标签： 武汉夜生活导航

Overseas & inciting

The European Union announced the Chip Act, which plans to significantly increase the share of chip production.

On February 8, local time, the European Commission announced the Chip Act, which has attracted much attention from the outside world, and plans to greatly increase the EU’s share of chip production in the world. According to the bill, the EU will invest more than 43 billion euros in public and private funds to support chip production, pilot projects and start-ups. Among them, 11 billion euros will be used to strengthen existing research, development and innovation to ensure the deployment of advanced semiconductor tools and experimental production lines for prototype design and testing. By 2030, the EU plans to increase its share of global chip production from the current 10% to 20%. (CCTV News)

LG New Energy plans to increase the production capacity of the Michigan plant by five times.

According to reports, the Holland City Council of Michigan recently approved the tax reduction plan for LG New Energy, the world’s second largest battery manufacturer, to invest and expand its local factory. As a result, most local taxes and state taxes will be exempted from the factory for 20 years. According to the business plan submitted by South Korean battery giant LG New Energy to Holland, LG plans to spend 1.7 billion US dollars (about 10.82 billion yuan) to make the annual battery production capacity of local factories reach 25GWh by 2025, which is 5 times higher than the current 5GWh. (Sina Technology)

Austrian anti-monopoly court "gives a green light" to Facebook’s acquisition of animation platform Giphy.

According to reports, an anti-monopoly court in Austria conditionally approved Facebook’s acquisition of Giphy, an animation platform. This is good for Facebook. Earlier, the British antitrust regulator said that Facebook must sell Giphy because the deal will not be conducive to competition in social media platforms and display advertising. In 2020, Facebook acquired Giphy for $315 million and integrated it with its Instagram. (Sina Technology)

Frontier Airlines and Spirit Airlines announced the merger.

On February 7, local time, Frontier Airlines and Spirit Airlines, the two largest low-cost airlines in the United States, agreed to merge, which will become the fifth largest airline in the United States. According to reports, according to the merger agreement, the transaction is worth 6.6 billion US dollars, Frontier Airlines will own 51.5% of the shares of the merged company, while Spirit Airlines will own the remaining 48.5%. At present, the name of the merged airline, the candidate for CEO and the location of the airline headquarters are still uncertain. (CCTV News)

Apple acquires AI Music, an AI music company in London.

According to reports, Apple acquired a London startup called AI Music, which uses AI technology to generate customized music. AI Music was established in 2016 and the acquisition transaction has been completed in recent weeks. Before the transaction, AI Music had about 20 employees. AI Music uses royalty-free music and AI technology to create customized music. Its original intention is to make dynamic audio tracks based on user interaction. For example, in a video game concert, the music can be adjusted according to the intensity during exercise according to the mood changes. (Sina Technology)

Company & Dynamic

Softbank announced that it would terminate the sale of ARM to NVIDIA and prepare for IPO.

Softbank Group announced that on February 8, 2022, the company and NVIDIA agreed to terminate the previous agreement on the sale of ARM and prepare for the initial public offering (IPO) of ARM. Softbank said that according to the agreement reached on September 13, 2020, the deposit of $1.25 billion paid by NVIDIA to Softbank will not be refunded and will be included in the profit in the fourth quarter of this fiscal year. In addition, Softbank and ARM will prepare for ARM’s IPO in FY 2022 (as of March 31, 2023) respectively. (Phoenix Net Technology)

Anke biotechnology: It is planned to buy back shares for 40 million yuan to 60 million yuan.

Anke biotechnology announced that the company intends to use its own funds to buy back some shares of the company by centralized bidding, and all the repurchased shares will be used to implement equity incentive or employee stock ownership plan. The repurchase amount is not less than 40 million yuan and not more than 60 million yuan, and the repurchase price is not more than 12 yuan/share.

Haitong Securities: It is expected that A-shares will be dominated by structural market.

Haitong Securities pointed out that the domestic economic prosperity has dropped slightly, the policy of steady growth is expected to continue to heat up, overseas markets generally pick up during the long holiday, and the A-share market is expected to stabilize and rebound. Since the beginning of the year, the risk appetite in the A-share market has continued to weaken due to the tightening expectation of overseas monetary policy and the risk aversion factors before the capital festival. Before the Federal Reserve’s meeting on interest rates in March, it is expected that A-shares will still be dominated by structural market. However, the overall valuation of A-shares is reasonable, and the "steady growth" policy will be fully exerted, focusing on industries such as real estate, building materials, home appliances and construction that typically benefit from the "steady growth" policy, as well as new infrastructure such as wind power and photovoltaic. (CBN)

CICC: It is estimated that the price of industrial silicon may be high before and low after 2022.

The research report of CICC believes that the price of industrial silicon may rebound after the year, and we are optimistic about the market in 2022. Industrial silicon will face a shortage after consuming the previous inventory, and the price may go up again. In the second half of the year, the shortage of the industry will be greatly alleviated due to the commissioning of the 400,000-ton project of Hesheng Shanshan. On the whole, it is estimated that the price of industrial silicon may be high before and low after 2022. In the next five years, polysilicon (demand CAGR+20%) and silicone (CAGR+9%) will promote the rapid growth of industrial silicon demand, and the industry has long-term growth value. (Securities Times)

Founder Securities: The performance of upstream and middle enterprises in the military industry chain is expected to take the lead in welcoming a new round of growth.

Founder Securities Research Report believes that the upstream enterprises in the military industrial chain and some enterprises in the middle reaches of the industrial chain have short production cycle and early revenue recognition, and their performance first reflects the prosperity of the industry. Their downstream customers are scattered and their supply is relatively concentrated, with strong bargaining power and less pressure to reduce prices. In the short term, the prosperity of the military industry will continue in 2022, and the performance of enterprises in the middle and upper reaches of the military industry chain is expected to take the lead in welcoming a new round of growth, or it will be reflected in the first quarterly report; In the medium and long term, China’s military industry will continue to be in a high boom stage in the "14 th Five-Year Plan", and the performance of middle and upper reaches of military enterprises is expected to continue to grow rapidly. (Securities Times)

Guotai Junan: It is expected that the price of lithium will continue to rise after the Spring Festival.

Guotai Junan pointed out that the price of lithium plate continued to rise. Due to the approach of the Spring Festival, logistics stopped gradually last week, and new trading orders stopped one after another, with few transactions, but only a small amount of quotations have been raised to more than 390,000 yuan/ton of battery-grade lithium carbonate. Spot transaction price list: battery-grade lithium carbonate is 370,000-375,000 yuan/ton, industrial-grade lithium carbonate is about 360,000 yuan/ton, and battery-grade lithium hydroxide is 300,000-330,000 yuan/ton (with the increase). It is expected that the price will continue to rise after the Spring Festival, and it is optimistic that the transaction price of mainstream lithium will reach 400,000 yuan/ton in February. (CBN)

Capital & Venture Capital

The customized graphene product R&D supplier "Morui Technology" has completed over 100 million yuan in Series B financing.

Recently, Morui Technology, a customized graphene product R&D supplier, announced that it has completed the B round of financing of over 100 million yuan. The two rounds of financing were led by Chendao Capital and Yuexiu Industrial Fund respectively, and Potential Energy Capital served as the exclusive financial advisor for several consecutive rounds. Zhao Hongzhong, CEO of Morui Technology, said that this round of financing funds will be used for production line construction, product research and development and business development.

DaaS software manufacturer "Maicong Software" received tens of millions of yuan in Pre-A round of financing.

Maicong Software, a DaaS (Data as a Service) software manufacturer, has recently received tens of millions of Pre-A rounds of financing, with joint investment from Dark Horse Fund and Aggregate Capital. According to founder Cheng Zhiguo, this round of financing is mainly used for upgrading the bottom of technology, further expanding product lines, ecological construction and marketing.

The medical digital product platform "Yimai Medical" won tens of millions of yuan in Series A financing.

Recently, the medical digital product platform "Yimai Medical" completed tens of millions of series A financing, which was led by Shangyuan Capital and followed by CITIC Venture Capital; The team invested about 10 million yuan. This round of financing is mainly used to improve the whole series of orthopedic product lines, marketing and promotion.

The unmanned retail brand "Feng E Zu Shi" completed 300 million yuan A round of financing.

The unmanned retail operator "Feng E Zu Shi" (Fengyi Technology Co., Ltd.) has completed a round of financing of 300 million yuan. This round of financing was led by SoftBank Ventures Asia, followed by CICC Cultural Consumer Industry Equity Investment Fund under CICC Capital and Shenzhen Innovation Investment Group. After this round of financing, SF related party Mingde Holdings and Softbank Asia tied for the largest shareholder. The financing funds will be mainly used for accelerating scale growth, improving operational efficiency and service quality.

