby version and a complete manufacturing machine.

Modern DLP projectors usually have thousands of micron-sized LEDs as light sources. Their on-off states are independently controlled, which can improve the XY resolution. Not all DLP 3D printers are the same. The power of light source, the lens it passes through, the quality of DMD and many other parts that make up a machine worth 300 dollars are quite different compared with a machine worth more than 200,000 dollars.

Top-down DLP

The light source of some DLP 3D printers is installed on the top of the printer, and shines down on the resin barrel instead of up. These "top-down" machines flash one layer of images from the top, curing one layer at a time, and then put the cured layer back in the vat. Every time the building board is lowered, the recoating machine installed at the top of the vat will move back and forth on the resin to level the new layer. According to the manufacturer, because the printing process will not resist gravity, this method can produce more stable parts output for larger prints. There is a limit to how much weight can be hung vertically from the building board when printing from bottom to top. The resin barrel also supports printed parts during printing, which reduces the need for supporting structures.

△BMF’s MicroArch S230 can print detailed parts of polymers or ceramics as small as 2 microns (source: BMF).

Projection microlithography (PμSL)

As a unique type of barrel aggregation itself, PμSL is classified as a subcategory of DLP. This is another micro 3D printing technology. PμSL uses ultraviolet rays from the projector to cure the specially formulated resin layer in micron scale (2 micron resolution and as low as 5 micron height). This additive manufacturing technology is developing continuously because of its low cost, accuracy, speed and the range of materials (including polymers, biomaterials and ceramics). It has shown the application potential from microfluidic and tissue engineering to micro-optics and biomedical micro-devices.

Metal Manufacturing Based on Lithography (LMM)

This is another "distant relative" of DLP. This method of 3D printing using light and resin can create tiny metal parts for applications such as surgical tools and micromechanical parts. In LMM, metal powder is uniformly dispersed in photosensitive resin, and then selectively polymerized by blue light exposure through a projector. After printing, the polymer components of the blank parts are removed, leaving all-metal degreased parts, which are completed in the sintering process in the furnace. Raw materials include stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, brass, copper, silver and gold.

△ Micro-metal 3d printing parts made on Incus 3D printing with LMM technology.

3. Liquid crystal display (LCD)

△ LCD 3D printing components from Elegoo, Photocentric and Nexa3D.

Liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA), is very similar to the above DLP, except that it uses LCD screen instead of digital micromirror device (DMD), which has a significant impact on the price of 3D printer. Like DLP, LCD photomask is digitally displayed and consists of square pixels. The pixel size of LCD photomask determines the granularity of printing. Therefore, the XY accuracy is fixed and does not depend on the zoom or zoom degree of the lens, just like DLP. Another difference between DLP printers and LCD technology is that the latter uses an array of hundreds of individual emitters instead of a single point emitting light source like a laser diode or DLP bulb.

△ Today, LCD resin 3D printing technology is shifting from consumer machines to industrial machines.

Similar to DLP, LCD can achieve faster printing time than SLA under some conditions. This is because the whole layer is exposed at one time instead of tracking the cross-sectional area with a laser spot. Due to the low cost of LCD unit, this technology has become the first choice in the field of low-cost desktop resin printers, but this does not mean that it has not been used professionally. Some industrial 3D printer manufacturers are breaking through the technical limits and achieving remarkable results.

Third, powder bed fusion

△ Powder bed fusion

Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a 3D printing process, in which a thermal energy source selectively melts powder particles (plastic, metal or ceramic) in a construction area to create solid objects layer by layer. Powder bed fusion 3D printer spreads a thin layer of powder material on the printing bed, usually using a blade, roller or wiper. The energy from the laser fuses a specific point on the powder layer, and then another powder layer is deposited and fused to the previous layer. This process is repeated until the whole object is manufactured, and the final product is wrapped and supported by unmelted powder.

△ Metal laser powder bed fusion process

PBF can manufacture parts with high mechanical properties (including strength, wear resistance and durability) for the end use of consumer goods, machinery and tools. 3D printers in this market segment are getting cheaper and cheaper (starting at around $25,000), but it is considered as an industrial technology.

● Types of 3D printing technology: selective laser sintering (SLS), laser powder bed melting (LPBF) and electron beam melting (EBM).

● Materials: plastic powder, metal powder and ceramic powder.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.3% (lower limit: ±0.3mm)

● Common applications: production of functional parts, complex pipes (hollow design) and small batch parts.

● Advantages: functional components, excellent mechanical properties, complex geometry.

● Disadvantages: The cost of the machine is high, usually high-cost materials, and the construction speed is slow.

1. Selective laser sintering (SLS)

△ SLS 3D printing parts of △Sinterit

Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses lasers to make objects from plastic powder. First, a box of polymer powder is heated to a temperature just below the melting point of the polymer. A very thin layer of powder material (usually 0.1 mm thick) is then deposited on the building platform using a recoating blade or wiper. The laser begins to scan the surface according to the pattern arranged in the digital model. The laser selectively sintered the powder and solidified the cross section of the object. When scanning the whole cross section, the building platform moves down one layer in height. The recoating blade deposits a new layer of powder on the recently scanned layer, and the laser sinter the next cross section of the object onto the previously solidified cross section.

