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It seems that the dual-clutch gearbox has always had a bad reputation in the market, saying that it is all kinds of setbacks, and then the low-speed shift is irregular, and there are some design defects and some ghosts. Actually, I agree with you.

Although the dual clutch does bring some uncomfortable experiences at low speed, it also has its own outstanding advantages, such as high shift efficiency and fast shift speed, and makes the power almost seamlessly connected. However, there are also wet and dry types in powershift. Generally speaking, the wet type will be better, because the heat dissipation will be better, and it will not prompt the gearbox to overheat and then start the overheating protection because of a little intense driving …

Because of the special structure system and logical thinking of the dual clutch, it still needs some skills to be "comfortable" when driving a dual clutch vehicle. Let me give the dual clutch a wave of "rehabilitation".

Don’t let the clutch whine

Many owners of dual clutch gearboxes complain that their dual clutches are easily broken, but most of them are caused by improper use. For example, when stopping at a red light, many car owners like to step on the brakes, and then the car stops, just fine. The brakes are not stepped to the end. In fact, this is very burning the clutch plate, which is equivalent to the manual car stepping on the brakes without stepping on the clutch. Originally, the clutch plate was replaced about 80 thousand kilometers, and then the clutch plate of 50 thousand kilometers was GG.

Make more use of neutral position

Many old drivers like to stop and step on the foot brake, which is very irrational and even stupid. N-block is for you to stop for a short time. Others are good to say. If the vehicles in powershift keep stepping on the brakes when parking, the loss of your vehicles will be much greater than others. So it’s always right to park in N gear and be diligent.

Remember to step on the brake to the end.

If you change gears frequently in traffic jam, it will be troublesome, so I will teach you a method, that is, brake to the end, so that the clutch plate will loosen, because the computer has detected that you have to park.

Don’t worry about starting.

Many car owners who drive dual clutch vehicles often report that when they start in D gear, they don’t understand when they step on the accelerator. This is because the clutch plate will have 0.7 seconds to engage in the semi-clutch state after you put it in gear, so the engine will idle before stepping on the accelerator, and the best way is to wait for the idle speed to bring the car up before stepping on the accelerator.

Try to avoid low-speed peristalsis

Many times, when a female driver with dual clutch stops in the basement, the temperature of the gearbox is too high and she needs to stop to dissipate heat because of moving the car for a long time. That’s because the clutch plates are always in a state of semi-linkage. If the friction time is too long, the protection mechanism will be activated. Therefore, when driving a dual-clutch car at a low speed, it must be wretched and don’t wave.

　　[Global Network Military Report on May 7] According to a report on the website of the US Army Times on May 4, the US Navy "Seals" commandos who died in Iraq on the 3 rd were members of a rapid reaction force. Their task was to pick up a US military operational advisory group that was attacked by "Islamic State" militants in the Kurdish region of Iraq. At 7: 50 in the morning, after receiving the report of "the troops were attacked", the US military commander ordered the rapid reaction unit where the special forces staff sergeant Charlie Keating was located to join the battle and assist those US military advisers to evacuate. When Keating and his troops arrived in the village, they found that Kurdish armed forces and American military advisers were engaged in fierce melee with the enemy.

　　A national defense official said on the 3rd that at 7: 30 in the morning, about 125 "Islamic State" militants suddenly attacked the town of Taylor Askov.The militants acted in groups, with 20 armored vehicles and several car bombs, trapping more than 10 US military operational advisers. These consultants were on a one-day mission in the local area at that time, meeting with Kurdish a freedom fighter militants who had several operational outposts near the area controlled by the Islamic State.

　　"There were bullets everywhere," said Colonel steve warren, a spokesman for the US Department of Defense in Baghdad. He (Keating) was hit in this gun battle. " Warren said that Keating was shot at 9: 30 am that day, and was taken by helicopter to the US military medical center in nearby Abiel for treatment at 10: 19 am, but died shortly after.

　　Warren said that it is very rare to use the rapid reaction force in Iraq. The battle on the 3rd was the first time in several months that an American army called for emergency operations support. Keating, 31, is the third American soldier killed in Iraq since the US-led Coalition forces began to fight against the "Islamic State". At present, the US military is sending more ground troops to combat the "Islamic State" in Iraq and Syria.

　　The US military operational advisory group entered the town of Taylor Askov at dawn. The town is less than 5 miles (1 mile is about 1.6 kilometers) from the area controlled by the "Islamic State". Warren said that the U.S. military commander had ordered the rapid reaction force to assemble and stand by in advance in case the U.S. military "advice and assistance" team was in danger.

　　The "Islamic State" militants and their convoy of 20 vehicles entered the area without the knowledge of US military consultants and Kurdish armed intelligence personnel. Warren said, "You can’t monitor every inch of land all the time."

　　Warren said: "The enemy was able to gather enough troops in a very secret way, including several car bombs and some bulldozers, and of course their infantry. They were able to cross the local Kurdish armed defense line, cross the front line and advance rapidly to the town of Taylor Askov. There is their goal. "

　　The photos of the battle posted by the "Islamic State" on social media show that its militants drove several American Hummer military vehicles equipped with simple armor and a modified pickup truck equipped with heavy anti-aircraft machine guns. Warren said that there is no evidence that the "Islamic State" militants knew that there were Americans in the town when they launched the attack.

　　Warren said that shortly after the fighting started, American planes arrived over the town of Taylor Askov, including drones, F-15s and F-16s, several B-52s and A-10s. These planes dropped dozens of bombs, destroying all 20 armored vehicles of the "Islamic State" militants, as well as two cars, a bulldozer and three mortars. According to Warren’s estimation, 58 "Islamic State" militants were killed in the air raid.

◎ Author/Shandong Zhongyang Real Estate Development Group Co., Ltd. Wang Xihao; Copyright belongs to the author.

Expertise: apartment design and optimization, cost control optimization, film.

01order

At present, the real estate industry has entered the era of small profits. Real estate regulation and control policies such as "three red lines" and "centralized land reform" have deleveraged real estate and removed its financial attributes, resulting in increased costs, difficult financing, low fault tolerance rate and reduced profit rate to less than 6%.

By benchmarking Country Garden, Vanke and other head real estate companies, this paper makes a detailed and systematic data calculation, analysis and comparison and careful study from four aspects: cost control ideas, cost measurement indicators, specific measures and control conclusions. The specific research and application analysis are as follows:

02The purpose and thinking of cost control

First, the purpose and necessity of cost control:

Through the measures of increasing efficiency, reducing cost and marketing and packaging, the differentiated competition of products can be realized, so as to generate premium benefits, enhance the value and quality of products, further improve the core competitiveness of enterprises, and shape the recognition and brand image of enterprises.

Real estate benefit settlement is dynamic, lagging and long-term. Is a project profitable and how much is it? Only after the development and sales are completed will you know. Therefore, according to the existing project situation, learn the experience of cost control of other real estate to prevent the cost from being wasted or exceeding the standard.

Second, the idea of cost control:

Increase efficiency, reduce cost and enhance product value;

(1) Optimize and reduce structural and functional costs.

(2) Reduce invalid costs.

(3) Increase reasonable and effective costs in sensitive areas that customers pay attention to.

Third, the impact of cost control at each time stage on the overall cost:

1. The stage of land acquisition, planning and design planning affects 70% of the total cost, which belongs to prior control.

2. During the recruitment and construction stage, it affects 25% of the total cost, which belongs to the matter control.

3. The carry-over and settlement stage of completion data affects 5% of the total cost, which belongs to post-event control.

03Cost measurement index

A, the development of total cost index and proportion:

1. Land cost: According to the current 4 million/mu, the plot ratio is 2.0, and the floor cost is about 3090 yuan/m2 (4 million *1.03 (deed tax) /666.67/2), accounting for 40% of the total cost.

For every 1 million mu of land, the cost will increase by about 770 yuan/㎡.

2. Jian ‘an cost: 2,000 yuan/㎡ for high-rise buildings, accounting for 26% of the total cost.

3. Supporting fee: 400 yuan/㎡, accounting for 5% of the total cost.

4. Administrative expenses: 500 yuan/㎡, accounting for 6% of the total cost.

5. Land use tax: 9 yuan/m2 * 50 years /2.0=220 yuan/m2, accounting for 3% of the total cost.

6. Tax: the sales price (8,000 yuan temporarily) *11%=880 yuan/㎡, accounting for 12% of the total cost.

7. Marketing expenses: the sales price (temporarily 8,000 yuan) *2.5%=200 yuan/㎡, accounting for 3% of the total cost.

8. Financial expenses: (2-5, 6, 8) *10%=320 yuan/㎡, accounting for 4% of the total cost.

9. Unforeseen expenses: 100 yuan/㎡, accounting for 1% of the total cost.

10、The above total cost: about 7600 yuan/㎡. Among them, the cost of land and construction and installation accounts for 66%. If the land price is 3 million/mu, the total cost of development is 6,800 yuan/m2.