The industrial software enterprise "Huatian Software" completed hundreds of millions of yuan in Series C financing.

The industrial software company "Huatian Software" recently announced the completion of the C round of financing of nearly 400 million yuan. This round of financing was led by Junlian Capital, followed by many investment institutions such as Fengnian Capital, Huakong Fund, Lingang Venture Capital, Hetian Fund, Huayi Venture Capital, Qingsong Capital and Electric Capital. This round of financing is mainly used for continuous investment in research and development of high-end 3D CAD products and investment in global marketing layout.

◎ Author/Shandong Zhongyang Real Estate Development Group Co., Ltd. Wang Xihao; Copyright belongs to the author.

Expertise: apartment design and optimization, cost control optimization, film.

01order

At present, the real estate industry has entered the era of small profits. Real estate regulation and control policies such as "three red lines" and "centralized land reform" have deleveraged real estate and removed its financial attributes, resulting in increased costs, difficult financing, low fault tolerance rate and reduced profit rate to less than 6%.

By benchmarking Country Garden, Vanke and other head real estate companies, this paper makes a detailed and systematic data calculation, analysis and comparison and careful study from four aspects: cost control ideas, cost measurement indicators, specific measures and control conclusions. The specific research and application analysis are as follows:

02The purpose and thinking of cost control

First, the purpose and necessity of cost control:

Through the measures of increasing efficiency, reducing cost and marketing and packaging, the differentiated competition of products can be realized, so as to generate premium benefits, enhance the value and quality of products, further improve the core competitiveness of enterprises, and shape the recognition and brand image of enterprises.

Real estate benefit settlement is dynamic, lagging and long-term. Is a project profitable and how much is it? Only after the development and sales are completed will you know. Therefore, according to the existing project situation, learn the experience of cost control of other real estate to prevent the cost from being wasted or exceeding the standard.

Second, the idea of cost control:

Increase efficiency, reduce cost and enhance product value;

(1) Optimize and reduce structural and functional costs.

(2) Reduce invalid costs.

(3) Increase reasonable and effective costs in sensitive areas that customers pay attention to.

Third, the impact of cost control at each time stage on the overall cost:

1. The stage of land acquisition, planning and design planning affects 70% of the total cost, which belongs to prior control.

2. During the recruitment and construction stage, it affects 25% of the total cost, which belongs to the matter control.

3. The carry-over and settlement stage of completion data affects 5% of the total cost, which belongs to post-event control.

03Cost measurement index

A, the development of total cost index and proportion:

1. Land cost: According to the current 4 million/mu, the plot ratio is 2.0, and the floor cost is about 3090 yuan/m2 (4 million *1.03 (deed tax) /666.67/2), accounting for 40% of the total cost.

For every 1 million mu of land, the cost will increase by about 770 yuan/㎡.

2. Jian ‘an cost: 2,000 yuan/㎡ for high-rise buildings, accounting for 26% of the total cost.

3. Supporting fee: 400 yuan/㎡, accounting for 5% of the total cost.

4. Administrative expenses: 500 yuan/㎡, accounting for 6% of the total cost.

5. Land use tax: 9 yuan/m2 * 50 years /2.0=220 yuan/m2, accounting for 3% of the total cost.

6. Tax: the sales price (8,000 yuan temporarily) *11%=880 yuan/㎡, accounting for 12% of the total cost.

7. Marketing expenses: the sales price (temporarily 8,000 yuan) *2.5%=200 yuan/㎡, accounting for 3% of the total cost.

8. Financial expenses: (2-5, 6, 8) *10%=320 yuan/㎡, accounting for 4% of the total cost.

9. Unforeseen expenses: 100 yuan/㎡, accounting for 1% of the total cost.

10、The above total cost: about 7600 yuan/㎡. Among them, the cost of land and construction and installation accounts for 66%. If the land price is 3 million/mu, the total cost of development is 6,800 yuan/m2.

Second, the construction cost (1-5 controllable) cost index and proportion:

1. Reinforcement: The cost per square meter is about 300 yuan/㎡, accounting for 15% of the construction and installation cost.

2. Commercial concrete: the cost per square meter is about 280 yuan/㎡, accounting for 14% of the construction and installation cost.

3. Exterior wall decoration and thermal insulation: the cost per square meter is about 150 yuan/㎡, accounting for 8% of the construction and installation cost.

4. External window: The cost per square meter is about 100 yuan/㎡, accounting for 5% of the construction and installation cost.

5. Elevator: The cost per square meter is about 45 yuan/㎡, accounting for 2% of the construction and installation cost.

6. Measures cost (including scaffolding, tower crane, formwork, vertical transportation, etc.): The cost per square meter is about 300 yuan/㎡, accounting for 15% of the construction and installation cost.

7. Others: earthwork, fire protection, electricity, water supply and drainage, heating and ventilation, etc.

Third, the height and other cost indicators, the impact on the calculation of Jian ‘an cost

1, the height of the impact on the cost:

(1) For a 17F residential building, for every 0.1m increase in the storey height, the corresponding installation and installation cost will increase by about 2-3% (the steel content will increase by about 1kg/㎡; The concrete content is increased by about 0.01m3/㎡ m2, etc.).

(2) For every 0.1m increase in story height, the construction and installation cost will increase by about 30~50 yuan/㎡ (the higher the material price, the greater the impact).

2. Influence of steel content on cost：

(1), steel cost index:

(1) the average high-rise residential 17F steel content is about 40-58kg/㎡; The steel content of underground garage is about 120-160kg/㎡.

(2) if the purchase price of steel bars is 5000 yuan/ton, it will be about 6000 yuan/ton after charging.

③ The cost index of steel content per square meter of residence is 240-330 yuan/square meter (accounting for 12-17% of Jian ‘an cost).

④ The cost index of the steel content per square meter of the garage is 720-960 yuan/square meter (accounting for 28-37% of the garage construction and installation cost).

(2) Influence of steel content on Jian ‘an cost:

① When the steel content increases by 1kg per square meter, the construction and installation cost will increase by about 6 yuan/㎡ (the higher the steel bar price, the greater the cost will be).

(2) The purchase price of steel bars increases by 1000 yuan/ton, and the construction and installation cost increases by 50 yuan/㎡.

3, including commercial concrete:

(1), including commercial concrete quantity cost index:

(1) the general high-rise residential 17F concrete content is about 0.4-0.5 cubic meters/㎡, and the underground garage concrete content is about 1.5-2.0 cubic meters/㎡.

(2) If the supply price of commercial concrete is 500 yuan/Fang, it will be about 600 yuan/Fang after the fixed fee.

③ Cost index of concrete content per square meter of residence: 240-300 yuan/square meter (accounting for 12-15% of construction and installation cost).

④ The cost index of concrete content per square meter of the garage is: 900-1,200 yuan/square meter (accounting for 35-46% of the garage construction and installation cost).

(2) Influence of commercial concrete content on Jian ‘an cost:

(1) the content of commercial concrete increases by 0.01 cubic meters per square meter, and the construction and installation cost increases by about 6 yuan/㎡ (the higher the material price, the greater the impact on the increased cost). (2) The purchase price of commercial concrete increases by 100 yuan/㎡, and the construction and installation cost increases by 50 yuan/㎡.

4, window to ground ratio:

(1) For general 17F high-rise residential buildings, the window-to-floor ratio is about 0.16-0.31. Based on the calculation of 600 yuan/㎡ of aluminum alloy window with three glasses and two cavities, the floor cost index of external window is about 96-180 yuan/㎡ (accounting for 5-9% of Jian ‘an cost).

(2) For every 0.01 increase in the window-to-ground ratio, the construction and installation cost will increase by about 6 yuan/㎡.

5. Garage and soil covering

(1) For every 0.1m height increase in the underground garage, the reinforcement will be increased by 3-5kg/㎡ and the concrete will be increased by 0.02-0.03m3/㎡； ㎡; Jian ‘an costs about 30-50 yuan/m2.

(2) For every 0.1m increase in the covering soil on the garage roof, the steel content will increase by 1.5-2kg/㎡, and the concrete will increase by 0.015m/㎡ accordingly; Jian ‘an cost increases by about 18-20 yuan/㎡.

6, saleable ratio ()

(1) saleable area: including residential buildings (including bottom businesses) and other saleable areas.

(2) Non-saleable area: parking space, property room, basement, mezzanine, overhead floor, garbage room, police room, kindergarten, equipment room and other supporting areas and gift areas.

(3) Calculated value of head housing enterprises: For every 1% increase in the saleable ratio, the construction cost of Jian ‘an will be saved by about 50 yuan/㎡.

04

Specific measures of cost control

First, reduce invalid costs

1, the concept of invalid cost

Invalid cost is an unstructured and unnecessary cost that does not play an effective role in enhancing product value and promoting marketing, and cannot gain customer recognition and attention. Ineffective cost accounts for about 1-2% of Jian ‘an cost, and the cost per square meter affects 20-30 yuan/㎡.