△ SLS 3D printing parts can be dusted and cleaned manually or automatically.

Repeat these steps until all objects are made. The unsintered powder remains in place to support the object, which reduces or eliminates the need for supporting structures. After the parts are taken out of the powder bed and cleaned, there is no need for other necessary post-treatment steps. Parts can be polished, coated or colored. There are many differentiation factors between SL3D printers, including not only their size, but also the power and quantity of laser, the spot size of laser, the time and mode of heating bed and the distribution mode of powder. The most common materials in SL3D printing are nylon (PA6, PA12), but flexible parts can also be printed with TPU and other materials.

△SLS 3D printer uses polymer powder and laser to form solid parts.

2. Micro-selective laser sintering (μSLS)

μSLS belongs to SLS or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) described below. It uses laser to sinter powdery materials, such as SLS, but this material is usually metal rather than plastic, so it is more like LPBF. It is another micro 3D printing technology, which can create parts with micro (less than 5 μm) resolution.

△ Metal 3D MicroPrinting from 3D microprint

In μSLS, a layer of metal nanoparticle ink is coated on the substrate and then dried to produce a uniform nanoparticle layer. Next, the laser patterned with the digital micromirror array is used to heat the nanoparticles and sinter them into a desired pattern. This set of steps is then repeated to build each layer of the 3D component in the μSLS system.

3. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)

△ Xact Metal test piece showing SLM accuracy (source: Xact Metal)

In all 3D printing technologies, this item has the most aliases. The formal name of this metal 3D printing method is laser powder bed melting (LPBF), which is also widely known as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM). In the early days of this technology development, machine manufacturers created their own names for the same process, and these names have been used to this day. In particular, these three terms refer to the same process, even though some mechanical details are different.

As a sub-type of powder bed fusion, LPBF uses a metal powder bed and one or more (up to 12) high-power lasers. LPBF 3D printer uses laser to selectively fuse metal powder layer by layer on a molecular basis until the model is completed. LPBF is a highly accurate 3D printing method, which is usually used to create complex metal parts for aerospace, medical and industrial applications.

△Sandvik’s LPBF metal 3D printing

Like SLS, LPBF 3D printers start with a digital model divided into slices. The printer loads the powder into the building chamber, and then spreads it into a thin layer on the building board with a scraper (such as a windshield wiper) or a roller. The laser tracks the layer onto the powder. Then the building platform moves down, and then a layer of powder is coated and blended with the first layer until the whole object is built. The building chamber is closed and sealed, and in many cases it is filled with inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon mixture, to ensure that the metal will not be oxidized during the melting process and help to remove the debris during the melting process. After printing, the parts are taken out of the powder bed, cleaned and often subjected to secondary heat treatment to eliminate stress. The remaining powder is recycled.

The differentiation factors of LPBF 3D printer include the type, intensity and quantity of lasers. A small compact LPBF printer may have one 30-watt laser, while the industrial version may have 12 1,000-watt lasers. LPBF machines use common engineering alloys, such as stainless steel, nickel superalloy and titanium alloy. Dozens of metals can be used in LPBF process.

△ LPBF 3D printers from One Click Metal, Farsoon and Kurtz Ersa.

3. Electron beam melting (EBM)

△ electron beam melting (EBM)

EBM, also known as Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB PBF), is a metal 3D printing method similar to LPBF, but using electron beam instead of fiber laser. This technology is used to manufacture parts, such as titanium orthopedic implants, turbine blades of jet engines and copper coils.

Electron beams generate more energy and heat, which are needed by some metals and applications. Moreover, EBM is not an inert gas environment, but is carried out in a vacuum chamber to prevent light beam scattering. The temperature of the building chamber can reach up to 1,000 °C, and even higher in some cases. Because the electron beam is controlled by electromagnetic beam, it moves faster than laser, and can even be separated to expose multiple areas at the same time.

△ Electron beam melting (EBM) metal 3D printers from JEOL, GE Additive and Wayland Additive.

One of the advantages of EBM over LPBF is that it can handle conductive materials and reflective metals such as copper. Another feature of EBM is that individual components can be nested or stacked in the building room, because they do not necessarily have to be connected to the building board, which greatly increases the volume output. Compared with laser, electron beam usually produces larger layer thickness and rougher surface features. Due to the high temperature in the building room, EBM printing parts may not need to be heat-treated after printing to relieve stress.

Fourth, material spraying

△ material injection

Material ejection is a 3D printing process in which tiny droplets of material are deposited and then solidified or solidified on the building board. Use photopolymer or wax droplets that will cure when exposed to light to build objects one layer at a time. The nature of the material spraying process allows different materials to be printed on the same object. One application of this technology is to manufacture parts with various colors and textures.

● Types of 3D printing technology: material ejection (MJ) and nanoparticle ejection (NPJ)

● Material: photosensitive resin (standard, pouring, transparent, high temperature resistant), wax.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: full-color product prototypes, prototypes similar to injection molds, low-running injection molds, medical models, and fashion.

● Advantages: textured surface finish, full color and various materials available.