Second, the construction cost (1-5 controllable) cost index and proportion:

1. Reinforcement: The cost per square meter is about 300 yuan/㎡, accounting for 15% of the construction and installation cost.

2. Commercial concrete: the cost per square meter is about 280 yuan/㎡, accounting for 14% of the construction and installation cost.

3. Exterior wall decoration and thermal insulation: the cost per square meter is about 150 yuan/㎡, accounting for 8% of the construction and installation cost.

4. External window: The cost per square meter is about 100 yuan/㎡, accounting for 5% of the construction and installation cost.

5. Elevator: The cost per square meter is about 45 yuan/㎡, accounting for 2% of the construction and installation cost.

6. Measures cost (including scaffolding, tower crane, formwork, vertical transportation, etc.): The cost per square meter is about 300 yuan/㎡, accounting for 15% of the construction and installation cost.

7. Others: earthwork, fire protection, electricity, water supply and drainage, heating and ventilation, etc.

Third, the height and other cost indicators, the impact on the calculation of Jian ‘an cost

1, the height of the impact on the cost:

(1) For a 17F residential building, for every 0.1m increase in the storey height, the corresponding installation and installation cost will increase by about 2-3% (the steel content will increase by about 1kg/㎡; The concrete content is increased by about 0.01m3/㎡ m2, etc.).

(2) For every 0.1m increase in story height, the construction and installation cost will increase by about 30~50 yuan/㎡ (the higher the material price, the greater the impact).

2. Influence of steel content on cost：

(1), steel cost index:

(1) the average high-rise residential 17F steel content is about 40-58kg/㎡; The steel content of underground garage is about 120-160kg/㎡.

(2) if the purchase price of steel bars is 5000 yuan/ton, it will be about 6000 yuan/ton after charging.

③ The cost index of steel content per square meter of residence is 240-330 yuan/square meter (accounting for 12-17% of Jian ‘an cost).

④ The cost index of the steel content per square meter of the garage is 720-960 yuan/square meter (accounting for 28-37% of the garage construction and installation cost).

(2) Influence of steel content on Jian ‘an cost:

① When the steel content increases by 1kg per square meter, the construction and installation cost will increase by about 6 yuan/㎡ (the higher the steel bar price, the greater the cost will be).

(2) The purchase price of steel bars increases by 1000 yuan/ton, and the construction and installation cost increases by 50 yuan/㎡.

3, including commercial concrete:

(1), including commercial concrete quantity cost index:

(1) the general high-rise residential 17F concrete content is about 0.4-0.5 cubic meters/㎡, and the underground garage concrete content is about 1.5-2.0 cubic meters/㎡.

(2) If the supply price of commercial concrete is 500 yuan/Fang, it will be about 600 yuan/Fang after the fixed fee.

③ Cost index of concrete content per square meter of residence: 240-300 yuan/square meter (accounting for 12-15% of construction and installation cost).

④ The cost index of concrete content per square meter of the garage is: 900-1,200 yuan/square meter (accounting for 35-46% of the garage construction and installation cost).

(2) Influence of commercial concrete content on Jian ‘an cost:

(1) the content of commercial concrete increases by 0.01 cubic meters per square meter, and the construction and installation cost increases by about 6 yuan/㎡ (the higher the material price, the greater the impact on the increased cost). (2) The purchase price of commercial concrete increases by 100 yuan/㎡, and the construction and installation cost increases by 50 yuan/㎡.

4, window to ground ratio:

(1) For general 17F high-rise residential buildings, the window-to-floor ratio is about 0.16-0.31. Based on the calculation of 600 yuan/㎡ of aluminum alloy window with three glasses and two cavities, the floor cost index of external window is about 96-180 yuan/㎡ (accounting for 5-9% of Jian ‘an cost).

(2) For every 0.01 increase in the window-to-ground ratio, the construction and installation cost will increase by about 6 yuan/㎡.

5. Garage and soil covering

(1) For every 0.1m height increase in the underground garage, the reinforcement will be increased by 3-5kg/㎡ and the concrete will be increased by 0.02-0.03m3/㎡； ㎡; Jian ‘an costs about 30-50 yuan/m2.

(2) For every 0.1m increase in the covering soil on the garage roof, the steel content will increase by 1.5-2kg/㎡, and the concrete will increase by 0.015m/㎡ accordingly; Jian ‘an cost increases by about 18-20 yuan/㎡.

6, saleable ratio ()

(1) saleable area: including residential buildings (including bottom businesses) and other saleable areas.

(2) Non-saleable area: parking space, property room, basement, mezzanine, overhead floor, garbage room, police room, kindergarten, equipment room and other supporting areas and gift areas.

(3) Calculated value of head housing enterprises: For every 1% increase in the saleable ratio, the construction cost of Jian ‘an will be saved by about 50 yuan/㎡.

04

Specific measures of cost control

First, reduce invalid costs

1, the concept of invalid cost

Invalid cost is an unstructured and unnecessary cost that does not play an effective role in enhancing product value and promoting marketing, and cannot gain customer recognition and attention. Ineffective cost accounts for about 1-2% of Jian ‘an cost, and the cost per square meter affects 20-30 yuan/㎡.

2. Case measures to reduce invalid costs:

(1) Decorative treatment of air conditioning grille.

The enclosed area inside the air-conditioning grille is the customer’s non-sensitive area, and it is enclosed by the air-conditioning grille, and residents rarely enter it. The practice of real stone paint can be changed to ordinary paint (the current practice of Country Garden).

Taking the project under review as an example, the interior decoration of air-conditioning grille can save the cost: 800 square meters *40 yuan/m2 (price difference) = 32,000 yuan/building.

(2) The garage ceiling is not treated or painted.

The ceiling of the underground garage is a customer’s non-sensitive area, which can’t display well. Moreover, it is blocked by fire fighting, smoke exhaust pipes, bridges and other facilities. Secondly, latex paint or paint is easy to peel off when it is wet for a long time. If the cost of using mildew-proof coating is higher, the surface putty and coating are cancelled, or spray painting treatment is adopted, which will not affect its structural use function.

Take the current project under review as an example, the top of the garage is sprayed with latex paint of 15-18 yuan/㎡, and the area of the garage (including the beam side) is about 25,000 square meters. If it is not treated, the cost will be saved by about 375,000-450,000 yuan; If spray painting treatment is adopted, the cost will be saved by about 120,000-200,000 yuan/phase I garage.

Second, optimize and reduce structural and functional costs

With the soaring land price, the cost of land and construction and installation accounts for more than 66% of the total cost. The product positioning and design scheme in the early stage largely determines the direct profit and loss of the project. Optimize the product line, so that the positioning of the designed products can match the needs of customers. The highest goal is that customers take the initiative to buy products, rather than taking products to find customers.

1. Optimization and cost reduction measures in the planning and design stage (affecting the overall cost by more than 70%):

The main principles are: optimization, benchmarking, quota, adaptation and refinement.

(1) In the planning stage, the most profitable planning layout and product line (the products of high-rise buildings and villas have the highest profitability) are issued through the benefit comparison of various schemes.

(2) Optimize the building shape coefficient: The more complex the building shape, the more concavities and convexities, the larger the external area of the facade, the more complex the structure, and the higher the corresponding cost. Huxing design should be symmetrical and reduce too many concave and convex levels.

(3) Optimizing structural selection and shear wall layout: The structural layout with more short-leg shear walls has a higher impact on the cost.

(4) For the cost index limits such as steel content and commercial concrete content: design internal horizontal comparison, and externally benchmark the head real estate data such as Vanke and Country Garden (the steel content cost index of the same type of drawings in the market can be different to 5-10kg/m2).

(5) Optimize and reduce the window-to-wall ratio: reduce the window area in the north direction and increase the height of the window sill in the south direction (meet the vertical fire-proof spacing and avoid using fire-proof windows). Reducing the window-to-floor ratio is beneficial to energy saving and cost reduction. Door and window frame optimization (reducing the number of window frames).

(6) Reasonably control the type and proportion of the donated area (because the donated area is not saleable, but it is included in the construction and installation cost at the time of settlement), and try to avoid:

1, the proportion of the plane is too high.

2. Large-area nonfunctional overhead floor or negative equipment floor design.

3, a large area of internal transformation, especially a large area of empty patch.

4. Design the stolen area by transforming the facade.

5. Try to use equipment platforms, balconies, bay windows, etc. to give away the area, and control the proportion.

(7) Improve parking efficiency of underground garage: strictly control the pool area of underground parking spaces, and save 30 yuan/㎡ for every unit of parking efficiency.

(8) Increase the saleable ratio:

First, increase the saleable area on the ground and reduce the area of supporting houses and low-profit projects.

The second is to reduce the area of underground storage room and garage. For every 1% increase in the saleable ratio, the cost will be reduced by about 30 yuan/㎡.