2. Case measures to reduce invalid costs:

(1) Decorative treatment of air conditioning grille.

The enclosed area inside the air-conditioning grille is the customer’s non-sensitive area, and it is enclosed by the air-conditioning grille, and residents rarely enter it. The practice of real stone paint can be changed to ordinary paint (the current practice of Country Garden).

Taking the project under review as an example, the interior decoration of air-conditioning grille can save the cost: 800 square meters *40 yuan/m2 (price difference) = 32,000 yuan/building.

(2) The garage ceiling is not treated or painted.

The ceiling of the underground garage is a customer’s non-sensitive area, which can’t display well. Moreover, it is blocked by fire fighting, smoke exhaust pipes, bridges and other facilities. Secondly, latex paint or paint is easy to peel off when it is wet for a long time. If the cost of using mildew-proof coating is higher, the surface putty and coating are cancelled, or spray painting treatment is adopted, which will not affect its structural use function.

Take the current project under review as an example, the top of the garage is sprayed with latex paint of 15-18 yuan/㎡, and the area of the garage (including the beam side) is about 25,000 square meters. If it is not treated, the cost will be saved by about 375,000-450,000 yuan; If spray painting treatment is adopted, the cost will be saved by about 120,000-200,000 yuan/phase I garage.

Second, optimize and reduce structural and functional costs

With the soaring land price, the cost of land and construction and installation accounts for more than 66% of the total cost. The product positioning and design scheme in the early stage largely determines the direct profit and loss of the project. Optimize the product line, so that the positioning of the designed products can match the needs of customers. The highest goal is that customers take the initiative to buy products, rather than taking products to find customers.

1. Optimization and cost reduction measures in the planning and design stage (affecting the overall cost by more than 70%):

The main principles are: optimization, benchmarking, quota, adaptation and refinement.

(1) In the planning stage, the most profitable planning layout and product line (the products of high-rise buildings and villas have the highest profitability) are issued through the benefit comparison of various schemes.

(2) Optimize the building shape coefficient: The more complex the building shape, the more concavities and convexities, the larger the external area of the facade, the more complex the structure, and the higher the corresponding cost. Huxing design should be symmetrical and reduce too many concave and convex levels.

(3) Optimizing structural selection and shear wall layout: The structural layout with more short-leg shear walls has a higher impact on the cost.

(4) For the cost index limits such as steel content and commercial concrete content: design internal horizontal comparison, and externally benchmark the head real estate data such as Vanke and Country Garden (the steel content cost index of the same type of drawings in the market can be different to 5-10kg/m2).

(5) Optimize and reduce the window-to-wall ratio: reduce the window area in the north direction and increase the height of the window sill in the south direction (meet the vertical fire-proof spacing and avoid using fire-proof windows). Reducing the window-to-floor ratio is beneficial to energy saving and cost reduction. Door and window frame optimization (reducing the number of window frames).

(6) Reasonably control the type and proportion of the donated area (because the donated area is not saleable, but it is included in the construction and installation cost at the time of settlement), and try to avoid:

1, the proportion of the plane is too high.

2. Large-area nonfunctional overhead floor or negative equipment floor design.

3, a large area of internal transformation, especially a large area of empty patch.

4. Design the stolen area by transforming the facade.

5. Try to use equipment platforms, balconies, bay windows, etc. to give away the area, and control the proportion.

(7) Improve parking efficiency of underground garage: strictly control the pool area of underground parking spaces, and save 30 yuan/㎡ for every unit of parking efficiency.

(8) Increase the saleable ratio:

First, increase the saleable area on the ground and reduce the area of supporting houses and low-profit projects.

The second is to reduce the area of underground storage room and garage. For every 1% increase in the saleable ratio, the cost will be reduced by about 30 yuan/㎡.

(9) Elevation optimization:

(1) Reduce the complex shape of the facade: the building facade should not have too many levels and lines, which is difficult to construct and expensive. Secondly, there are too many lines (especially at the window sill). If too many polystyrene boards are used, it will become a hidden danger of water leakage in the outer window if it expands when heated and contracts when cooled for a long time.

(2) The shape of the roof should be simple: if the sloping roof is adopted, the slope of the sloping roof should be reduced, and the flower pattern and complex lines of the roof should be reduced. The cost sharing of roof modeling of multi-storey residential buildings is large.

(3) lines with a thickness of more than 150 should be poured with concrete, because the heavy rain invades and expands with heat and contracts with cold, which has the potential of falling off.

(9) Control the materials and use parts of the facade: strictly control the use of materials with high cost,

Non-sensitive and minor parts of the owner, such as the second floor above the facade, decorative lines, roof flower racks, equipment floors, etc., shall be made of lower specifications.

(10) garage optimization:

① Control the thickness of the garage cover soil, reduce the thickness of the whole cover soil layer and reduce the cost through local piling slope, and use piling slope to plant larger trees, which has a sense of hierarchy in landscape vision.

② Garage pipeline balance: increase the clear height of the garage lane to prevent cross-operation fighting and pipeline waste.

(3) Set up control centers such as water pump room and fire fighting reasonably, and reduce the length of equipment pipes, wires and cables in the most reasonable and economical position.

4 When the garage fire hydrant is arranged, it should not be arranged at the driver’s door, but should be arranged on the back of the car or on the inside of the post adjacent to the driveway.

(11) Building lobby decoration:

According to different grades of projects, the ceiling on the wall and ground in public areas such as lobby adopts different standard decoration materials to distinguish high and middle grades. Make the just-needed real estate appropriately reduce the cost.

2, material procurement stage optimization, cost reduction measures:

(1) Centralized procurement, with quantity for price.

(2) In exchange for lower material prices through strategic cooperation, based on the future estimated quantity and construction demand.

(3) Guide and cultivate long-term, stable and honest suppliers of materials.

(4) Elevator accounts for about 2% of the construction and installation cost. Customers are more concerned about the safety and quality of elevators. Reducing redundant functions and unnecessary configuration are the main measures to reduce elevator prices.

3. Optimization and cost reduction measures in the construction stage:

(1) Control the quantity and standardization of visas, reduce site changes, and construct in strict accordance with design drawings.

(2) Changes or visas required by the construction unit shall be approved for implementation after repeated confirmation and comparison.

(3) Building construction practices and techniques should be adapted and matched with the current development level of construction technology and the routine practices of engineering construction.

(4) Reduce the construction period reasonably. After the completion and warranty period are up to standard, all costs and expenses will be settled in batches according to the time nodes, and the turnover cycle of funds will be ensured by time span.

4. Optimization and cost reduction measures of garden facilities:

(1) Reduce the proportion of water features. Because of the high cost and maintenance of waterscape, it is easy to become a hidden part of water leakage, and it is not well maintained in the later stage, and deciduous dirt and mosquitoes become a sub-item.

(2) Reduce the number of nonfunctional and expensive landscape sketches such as sculptures.

(3) The proportion of hard scenes shall not exceed 30%. In the landscape cost, the hard landscape area is small, but the cost is high. According to the project quality, control the proportion of hard scene paving and increase the proportion of soft scene. Use real stone paint, tiles or other iterations to replace marble.

(4) The wall of the community is hollowed out, which makes the landscape inside and outside the community coherent and transparent, and reduces the cost.

5. Financial optimization and cost reduction measures:

(1) Accelerate the sales rhythm, quickly turn the funds, reduce the pressure of funds and increase the gross profit.

(2) Tax financial planning, and broaden financing channels.

6. Measures for optimization and cost reduction in the settlement stage:

(1) Combining with the construction technology and practice of the project site, reasonably apply relevant quotas.

(2) Strictly review and check the project visas and contracts, and review and reduce those that are inconsistent with the site or conflict with the quota.

(3) Fine calculation, combined with the construction site, to ensure the authenticity, accuracy and practicality of the calculation.

7. Optimization measures in the marketing stage:

(1) Differentiated pricing of underground parking spaces to improve overall efficiency.

According to the actual scene of the garage, respectively, for the parking spaces with advantages and disadvantages, the price of the dominant parking spaces should be increased, and the price of a few unfavorable parking spaces should be reasonably reduced, which fully reflects the difference of parking spaces’ values, promotes the balanced sales of parking spaces, and is conducive to the elimination of parking spaces and the overall premium.

1. Conditions for price increase of parking spaces:

A. Parking spaces near the elevator or the entrance of the unit.

B, independent parking spaces

C, the distance around the parking space is relatively large.

2. For a few parking spaces in unfavorable positions, appropriately reduce the selling price.

A, mini-car parking spaces, corners or locations where equipment and facilities are extremely obstructed.

B, lane end inconvenient parking spaces.