● Disadvantages: Limited materials are not suitable for mechanical parts requiring precision, and the cost is higher than other resin technologies used for visual purposes.

1. material injection (M-Jet)

△Stratasys’s material jet 3D printing parts

Material jet of polymer (M-Jet) is a 3D printing process, in which a layer of photosensitive resin is selectively deposited on the building board and cured by ultraviolet (UV). After one layer is deposited and solidified, the building platform reduces the thickness of one layer, and the process is repeated to build 3D objects. M-Jet combines the high precision of resin 3D printing with the speed of wire 3D printing (FDM) to create parts and prototypes with realistic colors and textures.

All material jet 3D printing technologies are not exactly the same. There are differences between printer manufacturers and proprietary materials. M-Jet machines deposit building materials from multiple rows of print heads in a line-by-line manner. This method enables the printer to manufacture multiple objects on a line without affecting the construction speed. As long as the models are arranged correctly on the construction platform and the space in each construction line is optimized, M-Jet can produce parts faster than many other types of resin 3D printers.

△ Material jet 3D printers from Stratasys, DP Polar/3D Systems and Mimaki.

The object made by M-Jet needs support, and it is printed by soluble materials at the same time during the construction process, which is removed in the post-processing stage. M-Jet is one of the few 3D printing technologies, which can provide objects made of multi-material printing and full color. There is no amateur version of the material jet machine. These machines are more suitable for professionals of automobile manufacturers, industrial design companies, art studios, hospitals and all kinds of product manufacturers. They want to create accurate prototypes to test concepts and bring products to market faster. Unlike barrel polymerization technology, M-Jet does not need post-curing, because the ultraviolet rays in the printer will completely cure each layer.

Aerosol jet

Aerosol Jet is a unique technology developed by a company named Optomec, which is mainly used for 3D printing electronic products. Components such as resistors, capacitors, antennas, sensors and thin film transistors are printed by aerosol spraying technology. It can be roughly compared to painting, but it is different from industrial coating process in that it can be used to print complete 3D objects.

Put the electronic ink into the atomizer, which will produce droplets with a diameter between 1 and 5 microns. Then the aerosol mist is transported to the deposition head and focused by the sheath gas, thus producing a high-speed particle spray. Because the whole process uses energy, this technology is sometimes called directional energy deposition, but because the material is in the form of droplets in this case, we include it in the material injection.

Plastic free forming

Arburg, a German company, has created a technology called plastic freeform molding (APF), which is a combination of extrusion technology and material injection technology. It uses commercially available plastic particles, which are melted in the injection molding process and moved to the unloading unit. The closing of the high-frequency nozzle produces a rapid opening and closing movement of up to 200 plastic droplets with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 mm per second. The droplets combine with the hardened material when cooling. Generally speaking, no post-treatment is needed. If supporting materials are used, they must be removed.

2. Nanoparticle Jet (NPJ)

△ Metal parts created by using nanoparticle injection technology and XJet 3D printer.

NanoParticle Jetting (NPJ) is one of the few proprietary technologies that are difficult to classify. It was developed by a company named XJet. It uses a printhead array with thousands of inkjet nozzles to spray millions of ultrafine material droplets onto the ultra-thin building tray at the same time, and simultaneously spray supporting materials. Metal or ceramic particles are suspended in a liquid. This process takes place at high temperature, and the liquid evaporates when spraying, leaving mostly metal or ceramic materials. Only a small amount of adhesive remains in the generated 3D parts, and these adhesives are removed in the post-sintering treatment.

V. Adhesive spraying

△ adhesive spraying

Adhesive spraying is a 3D printing process in which liquid adhesive selectively adheres to areas of a layer of powder. This technology type has the characteristics of powder bed fusion and material injection. Similar to PBF, adhesive spraying uses powder materials (metal, plastic, ceramics, wood, sugar, etc.), and like material spraying, liquid adhesive polymer is deposited from an inkjet. Whether it is metal, plastic, sand or other powder materials, the adhesive spraying process is the same.

First, the recoating blade coats a thin layer of powder on the building platform. Then, a print head with an inkjet nozzle passes over the bed and selectively deposits adhesive droplets to bond the powder particles together. After the layer is completed, the building platform moves down and the blade recoats the surface. Then repeat the process until the whole part is completed.

Adhesive spraying is unique in that there is no heat in the printing process. The binder acts as glue that binds the polymer powders together. After printing, the parts are wrapped in unused powder, which usually remains for curing. Then the parts are taken out of the powder bin, and the excess powder is collected and can be reused. From here on, according to different materials, post-treatment is needed, except for sand, which can usually be directly used as cores or molds from printers. When the powder is metal or ceramic, the post-treatment involving heating will melt the binder, leaving only the metal. Post-treatment of plastic parts usually includes coating to improve surface finish. You can also polish, paint and grind the polymer adhesive spraying parts.

The adhesive has high spraying speed and high productivity, so it can produce a large number of parts more economically and efficiently than other AM methods. Metal adhesive spraying can be used for a variety of metals and is very popular in end-use consumer goods, tools and bulk spare parts. However, the material selection of polymer adhesive injection is limited, and the structural performance of the produced parts is low. Its value lies in being able to make full-color prototypes and models.