(9) Elevation optimization:

(1) Reduce the complex shape of the facade: the building facade should not have too many levels and lines, which is difficult to construct and expensive. Secondly, there are too many lines (especially at the window sill). If too many polystyrene boards are used, it will become a hidden danger of water leakage in the outer window if it expands when heated and contracts when cooled for a long time.

(2) The shape of the roof should be simple: if the sloping roof is adopted, the slope of the sloping roof should be reduced, and the flower pattern and complex lines of the roof should be reduced. The cost sharing of roof modeling of multi-storey residential buildings is large.

(3) lines with a thickness of more than 150 should be poured with concrete, because the heavy rain invades and expands with heat and contracts with cold, which has the potential of falling off.

(9) Control the materials and use parts of the facade: strictly control the use of materials with high cost,

Non-sensitive and minor parts of the owner, such as the second floor above the facade, decorative lines, roof flower racks, equipment floors, etc., shall be made of lower specifications.

(10) garage optimization:

① Control the thickness of the garage cover soil, reduce the thickness of the whole cover soil layer and reduce the cost through local piling slope, and use piling slope to plant larger trees, which has a sense of hierarchy in landscape vision.

② Garage pipeline balance: increase the clear height of the garage lane to prevent cross-operation fighting and pipeline waste.

(3) Set up control centers such as water pump room and fire fighting reasonably, and reduce the length of equipment pipes, wires and cables in the most reasonable and economical position.

4 When the garage fire hydrant is arranged, it should not be arranged at the driver’s door, but should be arranged on the back of the car or on the inside of the post adjacent to the driveway.

(11) Building lobby decoration:

According to different grades of projects, the ceiling on the wall and ground in public areas such as lobby adopts different standard decoration materials to distinguish high and middle grades. Make the just-needed real estate appropriately reduce the cost.

2, material procurement stage optimization, cost reduction measures:

(1) Centralized procurement, with quantity for price.

(2) In exchange for lower material prices through strategic cooperation, based on the future estimated quantity and construction demand.

(3) Guide and cultivate long-term, stable and honest suppliers of materials.

(4) Elevator accounts for about 2% of the construction and installation cost. Customers are more concerned about the safety and quality of elevators. Reducing redundant functions and unnecessary configuration are the main measures to reduce elevator prices.

3. Optimization and cost reduction measures in the construction stage:

(1) Control the quantity and standardization of visas, reduce site changes, and construct in strict accordance with design drawings.

(2) Changes or visas required by the construction unit shall be approved for implementation after repeated confirmation and comparison.

(3) Building construction practices and techniques should be adapted and matched with the current development level of construction technology and the routine practices of engineering construction.

(4) Reduce the construction period reasonably. After the completion and warranty period are up to standard, all costs and expenses will be settled in batches according to the time nodes, and the turnover cycle of funds will be ensured by time span.

4. Optimization and cost reduction measures of garden facilities:

(1) Reduce the proportion of water features. Because of the high cost and maintenance of waterscape, it is easy to become a hidden part of water leakage, and it is not well maintained in the later stage, and deciduous dirt and mosquitoes become a sub-item.

(2) Reduce the number of nonfunctional and expensive landscape sketches such as sculptures.

(3) The proportion of hard scenes shall not exceed 30%. In the landscape cost, the hard landscape area is small, but the cost is high. According to the project quality, control the proportion of hard scene paving and increase the proportion of soft scene. Use real stone paint, tiles or other iterations to replace marble.

(4) The wall of the community is hollowed out, which makes the landscape inside and outside the community coherent and transparent, and reduces the cost.

5. Financial optimization and cost reduction measures:

(1) Accelerate the sales rhythm, quickly turn the funds, reduce the pressure of funds and increase the gross profit.

(2) Tax financial planning, and broaden financing channels.

6. Measures for optimization and cost reduction in the settlement stage:

(1) Combining with the construction technology and practice of the project site, reasonably apply relevant quotas.

(2) Strictly review and check the project visas and contracts, and review and reduce those that are inconsistent with the site or conflict with the quota.

(3) Fine calculation, combined with the construction site, to ensure the authenticity, accuracy and practicality of the calculation.

7. Optimization measures in the marketing stage:

(1) Differentiated pricing of underground parking spaces to improve overall efficiency.

According to the actual scene of the garage, respectively, for the parking spaces with advantages and disadvantages, the price of the dominant parking spaces should be increased, and the price of a few unfavorable parking spaces should be reasonably reduced, which fully reflects the difference of parking spaces’ values, promotes the balanced sales of parking spaces, and is conducive to the elimination of parking spaces and the overall premium.

1. Conditions for price increase of parking spaces:

A. Parking spaces near the elevator or the entrance of the unit.

B, independent parking spaces

C, the distance around the parking space is relatively large.

2. For a few parking spaces in unfavorable positions, appropriately reduce the selling price.

A, mini-car parking spaces, corners or locations where equipment and facilities are extremely obstructed.

B, lane end inconvenient parking spaces.

(2) Add some middle and high-end parking spaces, which will improve the overall benefit of premium.

According to the project grade, on the basis of standard parking spaces (2.4*5.3), a reasonable proportion of medium and large parking spaces (2.6-2.7 in width and 5.3-5.5 in length) will be added.

(3) By giving away a reasonable area or space, we can enhance the higher sales added value, bring more premium, and get rid of chemicals faster, so as to enhance the overall benefit.

1. Optimization of negative first floor space:

The whole negative floor or the south area is presented to the first floor (some lighting windows are added to the negative floor).

Reasons: First, it can bring the first-tier premium and raise the first-tier price; Second: when the underground garage is 3.6 meters, two-story basements must be built below the main building (high-rise), which will design a large number of underground storage rooms, which is not conducive to decontamination. Turn the storage room on the negative floor into a gift space on the negative floor, break it into whole parts and quickly remove it. Third, the storage area of the remaining negative second floor can be designed to be smaller and the total price is lower.

Benefit calculation of two schemes:

A. If the standard floor costs 8000 yuan and the first floor (without yard) costs 7800 yuan, the whole negative floor or the space on the south side will be given as an additional gift to the first floor, and the price of the first floor will be 10800 yuan, and the benefit difference will be 3000 yuan/㎡. The relative selling price of storage room is 2000 yuan/m2, which brings more benefits.

B, if the standard floor costs 8,000 yuan and the first floor (with courtyard) costs 9,800 yuan, the whole negative floor or the space on the south side will be given as an additional gift to the first floor, and the price of the first floor will be 11,800 yuan, and the benefit difference will be 0 yuan/㎡. Basically, it is almost the same as selling the storage room at a price of 2000 yuan/m 2. Double added value can’t bring more profit growth, but it will solve the problem of slow storage room.

2. Optimization of negative two-story space:

The south area of the negative second floor (which has a large space facing the living room and bedroom) is used as a parking garage to increase the price. The premium capacity of the parking garage is much higher than that of the parking space, and it is fast and limited, so customers have priority to buy it.

Third, increase reasonable and effective costs in sensitive areas that customers are concerned about.

In the sensitive parts or areas that customers pay attention to, increase reasonable effective costs, improve quality, and let customers get the best value for money, thus generating a premium and increasing benefits. In the period of high housing prices and high costs, it is not suitable for price wars. By improving quality, selling price and profit, the brand effect can be expanded, and brand promotion and secondary premium can be given by word-of-mouth effect.

1. Sensitive areas of customer concern:

(1) According to the streamline of returning home: waiting hall, lobby, garage lobby and garage entrance.

(2) According to the architectural visual concerns: community gate, unit door bucket, first floor and facade.

(3) According to the landscape visual concerns: main entrance, core landscape axis and nodes, unit entrance, group landscape nodes, and residential fence.

2, in the home streamline, increase the reasonable and effective cost:

(1) The waiting hall, the lobby on the first floor and the garage are connected to the indoor lobby, and sensitive parts are paid attention to at the first level for customers. According to the grade of the project, simple and refined decoration is adopted to improve the quality of entering the home and create a sense of belonging at home.

(2) The fire hydrant and other equipment and facilities in the waiting hall are constructed with concealed fittings to avoid inconvenient access for customers.

(3) The lines at the entrance of the garage and the gate of the community are more thick, and the ceiling should not be made of glass. The slope at the entrance should be raised appropriately, and the entrance should be illuminated by lights.

3, building facade, increase the reasonable and effective cost:

(1) Lines and shapes are added to the 1-2 floor base and unit door bucket area of the building, which enriches the details and makes it more heavy.

(2) The color matching of the facade adopts color matching to replace the division of lines or shapes (high cost). Multi-storey horizontal different color surfaces make the building more thick; High-rise buildings adopt different vertical colors, which makes the building stand tall and straight.

4, landscape, increase the effective cost.

Excellent core landscape brings high-quality on-site experience to customers and directly raises the house price.

(1) First-class landscape areas such as main entrance, core landscape axis and nodes, unit entrance, and group landscape nodes should be built with emphasis.

(2) The children’s playground is set in an open space, and the surrounding vision is wide.