(2) Add some middle and high-end parking spaces, which will improve the overall benefit of premium.

According to the project grade, on the basis of standard parking spaces (2.4*5.3), a reasonable proportion of medium and large parking spaces (2.6-2.7 in width and 5.3-5.5 in length) will be added.

(3) By giving away a reasonable area or space, we can enhance the higher sales added value, bring more premium, and get rid of chemicals faster, so as to enhance the overall benefit.

1. Optimization of negative first floor space:

The whole negative floor or the south area is presented to the first floor (some lighting windows are added to the negative floor).

Reasons: First, it can bring the first-tier premium and raise the first-tier price; Second: when the underground garage is 3.6 meters, two-story basements must be built below the main building (high-rise), which will design a large number of underground storage rooms, which is not conducive to decontamination. Turn the storage room on the negative floor into a gift space on the negative floor, break it into whole parts and quickly remove it. Third, the storage area of the remaining negative second floor can be designed to be smaller and the total price is lower.

Benefit calculation of two schemes:

A. If the standard floor costs 8000 yuan and the first floor (without yard) costs 7800 yuan, the whole negative floor or the space on the south side will be given as an additional gift to the first floor, and the price of the first floor will be 10800 yuan, and the benefit difference will be 3000 yuan/㎡. The relative selling price of storage room is 2000 yuan/m2, which brings more benefits.

B, if the standard floor costs 8,000 yuan and the first floor (with courtyard) costs 9,800 yuan, the whole negative floor or the space on the south side will be given as an additional gift to the first floor, and the price of the first floor will be 11,800 yuan, and the benefit difference will be 0 yuan/㎡. Basically, it is almost the same as selling the storage room at a price of 2000 yuan/m 2. Double added value can’t bring more profit growth, but it will solve the problem of slow storage room.

2. Optimization of negative two-story space:

The south area of the negative second floor (which has a large space facing the living room and bedroom) is used as a parking garage to increase the price. The premium capacity of the parking garage is much higher than that of the parking space, and it is fast and limited, so customers have priority to buy it.

Third, increase reasonable and effective costs in sensitive areas that customers are concerned about.

In the sensitive parts or areas that customers pay attention to, increase reasonable effective costs, improve quality, and let customers get the best value for money, thus generating a premium and increasing benefits. In the period of high housing prices and high costs, it is not suitable for price wars. By improving quality, selling price and profit, the brand effect can be expanded, and brand promotion and secondary premium can be given by word-of-mouth effect.

1. Sensitive areas of customer concern:

(1) According to the streamline of returning home: waiting hall, lobby, garage lobby and garage entrance.

(2) According to the architectural visual concerns: community gate, unit door bucket, first floor and facade.

(3) According to the landscape visual concerns: main entrance, core landscape axis and nodes, unit entrance, group landscape nodes, and residential fence.

2, in the home streamline, increase the reasonable and effective cost:

(1) The waiting hall, the lobby on the first floor and the garage are connected to the indoor lobby, and sensitive parts are paid attention to at the first level for customers. According to the grade of the project, simple and refined decoration is adopted to improve the quality of entering the home and create a sense of belonging at home.

(2) The fire hydrant and other equipment and facilities in the waiting hall are constructed with concealed fittings to avoid inconvenient access for customers.

(3) The lines at the entrance of the garage and the gate of the community are more thick, and the ceiling should not be made of glass. The slope at the entrance should be raised appropriately, and the entrance should be illuminated by lights.

3, building facade, increase the reasonable and effective cost:

(1) Lines and shapes are added to the 1-2 floor base and unit door bucket area of the building, which enriches the details and makes it more heavy.

(2) The color matching of the facade adopts color matching to replace the division of lines or shapes (high cost). Multi-storey horizontal different color surfaces make the building more thick; High-rise buildings adopt different vertical colors, which makes the building stand tall and straight.

4, landscape, increase the effective cost.

Excellent core landscape brings high-quality on-site experience to customers and directly raises the house price.

(1) First-class landscape areas such as main entrance, core landscape axis and nodes, unit entrance, and group landscape nodes should be built with emphasis.

(2) The children’s playground is set in an open space, and the surrounding vision is wide.

(3) A fitness track is added in the secondary landscape zone (semi-private) of the community, and cultural tips are added around the track to distinguish areas, which increases the identification and interest of the space and improves the humanistic quality of the project.

(4) The right corner of the road shall be rounded to prevent trampling.

4. In terms of intelligence, increase the effective cost.

A fully intelligent identification system for the owner is composed of face recognition of the gate, face recognition of the unit door, fingerprint lock of the entrance password, license plate number recognition system of the basement and automatic induction gate, which is convenient for the owner to enter and exit without keys and Bluetooth cards.

5, garage and other supporting aspects, increase the effective cost

(1) The garage driveway is the customer’s concern area, and it is made of toughened or grinded stone floor, while others are made of solidified wear-resistant floor (epoxy floor is not recommended, because the garage is wet and not wear-resistant, and after 1-3 years, there will be problems of sanding and falling off in different degrees, which will reduce the quality).

(2) Lane lighting design, lane lights and lane guide arrows are aligned up and down, which broadens the vision of two-way lanes, makes driving light feel more comfortable and ensures driving safety.

(3) The large-scale garage is divided into zones and colors, which is easy to identify and provides a simple sense of orientation.

(4) The garage is equipped with a zebra crossing on the sidewalk to distinguish the traffic flow and pedestrian line in the underground garage, which not only guides the owner to cross the driveway safely, but also plays a role in warning the vehicles driving in the basement to speed limit.

(4) Establish a model first and a quantity exhibition area, and stimulate customers’ purchasing desire and transaction rate through case experience.

(5) Set some smart WIFI, hidden trash cans, and some direct drinking water in the outdoor public activity area, so that customers can experience differentiated services and excellent living experience with less cost and attention to details, and improve quality.

Item 4: The conclusion of cost control:

All departments and stages refine the cost control, so as to prevent in advance, control in the process and analyze afterwards, forming a closed-loop and virtuous circle of the whole process.

First, improve the cost consciousness of all staff, establish the overall situation consciousness, and fully realize the close relationship between cost and income: reducing cost means increasing efficiency.

Second, all relevant departments should cooperate with each other, strengthen cooperation, establish a whole-process and full-staff cost control system, and dig deep into cost optimization and reduction measures:

1. Plan, design, optimize and innovate iterative products.

2, construction management to ensure quality.

3. Centralized strategic procurement of materials.

4. Marketing packaging: explore the core value and increase the premium rate.

5, financial control system control.

7. The Legal Department should guard against risks.

8, the completion of the settlement strictly according to the facts.

6. The feedback data of property customer service complaints are used as experience books to form a closed loop.

The real estate competition has entered the stage of high-quality and high-value differentiated competition. At present, real estate developers should seize the challenges and opportunities, enhance the concept of value promotion and cost control, take effective management and control measures, and do fine cost management with the craftsman mentality of "wringing the last drop of water on the towel" to enhance product value and create value for customers, so as to enhance the value of products and the core competitiveness of enterprises, so as to achieve sustainable and healthy development.

Source: Pang Dong has something to say. This article has been authorized by the author. Thank you for this.

On December 8th, the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism held a press conference to introduce the situation of further optimizing the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures and answer media questions.

Graded and classified treatment

How do medical institutions do a good job in graded and classified treatment of key populations?

Guo Yanhong, director of the Medical Emergency Department of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that in order to make overall plans for the layout and utilization of medical resources, the key point is to do a good job in the medical treatment and management of those who are seriously ill and have serious risk factors in COVID-19, and we have classified and treated those infected with COVID-19 virus.

First, for mild and asymptomatic infected people, those who have no basic diseases or whose basic diseases are in a stable period, they can take care of themselves at home.

Second, this part of patients with severe illness or serious risk should be admitted to designated hospitals. In order to ensure the treatment of this part of patients with severe illness or serious risk, we require that hospitals with strong comprehensive ability and high treatment level should be selected as designated treatment hospitals, and at the same time, they should be equipped with strong medical staff.

Thirdly, there are still some patients who have basic diseases or are mainly suffering from other diseases and go to general hospitals or specialized hospitals for treatment. In the process of treatment, they may be COVID-19-positive after testing. For these people, we have asked general hospitals and specialized hospitals to set up buffer zones, whether in outpatient, emergency or inpatient areas, so as to ensure that these patients can be treated and meet the needs of people’s medical services. Read the original > > >

What kind of symptoms do you need to see a doctor in a medical institution?

Wang Guiqiang, director of infectious diseases department of Peking University First Hospital, said that if the following five situations occur, it is recommended to contact community doctors. If the illness is serious, you can contact 120 to go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment.

The first situation is dyspnea or shortness of breath.

The second situation is that after drug treatment, you still have a fever. If it exceeds 38.5 degrees Celsius for more than 3 days, you should go to the hospital.