● Subtypes of 3D printing technology: metal adhesive spraying, polymer adhesive spraying and sand adhesive spraying.

● Material: sand, polymer, metal, ceramics, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.2 mm (metal) or 0.3 mm (sand)

● Common applications: functional metal parts, full-color models, sand castings and molds.

● Advantages: low cost, large building volume, functional metal parts, excellent color reproduction, fast printing speed and unsupported design flexibility.

Disadvantages: It is a multi-step process for metals, and polymer parts are not durable.

1. Metal adhesive spraying

△ HP stainless steel 3D printing parts using metal spraying technology

Binder Jetting can also be used to manufacture solid metal objects with complex geometries, which is far beyond the capabilities of traditional manufacturing technologies. Metal adhesive spraying is a very attractive technology, which can be used to mass-produce metal parts and realize lightweight. Since adhesive spraying can print parts with complex patterns instead of solids, the weight of the parts obtained is greatly reduced, but the strength remains unchanged. The porosity characteristics of adhesive injection can also be used to realize lighter end parts for medical applications, such as implants.

Generally speaking, the material properties of metal binder sprayed parts are equivalent to those of metal parts produced by metal injection molding, and it is one of the most widely used manufacturing methods in mass production of metal parts. In addition, the adhesive spraying parts show higher surface smoothness, especially in the internal channels.

△ Metal adhesive jet 3D printer produces fine solid metal parts for end-use applications.

Metal adhesive spraying parts need secondary processing after printing to obtain good mechanical properties. Just coming out of the printer, the parts are basically composed of metal particles bonded together with polymer adhesives. These so-called "green parts" are too fragile to be used as they are. After the printed parts are taken out of the metal powder bed (called the process of powder removal), they will be heat-treated in the furnace (called the process of sintering). Both printing parameters and sintering parameters are adjusted according to the geometry, material and required density of specific parts. Bronze or other metals are sometimes used to penetrate the voids in the adhesive spraying parts, thus achieving zero porosity.

2. Plastic adhesive spraying

△ Plastic adhesive spraying

Plastic adhesive spraying is a process very similar to metal adhesive spraying, because it also uses powder and liquid adhesive, but its application is quite different. After printing, plastic parts will be taken out of their powder beds and cleaned, and usually can be used without further treatment, but these parts lack the strength and durability in the 3D printing process. The plastic adhesive spraying part can be filled with another material to improve the strength. Using polymers for adhesive spraying can produce multicolor parts for medical modeling and product prototyping.

3. Sand binder spraying

△ sand binder injection

Sand adhesive spraying and plastic adhesive spraying are different in printer and printing process, so they are distinguished here. Producing large sand casting molds, molds and cores is one of the most common uses of adhesive injection technology. The low cost and speed of this process make it an excellent solution for foundry, because it is difficult to produce fine pattern designs in a few hours with traditional technology.

The future of industrial development constantly puts high demands on foundries and suppliers. Sand 3D printing is at the beginning of its potential. After printing, the printer needs to remove the cores and molds from the construction area and clean them to remove any loose sand. The mold can usually be ready for casting immediately. After casting, the mold is disassembled and the final metal parts are removed.

4. Multi-jet fusion (MJF)

△ BASF and HP cooperated to develop a new industrial grade polypropylene for MJF.

Another unique and brand-specific 3D printing process, which is not easy to fall into any existing category, is actually not adhesive spraying, and this is HP’s Multi Jet Fusion. MJF is a polymer 3D printing technology, which uses powder materials, liquid fusion materials and refiners. The reason why it is not considered as adhesive spraying is that the heat is increased in this process, which will produce parts with higher strength and durability, and the liquid is not completely adhesive. The name of this process comes from multiple inkjet heads that perform the printing process.

In the process of Multi Jet Fusion printing, the printer lays a layer of material powder, usually nylon, on the printing bed. After that, the inkjet head passes through the powder and deposits a melting agent and a refining agent on it. Then the infrared heating device moves on the printed matter. No matter where the flux is added, the lower layers will melt together, while the areas with refiners will remain powdery. The powdery part falls off to produce the required geometry. This also eliminates the need for modeling support, because lower layers support layers printed on them. In order to complete the printing process, the whole powder bed and the printing parts in it are moved to a single processing station, and most of the loose unmelted powder is evacuated and can be reused.

Multi Jet Fusion is a multifunctional technology, which has been applied in many industries such as automobile, medical care and consumer goods.

△HP Jet Fusion 5200 series is one of the many sizes and styles of HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D printer (source: HP).

Six, powder directional energy deposition

Directional Energy Deposition (DED) is a 3D printing process. Metal materials are supplied and melted by powerful energy while being deposited. This is one of the most extensive 3D printing categories, including many subcategories, depending on the material form (wire or powder) and energy type (laser, electron beam, arc, supersonic, heat, etc.). Essentially, it has a lot in common with welding.