(3) A fitness track is added in the secondary landscape zone (semi-private) of the community, and cultural tips are added around the track to distinguish areas, which increases the identification and interest of the space and improves the humanistic quality of the project.

(4) The right corner of the road shall be rounded to prevent trampling.

4. In terms of intelligence, increase the effective cost.

A fully intelligent identification system for the owner is composed of face recognition of the gate, face recognition of the unit door, fingerprint lock of the entrance password, license plate number recognition system of the basement and automatic induction gate, which is convenient for the owner to enter and exit without keys and Bluetooth cards.

5, garage and other supporting aspects, increase the effective cost

(1) The garage driveway is the customer’s concern area, and it is made of toughened or grinded stone floor, while others are made of solidified wear-resistant floor (epoxy floor is not recommended, because the garage is wet and not wear-resistant, and after 1-3 years, there will be problems of sanding and falling off in different degrees, which will reduce the quality).

(2) Lane lighting design, lane lights and lane guide arrows are aligned up and down, which broadens the vision of two-way lanes, makes driving light feel more comfortable and ensures driving safety.

(3) The large-scale garage is divided into zones and colors, which is easy to identify and provides a simple sense of orientation.

(4) The garage is equipped with a zebra crossing on the sidewalk to distinguish the traffic flow and pedestrian line in the underground garage, which not only guides the owner to cross the driveway safely, but also plays a role in warning the vehicles driving in the basement to speed limit.

(4) Establish a model first and a quantity exhibition area, and stimulate customers’ purchasing desire and transaction rate through case experience.

(5) Set some smart WIFI, hidden trash cans, and some direct drinking water in the outdoor public activity area, so that customers can experience differentiated services and excellent living experience with less cost and attention to details, and improve quality.

Item 4: The conclusion of cost control:

All departments and stages refine the cost control, so as to prevent in advance, control in the process and analyze afterwards, forming a closed-loop and virtuous circle of the whole process.

First, improve the cost consciousness of all staff, establish the overall situation consciousness, and fully realize the close relationship between cost and income: reducing cost means increasing efficiency.

Second, all relevant departments should cooperate with each other, strengthen cooperation, establish a whole-process and full-staff cost control system, and dig deep into cost optimization and reduction measures:

1. Plan, design, optimize and innovate iterative products.

2, construction management to ensure quality.

3. Centralized strategic procurement of materials.

4. Marketing packaging: explore the core value and increase the premium rate.

5, financial control system control.

7. The Legal Department should guard against risks.

8, the completion of the settlement strictly according to the facts.

6. The feedback data of property customer service complaints are used as experience books to form a closed loop.

The real estate competition has entered the stage of high-quality and high-value differentiated competition. At present, real estate developers should seize the challenges and opportunities, enhance the concept of value promotion and cost control, take effective management and control measures, and do fine cost management with the craftsman mentality of "wringing the last drop of water on the towel" to enhance product value and create value for customers, so as to enhance the value of products and the core competitiveness of enterprises, so as to achieve sustainable and healthy development.

Source: Pang Dong has something to say. This article has been authorized by the author. Thank you for this.

Online guests:

Director (Director) of Dali Municipal Development and Reform Commission (Price Bureau)

Zhang Jinglin, Deputy Director, Airport Intercity Railway Office, Development and Reform Commission (Price Bureau)

Zhan Jingjing, Chief of Price and Fee Section of Development and Reform Commission (Price Bureau)

Staff of Price and Fee Department of Yinhui Development and Reform Commission (Price Bureau)

Director of Development and Reform Commission of Qiaocheng District, Tang Lingyun

Director of Sunhui Qiaocheng District Price Supervision and Inspection Branch Bureau

Head of Business Unit of Development and Reform Commission (Price Bureau) in Qiaocheng District, Kong Delong

Second, the problem

(1): School fees are the focus issue recently. Please ask Director Dai to introduce the relevant policies on education fees.

A: According to the provisions of the provincial price bureau, the Education Department and other relevant departments and the authority division of the 2018 edition of the Pricing Catalogue, the fees for compulsory education (junior high schools and primary schools), public high schools and public kindergartens must be subject to the charging standards approved by the municipal price department. Fees for tuition and accommodation in public higher education must be approved by the provincial price department. The academic education fees and accommodation fees charged by private schools in senior high schools, junior high schools and primary schools shall be approved by the local price department, and the private kindergartens shall be charged with conservation education fees by the operators themselves and reported to the price education department for the record. When all schools charge fees, the price should be publicized in a prominent position in the school.

The specific requirements are as follows:

1 strictly regulate the compulsory education stage (junior high school, primary school) charging behavior.

Compulsory education stage (junior high school, primary school) only allows students to collect homework costs and escrow funds, escrow funds (teaching materials, etc.) should be collected according to the facts, the state implements compulsory education free of tuition, tuition and miscellaneous fees, and schools in rural compulsory education stage are also free of teaching materials and accommodation fees.

In the stage of urban public compulsory education, students can be charged textbook fees and homework fees according to regulations, and accommodation fees can be charged to boarding students, and other fees are not allowed to be charged.

2. Strengthen the management of ordinary high school fees.

Further supervise and inspect the implementation of the "three-limit" policy (limited number of students, limited scores and limited amount of money) cancelled by ordinary high schools, and strengthen the management of enrollment, student status and fees. In addition to charging tuition fees, homework fees and accommodation fees, public high schools are strictly forbidden to charge tuition fees, school selection fees and sponsorship fees linked to admission under various names.

3. Standardize the charging behavior of private education.

Private schools with academic qualifications should strictly implement the charging standards approved by the local price departments, and private schools should not charge students any other fees except the prescribed tuition fees, accommodation fees and escrow fees. Private kindergarten fees shall be reasonably formulated by the school according to the cost of running a school, the qualification of running a school and the grade of kindergarten, and shall be reported to the local price and education department for the record before implementation.

4. Standardize the service charges and charges on behalf of schools at all levels.

Strictly implement the state’s regulations on the management of service charges and charging items and charging standards for schools of all levels and types, and strictly prohibit items that have been explicitly prohibited from being included in service charges and charging on behalf of schools. Library inquiry and electronic reading fees, lunch break management service fees, after-school care fees, bicycle care fees, etc. shall not be regarded as service charges and charges on behalf of others. It is strictly forbidden for schools of all levels and types to collect commercial insurance premiums, and schools are not allowed to collect military training fees, accommodation fees, transportation fees and photography fees from students during military training.

(2) Director Tang Lingyun of Qiaocheng District Development and Reform Commission publicized the price supervision during the "Three Summers" period.

In order to ensure the smooth development of summer harvest, summer sowing and summer management, and effectively protect the legitimate price rights and interests of grain farmers, Qiaocheng District Development and Reform Commission (Price Bureau) took measures to strengthen market price supervision during the three summers.

1. Strengthen monitoring and early warning. Pay close attention to the market price dynamics of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films, gasoline and diesel, and conscientiously implement the minimum purchase price policy for wheat. Do a good job in early warning and forecasting, and insist on early monitoring, early forecasting and early disposal.

2. Strengthen market inspection. Inspect the market price of agricultural materials during the three summers, and severely investigate and deal with price violations such as spreading false price increase information, hoarding, price fraud, and unclear price tag.

3. Intensify policy propaganda. Strengthen price propaganda and public opinion guidance, and timely release the price information of agricultural machinery operation. Increase the publicity of a series of price policies of governments at all levels to stabilize agriculture and benefit farmers, and promote the implementation of various policies to benefit farmers.

Fourth, increase the investigation and punishment of price reports. Open the telephone number for price reporting, promptly accept reports from the masses, make prompt investigation and feedback, earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmers, and ensure the stability of market prices during the three summers.

(3) Zhang Jinglin, deputy director of the Airport Intercity Railway Office of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission (Municipal Price Bureau), introduced the progress of Bozhou Airport, the progress of the Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway, and the progress of the preliminary work of the Bobang-Huaifu intercity railway project.

1. Progress of preparatory work for Bozhou Airport Project

(1) Project progress. Bozhou civil airport project belongs to the preliminary work project of the national "Twelfth Five-Year Comprehensive Transportation System Planning". In February 2017, Bozhou Civil Aviation Airport Project was included in the National Civil Aviation Development Layout Plan for 2030 and the Civil Aviation Construction Plan for the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan. In January 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission entrusted China Civil Aviation Engineering Consulting Company to hold an evaluation meeting on the pre-feasibility study report of Bozhou Airport Project. In February 2018, China Civil Aviation Engineering Consulting Company issued an evaluation report and submitted it to the National Development and Reform Commission.

Avic design institute has been entrusted to prepare the feasibility study report of the project simultaneously, and the feasibility study report will be submitted for approval after the project is approved. At the same time, special supporting reports such as energy-saving assessment, social stability risk report, seismic safety assessment, environmental impact assessment, soil and water conservation plan and land pre-trial required in the feasibility study stage have been determined by public bidding and other means.