The third situation is that the original underlying diseases are obviously aggravated. For example, when the medication for hypertension is uncontrollable, the medication for diabetes is uncontrollable or there are other critical risks, you must go to the hospital for treatment in time.

The fourth situation is that children have some drowsiness, refusal to eat, diarrhea, vomiting, etc., which will not be relieved after treatment, and they will have to go to the hospital for treatment for more than two days.

The fifth is that pregnant women have headaches, dizziness, palpitation, shortness of breath or abnormal fetal movement, etc., and they should also go to the hospital for further diagnosis and treatment. Read the original > > >

nucleic acid testing

From what aspects has the scope and frequency of nucleic acid detection been reduced?

He Qinghua, a first-class inspector, said that further optimization measures require further optimization of nucleic acid detection, emphasizing that nucleic acid detection should focus on areas and personnel with high risk of infection, mainly reducing the scope and frequency of nucleic acid detection from the following aspects:

First, not to carry out all-staff nucleic acid testing according to administrative regions.

Second, except for special places such as nursing homes, welfare homes, medical institutions, child care institutions, primary and secondary schools, negative proof of nucleic acid testing is not required.

Third, cross-regional migrants will no longer be examined for negative nucleic acid test certificates or health codes, and landing inspections will no longer be carried out.

Fourth, according to the needs of epidemic prevention work, antigen testing can be carried out.

In addition, it is also required to carry out nucleic acid testing for employees in high-risk positions in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 20 optimization measures, and the scope of nucleic acid testing shall not be expanded.

Employees in high-risk positions mainly include:

Read the original > > >

What are the special places that need to provide negative nucleic acid certificates and health codes?

He Qinghua, the first-class inspector of the Department of Transmission and Prevention of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, said that although the pathogenicity of the mutant strains in Omicron is obviously weakened, the risk of serious illness is higher for the elderly and key people with basic diseases, especially those who live in nursing homes and welfare homes, as well as places where special people are concentrated, such places are prone to cluster epidemics once the source of infection is introduced, so it is necessary to provide negative proof of nucleic acid testing for foreigners entering these special places. People who enter other general places, including those who take public transport and cross-regional migrants, do not need to provide negative proof of nucleic acid test, nor do they need to carry out landing inspection, but they should do personal protection, wear masks regularly, and reduce gathering and interpersonal contact. The new 10 measures also suggest that large enterprises and some specific places can determine some prevention and control measures by themselves, and all localities can take targeted measures according to the local epidemic situation. At the same time, it is mentioned in the 20 measures that "one enterprise, one policy" and "one park, one policy" can be adopted for the prevention and control of some key enterprises, and the new 10 measures are a further continuation and update of the 20 measures.

How often do employees in high-risk positions need to carry out nucleic acid testing?

Wang Liping, a researcher at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China, said that according to the ninth edition of the prevention and control plan and 20 optimization measures, the employees in high-risk positions are mainly divided into two categories:

The first category is extremely risky, which refers to the entry personnel, goods, people in direct contact with the environment, staff in centralized isolation places, medical staff in designated medical institutions and fever clinics in general medical institutions,They are required to conduct closed-loop management during the operation and conduct nucleic acid testing every day;

The second category refers to some employees who are closely related to residents’ lives, such as Shangchao, Express Delivery, Takeaway, etc., who have intensive working environment, frequent contacts and strong mobility. For such people, we should also do a good job in monitoring and nucleic acid testing.Nucleic acid testing is required twice a week.

home quarantine

What factors should people consider when choosing home isolation and centralized isolation?

Wang Guiqiang, director of the Department of Infectious Diseases of the First Hospital of Peking University, said that close contacts need some basic conditions to choose home isolation: it is best to have a separate room and good ventilation; If you share the bathroom, you should do a good disinfection treatment; If the family stays at home independently, they should be able to take care of themselves in life; People at home must stay indoors and refuse all kinds of visits. In this case, we still suggest that close contact with people can be isolated at home.

We emphasize that when we are isolated at home, if there are elderly people, infants and so on who need to be taken care of at home, then we should pay attention to personal protection to avoid potential transmission risks, and we should wear masks and do a good job of hand hygiene. At the same time, antigen testing should be carried out every day, and once it is positive, it should be reported in time. At the same time, do self-monitoring after being positive. When it is negative, you should also do a good job of daily self-symptom monitoring, including whether you have fever, cough and shortness of breath. If these manifestations appear, you should also report them to the community in time.

The elderly, pregnant women, infants and people suffering from basic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases must report to the community in time for special needs, including medication and treatment, when observing at home. In case of emergency, they should also seek medical treatment in time.

How to do personal protection for isolated people at home?

Wang Guiqiang, director of the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, said that it is necessary to do a good job of personal protection for isolated people at home, and keep as little contact with family members as possible, and keep a certain distance if they contact. Include the following points that we emphasize:

First, the living room should be ventilated every day, and good ventilation is very important to reduce the spread of respiratory infectious diseases.

Second, the bathroom, bathroom, if it is best to use it alone, it should be disinfected every day. If it is shared, it must be staggered, and it should be disinfected well after use to avoid family transmission.

Third, do a good job in hand hygiene and environmental disinfection, including paying attention to hand hygiene during cooking and dining.

Fourth, when coughing or sneezing, be sure to cover it with a paper towel and throw it into the trash can to avoid the potential risk of aerosol transmission caused by splashing.

Fifth, used paper towels, masks, disposable gloves and other household garbage are put into plastic bags and placed in special trash cans.

Another thing we should pay attention to is that personal items should not be mixed and separated from family members as much as possible, because the items themselves may also pose the risk of virus transmission.

If the medical staff are infected with Covid-19, will they be treated at home or continue to work?

Guo Yanhong, director of the Medical Emergency Department of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that medical staff is a very special group. Due to their special positions, they will receive a large number of patients every day, so they face the highest risk of infection and the work is very heavy. It can be said that occupational exposure is inevitable.Once medical personnel are infected with Covid-19, they should also follow the relevant requirements of the "New Ten Articles".However, in order to minimize the occupational exposure risk of medical staff, we put forward a series of requirements for the management of medical institutions. Read the original > > >

Sealing and control measures

Units and buildings with "mixed pipe positive" detected no longer need to be sealed?

Wang Liping, a researcher at the Transmission and Prevention Department of China CDC, said that when the mixed tube is found to be positive, the relevant departments will inform the mixed inspection personnel as soon as possible, so that they can implement the local isolation measures, and at the same time, they will arrange personnel to take samples at home for review as soon as possible.Therefore, people in the same building and unit as those who are positive for mixed inspection do not need to be temporarily blocked.

When the recheck results are all negative, the mixed inspection personnel will immediately remove the isolation measures. However, if the door-to-door recheck results are positive, the control measures should be implemented in time, and the close contact should be controlled in time according to the results of field investigation and risk judgment, the risk area should be delineated, and the relevant epidemic situation should be handled well. Read the original > > >

Can only one positive infected person be detected without delineating high-risk areas?

Wang Liping, a researcher at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China,For the case that only one case is detectedIf the risk of communication in his work place, residence and activity place is relatively low, and after the secret connection is controlled in time, there is no risk of community communication after judgment, at this time, it is not necessary to delimit high-risk areas.

For a large number of households, a unit or a building may have hundreds of households.According to the current situation and risk judgment, according to the new ten articles, only the floors or households with high exposure risk can be judged to minimize the inconvenience caused by the epidemic to people’s lives.

After the high-risk area is demarcated, if no new infections are detected for five consecutive days, the seal can be released in time to avoid long-term seal control.. The new article 10 also mentioned that people with asymptomatic infection, mild illness or even close contact can choose home isolation. Therefore, it is very likely that there are some people in the community who are sealed off. For the newly infected people who are detected in the high-risk area after the risk area has been sealed off, if they live with the positive people who are strictly quarantined at home or are close to each other, there is no risk of community transmission outside the home after the judgment. In this case, even if they are positive, it will not affect the time to unseal the whole high-risk area, and they will still be unsealed without new ones for five consecutive days. Read the original > > >

Vaccination for the elderly

Why do the elderly need vaccination?

Xia Gang, Director of the Department of Health and Immunization, said that the current epidemic situation is still severe and complicated, and vaccination still has good effects in preventing severe illness and death. Vulnerable people such as the elderly can easily develop into severe illness, critical illness and even death after being infected with Covid-19, and vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine will benefit the most. There are quite a few disabled and semi-disabled elderly people in China who live at home for a long time and rarely go out. However, they may still be infected during the company or visit of relatives, which may lead to illness or even serious illness and death. Therefore, it is still necessary to vaccinate.