This technology is used for layer-by-layer printing, usually followed by CNC machining to achieve stricter tolerances. The combination of DED and CNC is very common. There is a sub-type of 3D printing called hybrid 3D printing, which contains a hybrid 3D printer with DED and CNC units in the same machine. This technology is considered to be a faster and cheaper substitute for small-batch metal castings and forgings, as well as a key maintenance for offshore oil and gas industries, aerospace, power generation and utilities.

△DED metal 3D printing technology can quickly create a solid metal part, and then it can be processed to strict tolerances.

● Subtypes of directional energy deposition: powder laser energy deposition, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), wire electron beam energy deposition and cold spraying.

● Materials: various metals, wires and powder forms.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: repairing high-end automotive/aerospace components, functional prototypes and final components.

● Advantages: high stacking rate, and the ability to add metal to existing components.

● Disadvantages: Because the supporting structure cannot be made, it is impossible to make complex shapes, and the surface smoothness and accuracy are usually poor.

1. Laser directed energy deposition

△ 3D printing metal using laser and powder metal

Laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD) or laser engineering net shaping (LENS), uses metal powder or metal wire sent through one or more nozzles and melted by powerful laser to build platforms or metal parts. With the movement of nozzle and laser or the movement of parts on the multi-axis turntable, objects will be piled up layer by layer. The construction speed is faster than that of powder bed melting, but it will lead to the decrease of surface quality and precision, and usually requires a lot of post-processing. Laser DED printers usually have a sealed chamber filled with argon to avoid oxidation. When dealing with less reactive metals, they can also operate with only local argon or nitrogen.

Metals commonly used in this process include stainless steel, titanium and nickel alloy. This printing method is usually used to repair high-end aviation and automobile parts, such as jet engine blades, but it is also used to produce whole parts.

△Meltio M450 wire feeding laser DED 3D printer, Optomec LENS CS 600 metal powder feeding laser DED 3D printer and DMG Mori Lasertec 65 DED powder feeding laser DED 3D printer.

2. Electron beam directional energy deposition

△ electron beam DED 3D printing

Electron beam DED, also known as linear electron beam energy deposition, is a 3D printing process very similar to laser DED. It is carried out in a vacuum chamber and can produce very clean and high-quality metals. When a wire passes through one or more nozzles, it will be melted by the electron beam. The layer is constructed separately, the electron beam forms a tiny molten pool, and the welding wire is fed into the molten pool by a wire feeder. When dealing with high-performance metals and active metals (such as copper, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloy), electron beam is selected for DED.

DED machines are virtually unlimited in print size. For example, Sciaky, a 3D printer manufacturer, has an EB DED machine that can produce parts nearly 6 meters long at a speed of 3 to 9 kilograms of materials per hour. Electron beam DED is touted as one of the fastest methods to manufacture metal parts, although it is not the most accurate, which makes it an ideal machining technology to build large structures (such as fuselage) or replace parts (such as turbine blades).

△ 3D printing of wire by electron beam deposition

3. Line-controlled energy deposition

△Gefertec arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) printing

Wire Directed Energy Deposition, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a kind of 3D printing, which uses energy in the form of plasma or arc to melt the metal in the form of wire, and deposits the metal layer by layer on a surface, such as a multi-axis turntable, to form a shape by a robotic arm. This method is chosen instead of the similar technology of laser or electron beam because it does not need a sealed chamber and can use the same metal (sometimes the same material) as traditional welding.

Direct energy deposition is considered to be the most cost-effective choice in DED technology, which can use the existing arc welding robot and power supply, so the entry threshold is relatively low. But unlike welding, this technology uses complex software to control a series of variables in the process, including the thermal management of the robot arm and the tool path. This technology has no supporting structure to be removed, and the finished parts are usually CNC machined when necessary to achieve strict tolerance or surface polishing.

△Gefertec and WAAM3D’s line arc additive manufacturing 3D printer.

4. Cold spraying

△ cold spraying

Cold spraying is a DE3D printing technology, which sprays metal powder at supersonic speed to combine them without melting, and hardly produces thermal cracks or thermal stress. Since the early 2000s, it has been used as a coating process, but recently, several companies have used cold spraying for additive manufacturing, because it can print at a speed 50 to 100 times higher than that of a typical metal 3D process and does not require inert gas or vacuum chamber.

Like all DED processes, cold spraying will not produce prints with good surface quality or details, but the parts can be used directly from the printing bed.

5. Melting direct energy deposition

△ Melting Direct Energy Deposition: Aluminum parts printed by ElemX 3D liquid metal of Xerox.

Melting direct energy deposition is a 3D printing process, which uses heat to melt metal (usually aluminum) and then deposits it layer by layer on the building board to form 3D objects. The difference between this technology and metal extrusion 3D printing is that metal raw materials containing a small amount of polymer are used for extrusion, so that the metal can be extruded. Then the polymer is removed in the heat treatment stage, and pure metal is used to melt DED. One can also compare molten or liquid DED to material injection, but instead of a series of nozzles to deposit droplets, liquid metal usually flows out from the nozzles.

Variants of this technology are being developed, and molten metal 3D printers are rare. The advantage of using heat to melt and then deposit metal is that it can use less energy than other DED processes, and it is possible to directly use recycled metal as raw material instead of metal wire or highly processed metal powder.