(2) There are problems. The Central Military Commission issued a document in March 2018, which put forward new requirements for the approval procedures of civil aviation airports: the military-land agreement signed between the theater and the provincial government must be submitted to the Central Military Commission for approval before it can take effect. After the document was issued, the General Office of the Military Commission is reviewing 37 civil aviation airports in China that have entered the examination and approval procedures, and determining the list of airports that implement the new regulations of the Central Military Commission through consultation. Bozhou airport project approval needs to wait for the audit results, and the National Development and Reform Commission will perform the approval procedures according to the situation.

(3) the lower work arrangement. Timely link up the National Development and Reform Commission and the Joint Staff, grasp the audit of 37 civil aviation airports that have entered the examination and approval procedures by the Central Military Commission, and coordinate and promote the project approval of Bozhou Airport.

Supervise AVIC Design Institute and East China Flight Procedure Institute to develop project feasibility study, aircraft performance and flight procedures; Supervise the preparation of special supporting reports such as energy-saving assessment, social stability risk report, earthquake safety assessment, environmental impact assessment, soil and water conservation plan and land pre-examination.

(Bozhou Airport is a civil regional airport. The short-term design target year of the project is 2025. It is predicted that the annual passenger throughput will be 550,000 passengers, the annual postal throughput will be 1,900 tons, and the annual aircraft take-off and landing will be 5,671 sorties. The main construction contents of this phase of the project are: the flight zone index 4C, a new runway with a length of 2,600 meters and a width of 45 meters, a vertical connecting taxiway, six station platforms with Class C seats, and air traffic control, oil supply facilities and public supporting facilities. The total investment of this project is about 860 million yuan. )

2. Progress of Shanghai-Hangzhou High-speed Railway

(1) Project situation. Shangqiu-Hangzhou Railway is the second channel project of East China North-South Railway in the Medium-and Long-term Railway Network Planning of Anhui Province, and it is listed in the National Twelfth Five-Year Comprehensive Transportation System Planning. The project starts in Shangqiu, Henan Province, passes through Bozhou, Fuyang, Huainan, Hefei, Wuhu and Xuancheng in Anhui Province, and Huzhou in Zhejiang Province to Hangzhou. The main line is 795 kilometers long, with a design speed of 350 kilometers per hour and a total investment of about 96 billion yuan.

(2) Overview of Bozhou section. The Shang-He-Hang Railway is 67 kilometers long in Bozhou, with three passenger stations, namely Bozhou South Station, Lumiao Station and Gucheng Station. The two major node projects are the Guohe Bridge and Gucheng Bridge.

In order to give full play to the driving role of high-speed rail in urban economy, our city actively strives for the adjustment of high-speed railway station from Bozhou Station to Bozhou South Station, and the scale of the station building is 15,000 square meters.

In order to realize the connection between Bobang Intercity and Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railway and Shanghe-Hangzhou Railway, with the efforts of our city, the railway head office agreed to reserve the conditions of Bobang Intercity Access in Bozhou South Station in the preliminary design reply of Shanghe-Hangzhou Railway: the arrangement scheme of Shanghe-Hangzhou Yard and Bobang Yard shall be adopted, and the planning and design shall be based on three sets of seven lines in Shanghe-Hangzhou Yard and two sets of three lines in Bobang Yard; Recently, there are 6 arrival and departure lines (including main lines) and 2 platforms in Shanghe Hangchang Station.

(3) Project progress. Our city has established an integrated promotion mechanism in the urban area, and unified all relevant functional departments in the urban area under the leadership of the local work headquarters in Bozhou section of the Shanghe-Hangzhou Railway, which has reduced intermediate links and improved the promotion efficiency from the system setting. Under the guarantee of working mechanism, the construction of our city is progressing smoothly. Since the construction units of China Railway 21st Bureau, Electrification Bureau and 18th Bureau entered the site in December 2015, the project progress has always ranked first in the province. As of June 25th, the pier construction of Bozhou section of Shanghe-Hangzhou Railway has been fully completed. Subgrade ancillary works have been built.

The building of Bozhou South Station was built by China Railway Beijing Bureau and entered the site on April 20th.

In order to realize the consistency of architectural style and the synchronization of construction between Bozhou station square and station building, our city took the lead in carrying out the combined bidding for the planning scheme design of station square (government) and station building (railway), which was praised by the railway corporation. At present, the square in front of Bozhou South Station was built by China Construction First Bureau, and the foundation stone was laid on April 18th. The preliminary construction section of Bobang intercity railway (station building and tie line project) has started construction, and the pile foundation construction of the cross-business Hehang Bridge has been completed, and the pier construction is currently underway.

(4) The next step. Our office connects five construction units (China Railway 21st Bureau, Electrification Bureau and 18th Bureau), station building (China Railway Beijing Bureau) and plaza (China Railway 1st Bureau) every week to optimize the construction environment, coordinate and solve problems, fully promote the construction of Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway, and ensure the realization of the goal and task of keeping the progress among the best in the province.

3. Preliminary work of Bobang-Huaifu intercity railway project.

In order to improve the traffic location advantage in northern Anhui and improve the layout of railway network, the Provincial Railway Office has carried out the compilation and approval of the Inter-city Railway Network Planning in northern Anhui. At present, the text of the Plan has been completed; In May 2017, the environmental impact report of the Plan was approved by the Ministry of Environmental Protection; At the end of 2017, the Plan was revised according to national requirements and reported again. The Plan includes the inter-city railways of Huai-Su-Fu and Bo-Bang.

The preliminary work of the inter-city railway project in northern Anhui Province was promoted by Anhui Investment Group. At present, the first draft of the Feasibility Study Report on the New Huaisu-Bengbo Express Railway has been compiled by China Railway Shanghai Design Institute. After the "North Anhui Intercity Railway Network Planning" is approved by the state, the provincial investment group will take the lead in joint venture with the cities to promote the project construction in accordance with the relevant policies of the Anhui provincial government’s upcoming intercity railway development opinions (extracting construction funds from land transfer fees, setting up a compensation mechanism, and comprehensive land development, etc.).

According to the convergence, in accordance with the deployment of the state to strictly control financial risks, the National Development and Reform Commission has successively issued policy requirements for urban rail transit and intercity railways. All provinces and cities must establish a fund-raising and loss-making mechanism, strictly control project loans, and suspend the approval of relevant plans in 2018. In the next step, we will put forward implementation suggestions based on the development opinions of provincial intercity railways and the development needs and stages of our city, and report to the municipal government to study and determine the construction timing of the Bo-Bang intercity railway, and carry out related work such as raising construction funds.

　　BEIJING, Nov. 18 (Xinhua)-Zhao Yingmin, vice minister of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, said on the 18th that the water environment quality in China is generally improving, but the situation is still grim, with widespread ecological destruction in river basins, non-point source pollution not effectively curbed, serious pollution in some tributaries, prominent eutrophication in some lakes, water environment carrying capacity reaching or approaching the upper limit, and "black odor" problems in many rivers and ditches flowing through towns. However, there is no contradiction between the overall improvement of the country and the local deterioration.

　　The the State Council Press Office held a routine briefing on the State Council policy today to introduce the policies related to the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" for eco-environment. For the reporter’s "‘ Water Ten Articles ’ Zhao Yingmin answered questions such as the progress made in one year’s implementation, what problems exist in water pollution prevention and control, and the focus of the next step.

　　Zhao Yingmin introduced that "Water Ten Articles" was released in 2015, and this year is the first implementation year, which has made great progress. Over the past year, there have been six main developments: First, according to the requirements of the "Water Ten Articles", the Ministry of Environmental Protection and 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) signed a responsibility letter for water pollution prevention and control, which decomposed the quality improvement tasks required by the "Water Ten Articles" into provinces one by one, and also required the provinces to decompose them into cities one by one, and finally implemented them in 1940 control units across the country. Each unit has clear and specific environmental quality for each year. At the same time, the Ministry of Environmental Protection has also established a national water pollution prevention and control mechanism, which has promoted the establishment of a linkage and cooperation mechanism for water pollution prevention and control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions.

　　The second is to organize the compilation of water pollution prevention and control plans for key river basins, prevent and control water pollution in the whole process, promote water resources conservation and recycling, and strengthen ecological protection and restoration.

　　The third is to organize investigation and evaluation of the environmental protection status of more than 900 centralized drinking water sources in cities at prefecture level and above, and guide all localities to speed up the standardized construction of drinking water sources. This includes the delineation of drinking water source protection areas, and cleaning up illegal buildings and sewage outlets in the protection areas according to law.

　　Fourth, according to the requirements of water quality improvement, decompose and implement the targets and requirements for emission reduction of major water pollutants in the 13 th Five-Year Plan and 2016.

　　The fifth is to implement the task of comprehensively improving the environment of 130,000 newly established villages by 2020, implement the central rural energy conservation and emission reduction funds in 2016, and support all localities to continue to comprehensively improve the rural environment.