According to Xia Gang, according to research, compared with young people, the risk of serious illness after COVID-19 infection is 5 times, 7 times and 9 times respectively, and the risk of death is 90 times, 220 times and 570 times respectively. If the elderly over 80 years old are not vaccinated with one dose, their risk of death is about 14.7%; If one dose of vaccine is inoculated, the risk of death will be reduced to 7.16%; If three doses of vaccine are inoculated, the risk of death will be reduced to 1.5%. Compared with no vaccination, the risk of death decreased by 9.3 times after vaccination with 3 doses. Read the original > > >

What services and conveniences will be provided for the elderly when they are vaccinated?

Xia Gang introduced that in view of the mobility of these elderly people, in order to enable them to vaccinate more conveniently, we have continued some previous good practices, including using mobile vaccination vehicles, opening special vaccination sessions for the elderly and opening green channels for vaccination for the elderly. At the same time, it is also suggested that all localities can send medical personnel with rich experience in diagnosis, treatment and vaccination to form vaccination teams, carry common equipment and medicines needed during observation after vaccination, and provide home vaccination services for disabled and semi-disabled elderly people, so that these elderly people can complete vaccination without leaving home.

Editor Wang Xiaolin proofreads Zhai Yongjun.

　　China Overseas Chinese Network, March 9 (Xinhua) According to the report of WeChat official account, the Spanish version of the European Times, the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs has initiated the formulation of the "Creation and Development Law" and will implement digital and interconnected invoices through the platform of the Ministry of Finance. This law requires all companies, large and small enterprises, shops and even professionals to have the function of issuing electronic invoices. All computer-based billing procedures must be officially recognized. The program can send the electronic invoice to the tax bureau.

　　According to reports, the government said that this move will help to "reduce transaction costs and promote commercial transparency by digitizing commercial relations, and also described it as" a key lever that can effectively solve overdue payments in commercial operations ". However, it is also acknowledged that the primary goal of launching electronic invoices is to obtain reliable information about effective payment. The current system cannot obtain this information, but if the electronic invoice of the Ministry of Finance is used, all this information will be obtained.

　　In addition, the report said that enterprises and individuals who still do not have the function of issuing electronic invoices after two years will be fined 10,000 euros.

Three major US stock indexes overnightMixed up and down,S&P 500 indexUp 0.09% to 5308.13 points,Nasdaq composite indexIt rose by 0.65% to 16,794.88 points.Dow Jones industrial averageIt fell by 0.49% to 39,806.77 points.

Among the US stocks overnight,A total of 117 Chinese stocks rose and 151 Chinese stocks fell..

Popular Chinese stocksAmong them, Alibaba fell by 0.32%, Pinduoduo by 0.40%, Netease by 0.23%, JD.COM by 1.47%, Baidu by 1.55%, New Oriental by 1.00%, Billy by 3.54% and Iqiyi by 4.94%.

New forces of building carsAll fell, LI fell by 12.78%, Weilai fell by 1.14% and Xpeng Motors fell by 0.24%.

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　　Covid-19 is thought to originate from bats, and it is 96.2% similar to RaTG13 (collected by Shi Zhengli, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Yunnan, China in 2013) in nucleotide sequence level. However, it is a kind of novel coronavirus that has not been detected in humans and other animals before, and its appearance has brought many new problems to be solved urgently, including whether other pets, livestock and poultry may be infected by Covid-19 besides humans?

　　On April 8th, local time, the top academic journal Science published the paper "Susceptibility of Ferrets, Cats, Dogs, and Different Domestic Animals to SARS-coronavirus-2" online. The purpose of this study is to find out some questions: Will Covid-19 be transmitted to other animal species, thus becoming a "reservoir" of infection? Covid-19 infection has many clinical manifestations in humans, ranging from mild infection to death, so how is it manifested in other animals? With the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, which animals can be used to simulate the effects of these drugs or vaccines on humans most accurately?

　　In order to solve these problems, research teams from the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National High-level Biosafety Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control evaluated the susceptibility of different model experimental animals, pets and livestock to Covid-19, infected Covid-19 through experiments, observed the clinical manifestations and pathological changes of vaccinated animals and cohabiting animals, and detected the viral load of organs and tissues, the emission of respiratory and intestinal viruses, and the seroconversion of antibodies against Covid-19 in animals.

　　Their research shows that Covid-19 has weak replication ability in dogs, pigs, chickens and ducks, but it can replicate efficiently in ferrets’ upper respiratory tract and cats’ respiratory system and digestive system. Experimental infected cats can spread Covid-19 through the air; Some cats can cause serious illness or even death after infection, and the illness of young cats is obviously more serious than that of older cats.

　　Histopathological observation confirmed that virus infection in cats can cause lung inflammation and intestinal mucosal damage to varying degrees. Immunohistochemical study showed that there were a large number of virus infections in mucosal epithelium and olfactory bulb cells of upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, maxilla, tonsil), mucous gland epithelial cells of trachea and bronchial mucosa, and intestinal mucosal epithelium.

　　The correspondent of this paper is Chen Hualan, academician of China Academy of Sciences, chief scientist of the innovation team of animal influenza basic and prevention research in Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bu Zhigao, director of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and director of the national high-level biosafety laboratory for animal disease prevention and control, and Wu Guizhen, secretary of the Party Committee of Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control of China CDC and director of BSL-3 laboratory. Previously, on March 31st, local time, the research team had taken the lead in publishing the research on the preprint platform bioRxiv.

　　It is worth mentioning that the National High-level Biosafety Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control is one of the existing two P4 laboratories in China, and the other is in Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences. All the experiments of Covid-19 infection in this study were carried out in P4 laboratory, which was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Animal research and animal welfare programs were approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

　　According to the press release issued by official website, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, different coronaviruses have been prevalent in mammals and poultry, but most of these coronaviruses are limited to specific species of animals and generally cannot infect humans. Similarly, several common coronaviruses in humans do not infect other animals. However, some coronaviruses from bats, such as SARS and MERS virus, can often infect many animals and humans.

　　At present, Covid-19 is popular among a wide range of people in the world, and the risk of introducing animals in close contact with human beings is increasing. Therefore, it is urgent to study the susceptibility of domestic animals in close contact with human beings to Covid-19, evaluate whether domestic animals are exposed to Covid-19 hazards and become potential intermediate hosts, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of Covid-19.

　　In addition, in view of the current global epidemic situation of COVID-19, it is very likely that it will evolve into a common infectious disease, and it is urgent to establish a stable and reliable animal infection model to meet the needs of vaccine and drug research and development evaluation.

　　The research team stressed that the monitoring of cat COVID-19 should be regarded as an auxiliary means to eliminate the current Covid-19 epidemic. They called for close monitoring and protection of cats in epidemic areas, avoiding their contact with infectious sources and preventing them from becoming possible transmission hosts or storage hosts.

　　In addition, it was previously questioned that cats infected with COVID-19 were caused by large doses under laboratory conditions. However, in addition to this research, on April 3rd, Academician Jin Meilin, professor of the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Huazhong Agricultural University, director of the Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic Preparations of the Ministry of Agriculture, director of the Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and researcher Shi Zhengli, director of the Key Laboratory of Highly Pathogenic Biology and Biosafety of Chinese Academy of Sciences, also published a study on the preprint platform bioRxiv. Through the investigation of cat serum, they found that the serum ELISA test of 102 cats collected after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan showed that the serum from 15 cats (14.7%) was positive for Covid-19 receptor binding domain (RBD).

　　Nadia, a 4-year-old tiger from Bronx Zoo in new york, USA, was recently diagnosed with Covid-19. On April 5, local time, the US Department of Agriculture issued a statement confirming that a tiger in a zoo in new york was diagnosed with Covid-19, and several other lions and tigers also showed symptoms of respiratory diseases. Officials at the Bronx Zoo in new york said that nadia, three other tigers and three African lions had symptoms of dry cough and loss of appetite, but they are expected to recover. Public health officials believe that these animals were infected by an asymptomatic employee.

　　Covid-19 can be replicated in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets for up to 8 days, but it will not cause serious illness or death.

　　Ferrets are often used as animal models of human respiratory viruses. Therefore, the research team first tested ferrets’ sensitivity to Covid-19.

　　Two Covid-19 strains were used in this study: F13-E from Wuhan South China Seafood Market and CTan-H from a patient infected with Covid-19.

　　The research team inoculated 10 5 PFU (Plaque Forming Unit) F13-E or CTan-H into ferrets through nose respectively, and euthanized them on the 4th day after inoculation (P.I.). The turbinate, soft palate, tonsil, trachea, lung, heart, spleen, kidney, pancreas, small intestine, brain and liver of each ferret were collected, and the viral RNA was determined by qPCR and virus titration.

　　Viral RNA：A in ferrets’ organs or tissues: A, F13-E, B, CTAN-H..