VII. Lamination of sheets

△ Sheet lamination

Sheet lamination is technically a form of 3D printing, which is quite different from the above technologies. Its function is to stack and laminate very thin pieces of material together to create 3D objects or stacks, and then cut them by machinery or laser to form the final shape. The layers of materials can be fused together in a variety of ways, including heating and sound, depending on the material, ranging from paper to polymer to metal. When the parts are laminated and then laser cut or processed into the required shape, it will produce more waste than other 3D printing technologies.

Manufacturers use sheet lamination to produce cost-effective non-functional prototypes at a relatively high speed, which can be used in battery technology and composite materials, because the materials used can be interchanged in the printing process.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC)

● Materials: paper, polymer and sheet metal.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: non-functional prototyping, multi-color printing and casting.

● Advantages: rapid production and compound printing.

● Disadvantages: low precision, much waste, and some parts need post-production.

Laminated additive manufacturing

△ Laminated additive manufacturing

Lamination is a 3D printing technology, in which sheets of materials are laminated and glued together, and then the layered objects are cut into the correct shape with a knife (or laser or CNC router). This technology is less common nowadays, because the cost of other 3D printing technologies has decreased, and the speed and ease of use have greatly increased.

△BCN3D viscous lithography manufacturing (VLM) 3D printing process using resin (source: BCN3D)

Viscosity lithography (VLM): VLM is a patented 3D printing process of BCN3D, which can laminate a thin layer of high-viscosity photosensitive resin onto a transparent transfer film. The mechanical system allows the resin to be laminated from both sides of the film, so that different resins can be combined to obtain a multi-material part and an easily detachable support structure. This technology has not been commercialized, but it can also belong to one of the laminated 3D printing technologies.

Composite-based additive manufacturing (CBAM)：Startup Impossible Objects applied for a patent for this technology, which combines carbon, glass or Kevlar mats with thermoplastics to manufacture parts.

Selective Laminated Composite Manufacturing (SLCOM): Envision Tec, now called ETEC, owned by Desktop Metal, developed this technology in 2016, which uses thermoplastics as the base material and woven fiber composite.

Note: There are many kinds of 3D printing technologies. These are the seven most common additive manufacturing technologies in 3D printing, which do not cover all 3D printing technologies in the market.

Original title: "7 mainstream 3D printing technologies, all of which can be understood"

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Special feature of 1905 film network On the evening of June 22nd, the 26th Shanghai International Film Festival officially came to an end, and Golden Goblet Awards awards were grandly announced. Host of movie channel, partner Lin Hai, presiding over the ceremony.

Kazakh film won the best film, Argentine film won the jury award, and director Bakur Bakuradze won the best director award. Omalova Milla won the best actress for the film Snow in the Courtyard.

China actors won the Best Actor Award for their films. The jury said, "In such an easily labeled role, an actor explained the unique charm of this role through his clumsy and bloated body and innocent eyes. In his eyes, we not only saw a valuable belief and strength, but also saw the warmest background of human nature."

As an actor, Huang Xiaoming laments that he is happy and can experience different lives in various roles. For example, Wu You in Sunshine Club is carefree in his world. "I have been in this industry for 26 years, and my life has experienced many ups and downs, stumbling, helplessness, disappointment, sadness and hesitation. I am also very scared. I found it when I crossed the mountain. I crossed this mountain and met my 18-year-old self. I have my initial heart, optimism and fear of moving forward. I am more determined in my initial heart and I must bravely go on the road of actors. "

Besides "Sunshine Club", the Chinese-language films shortlisted for this year’s main competition in Golden Goblet Awards have gained a lot.

The director’s new film won the best screenplay, and the actors were invited to the stage together with the screenwriters. Ge You reappeared "Ge humor", kissed the trophy and certificate, and said "beautiful" three times together with "big nephew" Karry to recommend "Hedgehog".

The director’s new film won the best photography, and the chief producer took the stage to accept the award on behalf of photographer Zhang Ying, teasing, "A woman replaces a man to accept the award." She especially thanked the judges for their affirmation, "Let the emotional interpretation of a man and a woman in China’s movies have more diverse ways. The film is also the first time that director Guan Hu and his team have all started the co-production of China and Hong Kong staff. "

2024 is the 20th anniversary of Shanghai International Film Festival "Asian Newcomer Unit". In 2023, he won the honor of Best Actor in Shanghai International Film Festival and made his debut in Jin Jue Festival, wishing the 20th anniversary of Yaxin endless.