　　Sixth, a series of relevant technical documents have been issued to guide the implementation of the "Water Ten Articles" in various places, including the Technical Guide for the Preparation of Water Body Standards, and a series of other technical documents.

　　At present, this year is 1-mdash; Of the 1,922 monitoring sections with monitoring data in September, 1,351 were above Grade III, accounting for 70.3%, up 4.0 percentage points year-on-year. At the same time, it should also be noted that 166 are inferior to category V, accounting for 8.6% of the total, a year-on-year decrease of 1.2 percentage points. At present, we estimate that this year, as the first complete year of the implementation of the "Water Ten Articles", it should be said that it has achieved a good start, and the annual target set by the "Water Ten Articles" is expected to be completed on the whole.

　　Ying Zhao residents further pointed out that although the quality of water environment has been continuously improved through the efforts of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, there is still a big gap compared with the people’s growing environmental demand. The prevention and control of water pollution is unbalanced, and the phenomenon of ecological destruction in river basins is still relatively common at present. It should be said that non-point source pollution has not been effectively curbed, some tributaries are seriously polluted, some lakes are eutrophic, the carrying capacity of water environment has reached or approached the upper limit, and many rivers and ditches flowing through towns are "black and smelly", which has been strongly reflected by the masses.

　　Zhao Yingmin also introduced three characteristics of the national water environment. First, the surface water quality is generally stable and getting better, but some water pollution problems are outstanding. Second, the situation of good water protection is grim. Third, the main pollution factors have differentiated. In the 12th Five-Year Plan, the binding index COD has declined, but the nitrogen and phosphorus are changing. Because the chemical oxygen demand has dropped a lot, relatively speaking, the pollutants that were originally in the second and third places have gradually become prominent pollution problems in some waters.

　　He said that the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" clearly put forward the goal and overall thinking by 2020. In the next step, the Ministry of Environmental Protection will insist on improving the quality of water environment as the core, take the implementation of the "Ten Water Articles" as the starting point, and conscientiously implement the tasks specified in the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan". First, adhere to the problem orientation and solve the outstanding water pollution problem that the masses are most concerned about and strongly reflect. "1+2" work priorities. "1" is to pay close attention to the safety of drinking water. "2" starts from both good water and poor water. The so-called good water is a class III or above water body that has not been polluted at present, and protection should be strengthened; Poor water is the so-called "black and smelly" water body, which is inferior to Class V water body, and we should also pay close attention to treatment. The second is to do a good job in source prevention and strictly observe the red line of total space access. The third is to highlight key areas and strengthen governance measures. The fourth is to innovate management methods and improve the management ability of water environment quality. The fifth is to strictly implement the responsibilities of local and enterprises.

　　Ying Zhao residents further indicated that the water environment quality in China is improving year by year. It should be said that the improvement of environmental quality is supported by a large number of specific pollution control work. For example, in the past five years, the total discharge of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen in China has decreased by 12.9% and 13%, and the daily sewage treatment capacity of cities and towns in China has increased by 57 million tons. Now the sewage treatment capacity of cities and towns in China has reached 182 million tons, making it one of the countries with the largest sewage treatment capacity in the world. There is still a lot of work, which supports the overall improvement of the water environment quality in the country, although the situation is still grim. Environmental protection inspectors found problems, and in some places, some sections of water quality deteriorated and rebounded, but there is no contradiction between the overall improvement of the country and the local deterioration.

　　He emphasized that this plan is very clear, and water environment protection should focus on water resources, water environment and water ecology, and the three should be comprehensively considered and treated to implement that "landscape, forest, field and lake are a community of life". In fact, water pollution control is manifested in water, but many problems still come from the shore, so it is necessary to form a systematic whole between water and land. Environmental management should also be managed in accordance with the objective laws of river basins, and refined management should be implemented, so as to implement the requirements of the 13 th Five-Year Plan and realize the protection of water resources, water environment and water ecology.

　　China Securities Network News (Wang Luo) started from the printing industry. Lingyun Guang has been deeply involved in the industrial machine vision industry for 20 years, and has expanded its applications to consumer electronics, new displays, new energy and other fields. Head enterprises in industries such as Apple, Huawei, Xiaomi, Foxconn, BOE and () are all important customers of Lingyun Guang.

　　On June 15th, Ling Yunguang (stock code: 688400) officially launched the inquiry offering, and will soon land in science and technology innovation board. The science and technology innovation board listing, Lingyun Guang plans to raise 1.5 billion yuan, and the fundraising direction is centered on the company’s vision planning. From industrial manufacturing to industrial intelligent manufacturing, machine vision is promising. The company will increase investment in technology research and development, continuously improve its platform-based capabilities, empower intelligent manufacturing, and help more industries achieve automation and intelligent development. The company’s development vision is to implant "eyes" and "brains" into machines and become a global leader in the fields of visual artificial intelligence and photoelectric information.

　　From agency to self-research, mastering the underlying core technology

　　According to the prospectus, Ling Yunguang was established in 2002, and started from the banknote printing industry, and carried out independent research and development through projects such as online detection of RMB gravure printing and large sheet detection; On the other hand, the agency business of foreign high-end visual devices is carried out. Since 2006, the company has successively entered the fields of printing and packaging, new display and consumer electronics, and further improved its independent research and development capabilities. At present, it has the research and development capabilities of advanced imaging, intelligent algorithms, intelligent software and automatic precision control, and independently developed core devices such as industrial cameras and light sources, which are applied to many industries.

　　The domestic machine vision started in the late 1990s. When Ling Yunguang entered this field 20 years ago, the domestic development and application were basically blank. The company started from scratch and gradually embarked on the road of independent research and development in the field of machine vision.

　　Ling Yunguang attached great importance to self-research of core technologies at the early stage of business development. During the period from 2002 to 2006, the company initially built a 100-person team with independent research and development capabilities of optical, mechanical, electrical, computing and software technologies, and started the research and development of independent software algorithms of VisionWARE. The technical accumulation in this period has created an insurmountable moat for the company’s competitors in a short period of time. Now the machine VisionWARE algorithm platform independently developed by the company has been iterated to version 5.0. Ling Yunguang is the first machine vision manufacturer in China to launch a purely independent bottom-level core algorithm library. The investment cycle of the bottom-level algorithm is quite long. It takes a lot of time and experience to optimize the core algorithm from the bottom, which makes it ahead of competitors in the same industry for about three to five years.

　　In addition, Ling Yunguang’s AI algorithm development based on deep learning, machine learning and knowledge map has also been at the forefront of the industry, forming an independent F.Brain intelligent algorithm platform, supporting factory-side and edge intelligence through edge computing, and supporting factory cloud intelligence through big data cloud computing technology. From the application point of view, the machine vision +AI technology is deeply combined to support industrial scenes.

　　It is understood that the algorithm library of the machine vision industry consists of open source vision algorithm libraries such as OpenCV, and third-party commercial payment algorithm libraries such as Vision Pro (cognex, USA), Halcon (German MVTec) and VisionWare (Ling Yunguang). Due to the long development cycle and large investment of algorithm library, companies in the industry usually develop their own application algorithms based on open source algorithm library, or independently develop and integrate with third parties, and few companies develop the underlying algorithms completely independently.

　　In addition to algorithms, Lingyun Guang has always been at the forefront of optical imaging technology, and has independently developed a series of visual core devices such as smart cameras and high-brightness special light sources. It has more than 70 patents in the optical field, and many solutions are the first to benchmark international and domestic machine vision friends, creating a brighter industrial "eye" competitiveness. At the same time, by investing in domestic CMOS sensor design company Changguang Chenxin and industrial lens professional company Hunan Changdao Optoelectronics, we will optimize the allocation of core resources and lay out the localization and autonomy of core technologies.

　　Form platform capability from system to equipment

　　After all, the banknote printing industry belongs to a special industry. After 2006, Ling Yunguang gradually expanded its business to printing and packaging, display screens, consumer electronics and other industries, and further integrated its research and development capabilities into platform-based capabilities of products and technologies, thus effectively supporting the company to achieve cross-industry development. In addition, the company began to expand its automation capability in 2016, and it took three years to gradually build automatic control technologies such as automatic assembly line and multi-axis precision manipulator.

　　Up to now, Lingyun Guang has four technical platforms, including advanced imaging, intelligent algorithm, intelligent software and intelligent automation, and comprehensive overall scheme design capability. It has 418 domestic patents and 208 software copyrights, which supports the company’s rapid expansion of downstream industries from printing to other fields, such as consumer electronics and new energy, and is also a technical base to support the company’s continuous leap-forward development in the future.

　　According to Ling Yunguang’s prospectus, up to now, the company has developed diversified intelligent visual equipment and innovative process solutions based on independent research and development of visual algorithms and AI algorithms for new display, consumer electronics, printing and packaging, new energy and other fields. Specific to the display field, the new display intelligent vision equipment products provided by Ling Yunguang can realize automatic and semi-automatic optical detection of small screen defects in TFT-LCD/OLED, covering the Cell process section and module process section, and support lighting detection when the screen is powered on and appearance detection when it is not powered on. The detection efficiency of the LCD lighting quality detector provided by it is more than 3 times that of manual work, which solves the problem of 2% low contrast stain defect detection, approaches the limit of human eyes, realizes high dynamic range detection, and has been popularized and applied in hundreds of sets in the industry.