　　The results showed that viral RNA and infectious virus were detected in the turbinate, soft palate and tonsil of all four ferrets, but not in other tissues.

　　C, virus titer in organs or tissues of ferrets inoculated with F13-E, D and CTAN-H.

　　The research team believes that these results show that Covid-19 can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets, but it has not been detected in other tissues.

　　In order to study the replication dynamics of virus in ferrets, the research team intranasally inoculated 6 ferrets with 10^5pfu of F13-E(3) or CTan-H(3), and then placed them in three isolated cages. On the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day, ferret nasal wash and rectal swab were collected for virus RNA detection and virus titration. At the same time, their body temperature and COVID-19 signs were monitored for two weeks.

　　Viral RNA in the nasal wash of ferrets inoculated with F13-E(E) and CTan-H(F). Viral titers in the nasal wash of ferrets inoculated with F13-E(G) and CTan-H(H).

　　The results showed that viral RNA was found in the nasal wash of all six ferrets on the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th day. Viral RNA was also found in some rectal swabs, but the copy number was significantly lower than that of nasal wash. Infectious virus was detected in nasal wash of all ferrets, but none of them was found in rectal swab.

　　One ferret in each group developed fever and loss of appetite on the 10th and 12th days respectively. In order to investigate whether these symptoms are caused by virus replication in the lower respiratory tract, the research team euthanized the two ferrets on the 13th day and collected their organs for virus RNA detection.

　　However, except for the ferret turbinate inoculated with CTan-H, the low copy number was detected, and no viral RNA was detected in any other tissues or organs.

　　Pathological studies showed that two ferrets euthanized on the 13th day had severe lymphoplasmacytic vasculitis and vasculitis, the number of type II alveolar cells, macrophages and neutrophils in alveolar septa and alveolar cavities increased, and the lungs had mild bronchiolitis.

　　The asterisk indicates that the animals were euthanized on the 13th day after inoculation, and the other four animals were euthanized on the 20th day.

　　Covid-19 antibody was detected in all ferrets by ELISA and neutralization test, and the antibody titers of two ferrets euthanized on the 13th day were significantly lower than those euthanized on the 20th day.

　　In order to further study whether Covid-19 was replicated in ferrets’ lungs, the research team inoculated 8 ferrets with 10^5 pfu of CTan-H through trachea, and euthanized 2 animals on the 2nd, 4th, 8th and 14th days, respectively, and detected virus RNA in tissues and organs.

　　Among the two ferrets euthanized on the second day and the two ferrets euthanized on the fourth day, the researchers only detected viral RNA； in the turbinate and soft palate of one of them. Among the two ferrets euthanized on the eighth day, viral RNA； was detected in the soft palate of one ferret and in the turbinate, soft palate, tonsil and trachea of the other ferret. No viral RNA was detected in the two ferrets euthanized on the 14th day.

　　These results indicate that Covid-19 can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets for up to 8 days without causing serious illness or death.

　　At the end of the paper, the research team also mentioned that, comparatively speaking, Covid-19 is different from other influenza viruses that can replicate in the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract of ferrets, and even human SARS-CoV. Covid-19 is only replicated in ferrets’ nasal bones, soft palate and tonsils. It can also replicate in the digestive tract, but even if the virus is inoculated in the trachea, the virus is still not detected in the lungs of ferrets.

　　Cats are highly susceptible to "cat-to-cat transmission": the monitoring of cat Covid-19 should be regarded as an auxiliary means of epidemic prevention and control.

　　It is worth noting that cats and dogs are in close contact with humans, so the research team thinks that besides laboratory animals like ferrets, it is very important to know the susceptibility of domestic animals that often live with humans to COVID-19 for the control of Covid-19.

　　The research team first studied the replication of Covid-19 in cats. Five 8-month-old subadult domestic cats (inbred lines) were intranasally inoculated with 10^5pfu of CTan-H, and two of them were scheduled to be euthanized on the sixth day to evaluate the virus replication in their organs. Three cats were put in separate cages in the isolator. In order to monitor the spread of respiratory droplets, an uninfected cat was placed in a cage adjacent to each cat vaccinated with the virus.

　　Because 8-month-old cats are aggressive, it is difficult to carry out routine nasal cleaning on them. In order to avoid possible harm, the research team collected the feces of these cats and checked the viral RNA in their organs after euthanasia.

　　Virus RNA was detected in the nasal bone, soft palate and tonsils of two sub-adult domestic cats euthanized on the 6th day, and virus RNA was also detected in the trachea of one cat and the small intestine of the other cat. However, no viral RNA was detected in any lung samples of these two cats.

　　Infectious viruses were detected in the nasal bones, soft palate, tonsils and trachea of these cats, but no infectious viruses were found in the small intestine with positive viral RNA.

　　The spread of Covid-19 among cats.

　　In the study of virus transmission, RNA virus was detected in the feces of two vaccinated cats on the third day, and RNA virus was detected in the feces of all three vaccinated cats on the fifth day. Among the three cats at risk of virus exposure, viral RNA was detected in the feces of one cat on the third day.

　　Virus-infected cats with positive feces were euthanized on the 11th day. Virus RNA was detected in the soft palate and tonsils of the infected cats and in the nasal bones, soft palate, tonsils and trachea of the exposed cats, indicating that respiratory droplets spread between cats.

　　On the 12th day, the research team euthanized the remaining cats. Viral RNA was detected in the tonsils of one virus-infected cat and the nasal bone, soft palate, tonsils and trachea of another virus-infected cat, but it was not detected in any organ or tissue of the two virus-exposed cats.

　　Through ELISA and neutralization test, Covid-19 antibody was detected in all three cats inoculated with virus and one cat exposed to virus.

　　Covid-19 replicates efficiently in respiratory system and digestive system of infected cats, causing pathological damage and inflammatory reaction. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study on cats that died or were euthanized three days after virus infection. (a) The arrangement of nasal mucosa epithelium is disordered, cilia fall off (arrow), and lymphocytes in lamina propria infiltrate (arrow). (b) The tonsil epithelial cells are degenerated and necrotic, and the surface of mucosal epithelium (asterisk) is covered with cell fragments and neutrophils (arrow). (c) Epithelial degeneration and necrosis of tracheal mucosa (arrow), with mucus (asterisk) mixed with a large number of cell fragments on the surface. (d) Epithelial necrosis of tracheal mucous glands and infiltration of lymphocytes (arrow). (e) Normal lung tissue structure of uninfected cats. (f) Aggregation of inflammatory cells in pulmonary blood vessels and coagulation of fibrin (arrow). (g) A large number of macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrated in alveoli, that is, alveolar septa. (h) Infiltration and proliferation of alveoli and alveolar septitis. (i) Some cells in the epithelium of small intestine are degenerated and necrotic, and lymphocytes in the lamina propria are moderately infiltrated (arrow). (j) A large number of epithelial cells of turbinate mucosa were positive for virus antigen (brown). (k) A large number of exfoliated cells in tonsil mucosa epithelium and mucosa surface were positive for virus antigen (brown). (l) A large number of virus antigens were positive (brown) in serous cells of tracheal mucous glands. (m) A large number of small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells were positive for virus antigen (brown). Ruler line A, I = 100 μ m, B-H, J-L = 200 μ m, M = 500 μ m

　　The research team also repeated the above-mentioned replication and transmission research in sub-adult cats in young cats (70-100 days). Histopathological studies on the samples of young cats who died or were euthanized on the third day after being inoculated with the virus showed that the nasal cavity and tracheal mucosa epithelium and lungs of the two cats had a lot of damage.

　　These results indicate that Covid-19 can be effectively replicated in cats, and young cats are more susceptible to infection. More importantly, the virus can spread from cat to cat through respiratory droplets.

　　Next, the research team also studied the replication and spread of Covid-19 in dogs, and the results showed that dogs were less sensitive to Covid-19. Similar studies also show that pigs, chickens and ducks are not sensitive to Covid-19.

　　Overall, the research team found that ferrets and cats are highly sensitive to Covid-19, dogs are less sensitive, and domestic animals including pigs, chickens and ducks are not sensitive to the virus.

　　In addition, it is reported that Covid-19 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor to enter cells, and ACE2 is mainly expressed in type II lung cells and serous epithelial cells of ferrets’ tracheal-bronchial submucosal glands. Therefore, the research team believes that the potential mechanism to prevent Covid-19 from replicating in ferrets’ lower respiratory tract remains to be studied.

　　The results of this study show that ferrets can be used as animal models for vaccine and drug evaluation in Covid-19. Dogs, pigs, chickens and ducks are not susceptible to Covid-19, which has important guiding significance for the traceability of virus hosts; More importantly, cats are highly susceptible to Covid-19.