He admits that he once dreamed of being a singer, talked about talk shows and worked as a media, and never thought that someone would introduce himself with a "filmmaker". In 2015, he walked onto the red carpet of the Shanghai Film Festival with a finalist in the Asian newcomer unit. Later, he was shortlisted and felt that he could probably be regarded as a filmmaker. "Sitting in this director’s chair, Yaxin gave me confidence. I shoot and play ordinary people who are particularly fond of dreaming. "

The 26th Shanghai International Film Festival Golden Goblet Awardslist of winners

Best film: Divorce (Kazakhstan)

Jury Award: Adult (Argentina)

Best Director: Bakur Bakuradze’s Snow in the Courtyard (Georgian, Russian)

Best actor: Huang Xiaoming’s Sunshine Club (China)

Best actress: Omarova Milla’s Divorce (Kazakhstan)

Best Screenplay: The Hedgehog by Guo Fangfang and Gu Changwei (China)

Best Photography: A Man and a Woman by Zhang Ying (China Mainland, Hongkong, China)

Art Contribution Award: (Iran)

Best Documentary: (China)

Best animated film: (Japan)

Best animated short film: (China)

Best live-action short film: (Israel)

Water workers in protective clothing enter the community service city water group for the picture.

　　Every day, in the "Urban Operation Support Work" WeChat group composed of the key office of Wuhan Municipal Government and urban water, electricity, gas, fuel, communication, transportation, traffic control and other units, all kinds of coordination work are meticulous. "Guarantee the lifeline of the city without any mistakes!" Focus on overall planning, water affairs, traffic control and other departments closely cooperate, sewage treatment chemicals, oil products, disinfectant … … All kinds of transport vehicles are constantly gathering in Wuhan.

　　Since the temporary closure of Wuhan’s passage from Han on January 23 and the suspension of traffic operations, as of February 9, more than 9 million citizens in Han have spent 18 days smoothly. As the lifeline and ballast stone of the city, water, electricity, gas, oil and communication are well supplied and stable and orderly. Behind this is the joint efforts of more than 20,000 security personnel every day.

　　On February 8th, the Urban Operation Group of COVID-19 City’s Prevention and Control Headquarters introduced that in order to ensure that the relevant key parts and the people of the city have no worries during the epidemic prevention and control period, there are 24,000 people working in the urban operation sections such as water supply, power supply, gas use, oil use and communication every day, among whom 14,000 people are on the front line. They overcame many difficulties and tried their best to ensure the normal operation of the city even when their own protective materials were in short supply.

　　Arrears are not stopped, and the water supply hotline serves 24 hours.

　　According to the Municipal Water Affairs Bureau, as of February 5, the overall water supply situation in the city is stable and orderly. The average daily water supply in the city is about 4 million tons, and the water supply capacity in the city is 6.3 million tons/day, which can guarantee the daily water supply and the water quality meets the national health standards. In order to prevent the inconvenience of water use caused by arrears, water supply enterprises have also introduced measures to facilitate the non-stop water supply during the epidemic.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Municipal Water Affairs Bureau said, "We give full play to the advantages of smart water affairs and use scientific and technological means to coordinate the dispatching of water pressure and water quantity." With the help of big data, cloud computing and other means, the water pressure in the city is sufficient and the pipe network is safe to operate.

　　Regarding the water quality problems during the epidemic prevention and control period that citizens are concerned about, the city has continuously monitored the water quality changes by encrypting the frequency of water quality testing for factory water, pipe network water and peripheral water to ensure water quality safety.

　　On February 2nd, there was no water in Mr Tian’s home in Qili New Village, Hanyang. Mr. Tian is a highly suspected COVID-19 patient and is isolated at home. Liuyong, deputy director of Hanyang Pipeline Institute of the Municipal Water Group, reminded everyone to wear protective clothing: "The water supply guarantee is not divided into objects, and the danger is also on." After on-site maintenance, the water problem in Mr. Tian’s home was solved.

　　Since January 23, in order to reduce the probability of residents entering and leaving crowded places, the city has suspended the door-to-door copying business and temporarily closed the business hall. At the same time, keep the online channels open and the water supply hotline service 24 hours a day.

　　There is no power outage due to arrears, and workers patrol dozens of kilometers of cable lines every day.

　　From January 24th to February 6th, State Grid Wuhan Power Supply Company dispatched a total of 28,658 personnel and 4,278 vehicles for epidemic prevention and power supply protection. At present, the city’s power supply is all normal.

　　During the epidemic prevention period, Wuhan Power Supply Company took measures to ensure the electricity consumption of people’s livelihood by paying arrears to residents. As of 24: 00 on January 28th, about 490,000 households in Wuhan were in arrears without power failure.

　　After the city’s access roads were closed, Yu Nianchun, a group of young employees of Wuhan Power Supply Company’s cable inspection team, led by Sun Changqun, the squad leader, drove the "yellow pickup truck" more frequently to escort the main cable line of Wuhan Power Grid.

　　Yu Nianchun said: "The situation is special now. There are few people staying in Wuhan. The unit is in short supply. If I can go, I will come." As promised, from the first day, he visited dozens of kilometers of cable lines every day, measured the temperature and circulation of more than a dozen cable terminals and intermediate joints, and evaluated the state through the data and made records.

　　Zhao Bin, an ordinary electric power repairman in Wuhan, said, "In this special period, we must stick to our posts and deal with the emergency repair tasks that appear at any time. One night, I received a rush repair task, and the user lost power due to the failure of high-voltage cable. We started at 8 o’clock in the evening and didn’t return to the company until 1 o’clock in the morning. "

　　There is no gap in the air source, so the medical staff can take a hot bath with ventilation on the same day.