　　Entering Apple’s industrial chain is a key milestone for Ling Yunguang, and it is also the inevitable result of technical capacity building. Five years ago, the company broke the situation that the high-end market of consumer electronic vision inspection was monopolized by foreign manufacturers such as cognex and Kearns for a long time, and became the Preferred Supplier in the field of machine vision certified by Apple, and began to provide configurable vision systems in batches.

　　"Hand", "Eye" and "Brain" cooperate to empower intelligent industrial production.

　　If configurable vision system products, such as machine vision algorithm platform developed by Ling Yunguang, can equip industrial machines with eyes and brains, then intelligent vision equipment is to implant muscles and limbs controlled by brains into the machines, thus realizing the precise control and execution of detection and production technology, and finally forming an intelligent production robot with the cooperation of hands, eyes and brains.

　　As the largest manufacturing country in the world, the penetration rate of domestic machine vision application is low, and there is still much room for growth, especially the aging population and the increase in labor costs, which also bring great demand to the machine vision industry.

　　From the demand of downstream customers, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 is complicated in recent years. Instead of reducing the budget for technology investment, downstream manufacturers have been further forced by the epidemic to strengthen their investment in industrial automation, digitalization and intelligence, and the cost reduction effect is very remarkable. In the future, the demand of downstream manufacturers for automation and intelligence is rigid and inevitable.

　　China market has become one of the fastest growing markets in the global machine vision market. According to the statistics of China Machine Vision Industry Alliance, the sales of machine vision industry in China increased from 10.18 billion yuan in 2018 to 14.42 billion yuan in 2020, with a compound growth rate of 19.02%. Thanks to the promotion of manufacturing automation and other factors, it is estimated that the sales of machine vision industry in China will increase at a compound growth rate of 27.15% from 2020 to 2023, and the sales will reach 29.6 billion yuan by 2023.

　　Under such opportunities, Lingyun Guang will continue to promote technological innovation in advanced optical imaging, software and algorithms, automation and other fields, and actively explore new application fields of industrial machine vision. At present, Ling Yunguang’s machine vision +AI products and services have achieved a high market share in consumer electronics, display panels, printing and packaging applications. According to the statistics of China Machine Vision Industry Alliance, in 2020, among the enterprises participating in the statistics (enterprises within the alliance), Lingyun Guang ranked first in the sales of machine vision industry in China.

　　According to the disclosure in the prospectus, the company is expanding its business to the field of new energy battery diaphragm detection, and has cooperated with customers such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited. Focusing on the field of industrial manufacturing for 20 years, Lingyun Guang is expected to become the leader of industrial artificial intelligence, truly helping factories to improve quality, increase efficiency, reduce costs and reduce storage.

CCTV News:Yesterday (October 24th), the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics showed that in the third quarter, China’s consumer market generally recovered steadily, and market sales maintained growth.

The data shows that in the first three quarters, the total retail sales of social consumer goods was 32,030.5 billion yuan, up 0.7% year-on-year, with a growth rate of 1-mdash; It accelerated by 0.2 percentage points in August. Quarterly, it increased by 3.5% in the third quarter, and the recovery in the third quarter was faster than that in the second quarter. In September, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 2.5% year-on-year, of which the retail sales of commodities increased by 3%.

Guo Liyan, Director of Comprehensive Situation Research Office of China Macroeconomic Research Institute:At present, the domestic consumer market is also maintaining a stable trend, especially the potential of consumer demand such as online social zero, some emerging consumption and some green and low-carbon consumption is further released, which also drives the development trend of consumer market to stabilize and recover.

In addition, since the third quarter of this year, the Ministry of Commerce has continuously promoted the implementation of the policy of green smart home appliances going to the countryside, promoted the resumption and development of catering, accommodation and other industries, and created new consumption scenarios through digital empowerment and business travel and cultural integration, giving full play to the role of important platforms such as the international consumption season and stimulating consumption vitality. Beijing, Shanghai, Guizhou, Jiangxi and other places have also promoted the upgrading of consumer demand by issuing consumer vouchers and government subsidies.

1-mdash this year; In September, Shanghai won the title of the first store capital in the mainland with the number of 703 first stores. Recently, a number of first stores have just appeared in the waterfront core area of Shanghai Suhewan. This urban complex, which is incarnated from the historical protection buildings such as the Shanghai-style Shikumen building "Shenyuli", presents a rambling consumption experience after ten years of renovation. Among more than 140 brands, more than 70% are the first stores in China, the first in Shanghai and the first in the region.

Near the end of the year, with the opening of several heavy projects, Shanghai will continue to develop the starting economy, brand economy and tax-free economy, and cultivate a number of leading local brands and new online brands. It is expected that Shanghai will introduce more than 800 first stores this year. In Guizhou, since the third quarter of this year, a total of 113 million yuan of travel coupons have been issued to consumers inside and outside the province, which has driven the growth of travel consumption. In Zunyi City, 304 enterprises or merchants involved in tourism, catering, accommodation and retail have been included in the designated use points of cultural travel coupons.

Not long ago, Mr. Chen saw a novel thing on the Discovery Channel: Americans put a blocking bed at the end of some airport runways, which actually prevented planes from rushing off the runways. On the TV screen, the materials paved at the end of the runway successfully prevented a Boeing passenger plane from rushing out of the runway, which protected the plane and ensured the safety of passengers.

The technology presented in the picture is called Engineering Material Arresting System (EMAS), which has long been monopolized by foreign companies. On July 12th, 2012, EMAS, developed by China Civil Aviation Science and Technology Research Institute and with completely independent intellectual property rights, officially passed the qualification examination of Civil Aviation Administration of China and was approved for engineering application. This is an important progress made by China Civil Aviation in the research and development of major systems related to flight safety, and it is also the second EMAS in the world to be approved by government civil aviation authorities. The achievement of this achievement will greatly reduce the cost of installing the system in airports, thus promoting the effective improvement of safety and security capabilities of many plateau airports and airports with special terrain in China.

How to stop the plane from running off the runway?

With the rapid development of the world’s civil aviation industry, the number of take-off and landing flights has increased significantly, and the number of aircraft rushing off the runway has shown an upward trend. How to avoid serious accidents after the aircraft rushing off the runway has become an important issue for civil aviation safety. In order to solve this problem, as early as the 1960s, the British began to research and develop related technologies to stop planes that ran off the runway, but failed to form products for various reasons. By the 1980s, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and an American company began to jointly develop the EMAS system.

In fact, EMAS is a kind of foam concrete with specific mechanical properties, which is laid on the ground of the runway extension line with a thickness of several tens of centimeters to form an arresting bed. Its width is consistent with the runway, and its length is between tens of meters and more than 100 meters. Once the plane rushes out of the runway, it enters it, and the foam concrete is crushed under the rolling of the wheels, so as to absorb the kinetic energy of the plane, and on the premise of ensuring the safety of the plane and the people on board, the plane will gradually slow down and finally stop in the arresting bed.

In 1990s, FAA approved the design method of EMAS system. In 1996, the first trial laying was carried out at Kennedy Airport in new york, and three planes were successfully stopped. Subsequently, the FAA issued a license for it and promoted it in civil airports in need in the United States. Up to now, 55 sets of EMAS systems have been laid in 35 civil airports in the United States, and 8 planes have been successfully stopped. At the same time, the United States promotes the EMAS system on a global scale. In recent years, the system has been installed at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in Sichuan and Songshan Airport in Taiwan.

Can solve the problem of running off the runway.

Sichuan Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport was built by cutting mountains, surrounded by mountains on three sides. Due to the influence of complex terrain and high altitude, pilots often feel that the runway is short during the flight mission of Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport, especially in rainy and snowy weather. Once the plane lands and stops taking off, there will be back spraying, brake failure or rushing off the runway, and the consequences will be unimaginable. Therefore, in 2006, when Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport carried out the second phase expansion project, two sets of EMAS systems were installed at the north and south ends of the runway respectively.

In China, a considerable number of airports are built by cutting mountains, commonly known as "desktop airports". Although these airports have established runway-end safety zones according to the standards, there are often steep slopes or cliffs outside the safety zones. Once the plane rushes out of the runway-end safety zone, the tragedy of plane crash and death will inevitably be staged. In addition, some airports in Linjiang, Linhai and residential areas also have such problems.

With the rapid development of civil aviation in China, the number of flights has increased dramatically. In order to maintain the past safety level, we need updated safety measures. According to the statistics of ICAO, the number of runway accidents in the world ranks first in the statistics of civil aircraft accident types. In recent years, the number of incidents of civil aviation rushing off the runway in China also ranks first in the statistics of serious accident symptoms of civil aircraft. It can be seen that the installation of EMAS system in the airport where the safety zone at the runway end is not long enough can solve the problem of the plane rushing off the runway and obviously improve the safe operation level.