　　The research team called for close monitoring and protection of cats in epidemic areas to avoid contact with infectious sources and prevent them from becoming possible transmission hosts or storage hosts. The monitoring of cat COVID-19 should be regarded as an auxiliary means to eliminate the current Covid-19 epidemic.

　　Paper link: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/early/2020/04/07/science.abb7015.full.pdf.

　　BEIJING, Nov. 18 (Xinhua)-Zhao Yingmin, vice minister of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, said on the 18th that the water environment quality in China is generally improving, but the situation is still grim, with widespread ecological destruction in river basins, non-point source pollution not effectively curbed, serious pollution in some tributaries, prominent eutrophication in some lakes, water environment carrying capacity reaching or approaching the upper limit, and "black odor" problems in many rivers and ditches flowing through towns. However, there is no contradiction between the overall improvement of the country and the local deterioration.

　　The the State Council Press Office held a routine briefing on the State Council policy today to introduce the policies related to the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" for eco-environment. For the reporter’s "‘ Water Ten Articles ’ Zhao Yingmin answered questions such as the progress made in one year’s implementation, what problems exist in water pollution prevention and control, and the focus of the next step.

　　Zhao Yingmin introduced that "Water Ten Articles" was released in 2015, and this year is the first implementation year, which has made great progress. Over the past year, there have been six main developments: First, according to the requirements of the "Water Ten Articles", the Ministry of Environmental Protection and 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) signed a responsibility letter for water pollution prevention and control, which decomposed the quality improvement tasks required by the "Water Ten Articles" into provinces one by one, and also required the provinces to decompose them into cities one by one, and finally implemented them in 1940 control units across the country. Each unit has clear and specific environmental quality for each year. At the same time, the Ministry of Environmental Protection has also established a national water pollution prevention and control mechanism, which has promoted the establishment of a linkage and cooperation mechanism for water pollution prevention and control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions.

　　The second is to organize the compilation of water pollution prevention and control plans for key river basins, prevent and control water pollution in the whole process, promote water resources conservation and recycling, and strengthen ecological protection and restoration.

　　The third is to organize investigation and evaluation of the environmental protection status of more than 900 centralized drinking water sources in cities at prefecture level and above, and guide all localities to speed up the standardized construction of drinking water sources. This includes the delineation of drinking water source protection areas, and cleaning up illegal buildings and sewage outlets in the protection areas according to law.

　　Fourth, according to the requirements of water quality improvement, decompose and implement the targets and requirements for emission reduction of major water pollutants in the 13 th Five-Year Plan and 2016.

　　The fifth is to implement the task of comprehensively improving the environment of 130,000 newly established villages by 2020, implement the central rural energy conservation and emission reduction funds in 2016, and support all localities to continue to comprehensively improve the rural environment.

　　Sixth, a series of relevant technical documents have been issued to guide the implementation of the "Water Ten Articles" in various places, including the Technical Guide for the Preparation of Water Body Standards, and a series of other technical documents.

　　At present, this year is 1-mdash; Of the 1,922 monitoring sections with monitoring data in September, 1,351 were above Grade III, accounting for 70.3%, up 4.0 percentage points year-on-year. At the same time, it should also be noted that 166 are inferior to category V, accounting for 8.6% of the total, a year-on-year decrease of 1.2 percentage points. At present, we estimate that this year, as the first complete year of the implementation of the "Water Ten Articles", it should be said that it has achieved a good start, and the annual target set by the "Water Ten Articles" is expected to be completed on the whole.

　　Ying Zhao residents further pointed out that although the quality of water environment has been continuously improved through the efforts of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, there is still a big gap compared with the people’s growing environmental demand. The prevention and control of water pollution is unbalanced, and the phenomenon of ecological destruction in river basins is still relatively common at present. It should be said that non-point source pollution has not been effectively curbed, some tributaries are seriously polluted, some lakes are eutrophic, the carrying capacity of water environment has reached or approached the upper limit, and many rivers and ditches flowing through towns are "black and smelly", which has been strongly reflected by the masses.

　　Zhao Yingmin also introduced three characteristics of the national water environment. First, the surface water quality is generally stable and getting better, but some water pollution problems are outstanding. Second, the situation of good water protection is grim. Third, the main pollution factors have differentiated. In the 12th Five-Year Plan, the binding index COD has declined, but the nitrogen and phosphorus are changing. Because the chemical oxygen demand has dropped a lot, relatively speaking, the pollutants that were originally in the second and third places have gradually become prominent pollution problems in some waters.

　　He said that the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" clearly put forward the goal and overall thinking by 2020. In the next step, the Ministry of Environmental Protection will insist on improving the quality of water environment as the core, take the implementation of the "Ten Water Articles" as the starting point, and conscientiously implement the tasks specified in the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan". First, adhere to the problem orientation and solve the outstanding water pollution problem that the masses are most concerned about and strongly reflect. "1+2" work priorities. "1" is to pay close attention to the safety of drinking water. "2" starts from both good water and poor water. The so-called good water is a class III or above water body that has not been polluted at present, and protection should be strengthened; Poor water is the so-called "black and smelly" water body, which is inferior to Class V water body, and we should also pay close attention to treatment. The second is to do a good job in source prevention and strictly observe the red line of total space access. The third is to highlight key areas and strengthen governance measures. The fourth is to innovate management methods and improve the management ability of water environment quality. The fifth is to strictly implement the responsibilities of local and enterprises.

　　Ying Zhao residents further indicated that the water environment quality in China is improving year by year. It should be said that the improvement of environmental quality is supported by a large number of specific pollution control work. For example, in the past five years, the total discharge of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen in China has decreased by 12.9% and 13%, and the daily sewage treatment capacity of cities and towns in China has increased by 57 million tons. Now the sewage treatment capacity of cities and towns in China has reached 182 million tons, making it one of the countries with the largest sewage treatment capacity in the world. There is still a lot of work, which supports the overall improvement of the water environment quality in the country, although the situation is still grim. Environmental protection inspectors found problems, and in some places, some sections of water quality deteriorated and rebounded, but there is no contradiction between the overall improvement of the country and the local deterioration.

　　He emphasized that this plan is very clear, and water environment protection should focus on water resources, water environment and water ecology, and the three should be comprehensively considered and treated to implement that "landscape, forest, field and lake are a community of life". In fact, water pollution control is manifested in water, but many problems still come from the shore, so it is necessary to form a systematic whole between water and land. Environmental management should also be managed in accordance with the objective laws of river basins, and refined management should be implemented, so as to implement the requirements of the 13 th Five-Year Plan and realize the protection of water resources, water environment and water ecology.

CCTV News:Yesterday (October 24th), the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics showed that in the third quarter, China’s consumer market generally recovered steadily, and market sales maintained growth.

The data shows that in the first three quarters, the total retail sales of social consumer goods was 32,030.5 billion yuan, up 0.7% year-on-year, with a growth rate of 1-mdash; It accelerated by 0.2 percentage points in August. Quarterly, it increased by 3.5% in the third quarter, and the recovery in the third quarter was faster than that in the second quarter. In September, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 2.5% year-on-year, of which the retail sales of commodities increased by 3%.

Guo Liyan, Director of Comprehensive Situation Research Office of China Macroeconomic Research Institute:At present, the domestic consumer market is also maintaining a stable trend, especially the potential of consumer demand such as online social zero, some emerging consumption and some green and low-carbon consumption is further released, which also drives the development trend of consumer market to stabilize and recover.

In addition, since the third quarter of this year, the Ministry of Commerce has continuously promoted the implementation of the policy of green smart home appliances going to the countryside, promoted the resumption and development of catering, accommodation and other industries, and created new consumption scenarios through digital empowerment and business travel and cultural integration, giving full play to the role of important platforms such as the international consumption season and stimulating consumption vitality. Beijing, Shanghai, Guizhou, Jiangxi and other places have also promoted the upgrading of consumer demand by issuing consumer vouchers and government subsidies.

1-mdash this year; In September, Shanghai won the title of the first store capital in the mainland with the number of 703 first stores. Recently, a number of first stores have just appeared in the waterfront core area of Shanghai Suhewan. This urban complex, which is incarnated from the historical protection buildings such as the Shanghai-style Shikumen building "Shenyuli", presents a rambling consumption experience after ten years of renovation. Among more than 140 brands, more than 70% are the first stores in China, the first in Shanghai and the first in the region.

Near the end of the year, with the opening of several heavy projects, Shanghai will continue to develop the starting economy, brand economy and tax-free economy, and cultivate a number of leading local brands and new online brands. It is expected that Shanghai will introduce more than 800 first stores this year. In Guizhou, since the third quarter of this year, a total of 113 million yuan of travel coupons have been issued to consumers inside and outside the province, which has driven the growth of travel consumption. In Zunyi City, 304 enterprises or merchants involved in tourism, catering, accommodation and retail have been included in the designated use points of cultural travel coupons.