　　Since January 23, all employees of Wuhan gas industry have entered a "wartime state", and more than 2,000 employees of 88 gas companies have adhered to the front line to ensure that citizens use gas for their lives, medical institutions supply gas, and hospital construction projects are ventilated on time.

　　The Municipal Urban Management Law Enforcement Committee and the Municipal Gas Management Office introduced that during this period, the urban management department focused on supervising gas enterprises to implement the safe and stable gas supply of medical institutions.

　　From the beginning of the Lunar New Year, Zheng Hui, a line inspector of the Municipal Natural Gas Company, has been living in Changqing Management Station of Hankou Pipeline Institute. He patrols more than 60 kilometers every day, increasing the number and intensity of inspections on the pipe network around Jinyintan Hospital to ensure the safe operation of the pipe network and the safe use of gas by more than 180,000 households in the jurisdiction.

　　On February 1st, Ziyang Lake Hotel, near Hubei Provincial People’s Hospital, was designated as the accommodation for medical staff in the hospital, and it was necessary to connect natural gas as soon as possible. WISCO Jiangnan China Gas Company acted quickly. After 8 hours of intense operation, natural gas was turned on, 3 hours earlier than expected, and the medical staff who stayed that night took a hot bath.

　　According to statistics, from January 24 to February 7, the city supplied an average of more than 8 million cubic meters of natural gas every day; Accumulated supply of liquefied petroleum gas is about 250 tons; Vehicle natural gas is sold for about 300,000 cubic meters, with stable inventory and no shortage of gas source for the time being.

　　Engineers crossed the quarantine area and installed video phones for the hospital.

　　From February 6th to 7th, the maintenance engineers of Wuhan Branch of China Telecom fought all night in the front line of epidemic prevention communication support, and installed video phones for 16 designated hospitals.

　　At two o’clock in the morning on the 6 th, the company was ordered to start the video phone installation work urgently. The company originally had more than 30 employees, but some of them went back to their hometown in advance on holiday, and some of them were isolated because of contact with suspected patients, and only 16 people could be called. Everyone knows the danger of more than a dozen circuits passing through the hospital isolation zone, but no one flinched. After nearly 30 hours of intense construction, almost everyone did not have a decent meal, but no one complained.

　　Wuhan Municipal Communications Administration, together with the municipal economic and information department, will co-ordinate and organize the city’s communications enterprises to fight hard and overcome difficulties. There are countless such examples.

　　At noon on February 1st, Huangpi Branch of Wuhan Telecom received a call from a user. A user in Outang Village of Changling was trapped in the bay because of the epidemic. Three children at home had to take online classes, and there was no network at home. I hope that Telecom can install the network at home.

　　Due to the severe epidemic situation, rural roads were blocked, so Gao Hongli, a salesperson of Changling Branch of huangpi district Branch, and Huang Jinsong, a maintenance worker, rode motorcycles to the users’ homes against the cold wind and immediately wired them. It took only four hours from receiving orders to accepting and installing machines.

　　According to the requirements of epidemic prevention headquarters, Wuhan Telecom opened video conferencing service for 50 key hospitals and isolated wards in the city. Open fixed line and broadband for a number of medical isolation points. Wuhan Mobile has completed the network testing and optimization of 49 isolation points, and Wuhan Unicom has implemented a number of site resource expansion.

　　The fuel supply in the whole city is guaranteed if the oil is continuously supplied and the station does not close.

　　During the anti-epidemic period, Sinopec Caidian Zhiyin Station and Jiangxia Wunan Gas Station provided 120 ambulances for all patients in the city with free refueling and free meals.

　　More than 100 negative-pressure ambulances donated by the whole country to Wuhan arrived in Han late at night on February 5, and Sinopec Hanyang Nangang Gas Station provided a venue for vehicle handover, providing free refueling for all ambulances and free meals for drivers.

　　At the beginning of the Wuhan epidemic, the Municipal Bureau of Commerce set up a command group for urban gasoline (diesel) oil supply, organized oil companies to start emergency plans, monitored the operation of the refined oil market every day, and coordinated and solved the difficulties and problems in oil supply, material transportation, employee commuting, and insufficient protective equipment at gas stations.

　　On New Year’s Eve, employees of PetroChina Wuhan Sales Branch received a proposal to fight against COVID-19 sent by the company. In less than eight hours, a total of 100 party member and two party activists volunteered to fight.

　　Li Shengxiong, an employee of Huangjinkou Gas Station of Wuhan Hanyang Branch of Sinopec, rode more than 20 kilometers from home to be on duty in order to ensure the duty on the second and third days of the New Year’s Day.

　　Since the outbreak, nearly 410 gas stations of PetroChina, Sinopec, Total and large-scale private oil companies have insisted on normal business, and 92#, 95# and 98# gasoline and diesel are complete, ensuring that "the oil is constantly supplied and the station does not close" and doing its best to protect the needs of citizens and epidemic prevention units.

　　(Reporter Wei Han Huang Shishi Tao Changning Zhang Ge correspondent Jin Bo Xie Minghui Xin Wang Cheng Jing Su Shouming Yang Jie Shang Yuming)