Technical problems of

Before the EMAS developed by the China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, there were no similar products in China. If we want to install it in our airports, we need to face three problems: high product price, long transportation distance and difficult system maintenance.

It is reported that in 2010, Taiwan Songshan Airport plans to lay a set of this system, with a budget as high as NT$ 430 million. Compared with 2006, when the system was laid at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in Sichuan, the price has increased significantly. Such a high cost, even if the government gives most subsidies, it is difficult for small and medium-sized airports in China that need to install EMAS system most.

China needs its own EMAS system! In 2010, under the direction of Li Jian, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administration, the Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics organized a research and development team headed by its main leaders and attended by dozens of scientific research backbones, and relevant units in the United Nations invested tens of millions of yuan. After more than two years, the technical problems of material production and system design methods have been overcome. In order to effectively verify the performance of the product and the safety of the system, the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics designed and built a special test bench, conducted dozens of tests on the process of wheel rolling materials, and obtained a lot of valuable data, and finally established a set of perfect simulation calculation model and design method for the blocking process. The Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics also specially purchased a Boeing 737 aircraft from Air China. Since the fourth quarter of 2011, it has carried out six large-scale real aircraft verification tests using the second runway of Tianjin Airport. The test results show that the EMAS system developed by the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has an effective blocking effect and can ensure the safety of the aircraft and the crew.

Development prospect of

"For China’s civil aviation, the EMAS project is a brand-new and groundbreaking project, and only the United States has mastered this technology in the world. We don’t have any experience to learn from. Doing this project well is of great significance for China civil aviation to export standards to the international civil aviation community, to enhance the international status of China civil aviation, to enhance the safety margin of complex airports, and to build a strong civil aviation country. " Li Jian, deputy director of CAAC, has repeatedly emphasized the importance of China Civil Aviation in developing its own EMAS system.

The responsible person of Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Beijing) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. revealed to the reporter that the successful research and development of domestic EMAS system has greatly reduced the laying cost, and provided reasonable engineering solutions for many plateau airports, airports with complex terrain and other airports that are difficult to extend the runway safety zone for special reasons. It has a very broad market prospect. Tengchong Airport has decided to install EMAS system, and many airports at home and abroad have also shown strong interest in this product. "We have more than 10,000 square meters of production workshop in Tianjin Airport Economic Zone, which can meet the environmental requirements for the production and maintenance of blocking materials, and can ensure the stability of material performance, and can produce one set of materials required for EMAS system every month."

This year, ICAO will put forward the standard of increasing the length of the safety zone at the runway end in the "International Standards and Recommended Measures" to reduce the serious flight safety accidents caused by running off the runway. However, due to geographical or other environmental constraints, many airports are difficult to meet the new requirements for the length of runway safety zone. EMAS has been written into Article 3.5.5 of Airport Design and Operation, Volume I, Annex 14 of ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation, which has become an internationally accepted equivalent safety measure.

It is understood that although the price of domestic EMAS system has dropped significantly compared with similar products abroad, it is also a huge expense for many airports, especially small and medium-sized airports. In view of the purpose of laying EMAS system to improve the safety of airport operation, CAAC is working on formulating relevant subsidy policies to support the popularization and application of EMAS system.

Google’s strongest AI model, which has attracted much attention and is considered by the industry to be the most likely to beat GPT-4, has finally appeared!

On December 6th, US Western Time, Google CEO Sundar Pichai and DeepMind Director Demis Hassabis jointly announced the official launch of Gemini 1.0 in official website.

Gemini is jointly created by several Alphabet teams such as Google Research and DeepMind. As a new powerful multi-modal artificial intelligence model, it can induce, understand, operate and combine different types of information. It can not only process text, images, video and audio, but also complete complex tasks in mathematics, physics and other scientific fields, and can understand and generate high-quality codes in various programming languages.

Pichai described Gemini as "our largest and most powerful AI model to date" and said that it has shown the most advanced performance in many leading benchmarks. "The first generation of Gemini 1.0 was optimized for different sizes, namely: Ultra, Pro and Nano. These are the first models to enter the Gemini era and the first realization of our vision when we established Google DeepMind earlier this year. "

At the Google I/O conference in May this year, Pichai spoiled the news that Google was developing Gemini. It is described as the "Next Generation Multi-modal Intelligent Network", which is designed for API integration. It is said that it has trillions of parameters like GPT-4, but its computing power is five times that of GPT-4, and it can perform more complex and diverse tasks.

To this end, Google also merged its two strongest artificial intelligence laboratories: Google Brain and DeepMind, led by Demis Hassabis, the former CEO of DeepMind, and invested hundreds of millions of dollars in research and development of Gemini.

Even sergey brin, the co-founder of Google, who has resigned for four years, has returned to the office of Mountain View in Silicon Valley to participate in the Gemini decision-making and join the LLM scuffle.

But just last week, The Information quoted people familiar with the matter as saying that Pichai recently silently canceled a series of Gemini public appearances that should have been held in California, new york and Washington, D.C., because it was found to be "unreliable in handling some non-English queries", which cast a gray color on the product launch process.

Perhaps to consolidate market confidence, early this morning, Gemini 1.0 suddenly made its grand debut, appearing in the public’s field of vision and quickly occupying the front pages of major scientific and technological media.

So, what is the strongest artificial intelligence model that Google is betting on the whole army?

Hassabis, head of DeepMind, called Gemini their most flexible model, which can run efficiently on all kinds of devices from data centers to mobile devices.

In order to achieve this extensibility, Gemini 1.0 has designed three versions with different functions and sizes:

Gemini Nano —The most efficient model on the end-side equipment. Designed for smart phones, it can perform efficient AI processing tasks without connecting to an external server. Now it has been integrated into Pixel 8 Pro, which can support the function of "summarizing text" in recording applications and the function of "intelligent reply" in Gboard. Starting with WhatsApp, it will be extended to more applications next year.

Gemini Pro —The best model for various tasks running in Google data center. Support the latest version of the AI chat robot Bard from today. It can respond quickly and understand complex queries, which is the biggest upgrade since Bard was introduced. At present, it provides English services to more than 170 countries and regions, and plans to support new languages and regions in the coming months, and apply them to more Google products such as search, advertising, Chrome and Duet AI.

Gemini Ultra -The largest and most powerful model, dedicated to highly complex tasks, will be provided to developers and enterprise customers early next year after completing the current testing phase. At that time, an updated version of Bard Advanced based on Gemini Ultra will be launched.

In terms of model architecture, Gemini still uses Transformer architecture, adopts an efficient attention mechanism, and supports the context length of 32k.

Google confidently said that after rigorous testing and performance evaluation of the Gemini model, from natural image, audio and video understanding to mathematical reasoning,Among the 32 academic benchmarks widely used in the research and development of large-scale language models, the performance of Gemini Ultra has exceeded the most advanced level represented by ChatGPT at present.. Before the release of Gemini, Google conducted a series of tests to evaluate it with standard industry indicators.

In the MMLU test, the score rate of Gemini Ultra is 90.0%, which is higher than that of GPT-4 (86.4%), making it the first model to surpass the performance of human experts. The MMLU test covers 57 subjects, including mathematics, physics, history, law, medicine and ethics, and aims to evaluate the model’s understanding and problem-solving ability in the global knowledge field.

In Reasoning, Math and Code, except HellaSwag, which lags behind GPT-4 by 87.8%, others include challenging math problems such as multi-step reasoning, algebra/geometry/pre-calculus and so on.

In terms of multimodal capability, Gemini Ultra achieved a SOTA score of 59.4% in the new MMMU benchmark test, which exceeded the 56.8% of the multimodal version GPT-4V of OpenAI. This benchmark test spans many different fields and requires precise reasoning for many tasks.

In the image benchmark test, even without the assistance of Object Character Recognition (OCR) system, the performance of Gemini Ultra is better than all previous models only by analyzing pixel information. In audio testing, the scores of automatic speech recognition and automatic speech translation of Gemini are higher than those of Whisper system connected to GPT-4.

Hassabis said that this highlights the superiority of Gemini’s native multimodal. Up to now, the usual way to create multi-modal models is to train individual components of different modes independently, and then splice them together to try to simulate some functions.

Although such models can sometimes effectively perform specific tasks such as describing pictures, they often perform poorly in more conceptual and complex reasoning.

Gemini was originally designed in a native multi-modal way, and was pre-trained in different modes from the beginning using TPUs v4 and v5e chips designed by Google.. Then it is fine-tuned with more additional multimodal data to improve its performance.

This method enables Gemini to understand and reason all kinds of input content more naturally in the initial stage, and its ability in almost all fields has reached an unprecedented advanced level.

First of all, Gemini has complex multi-modal reasoning ability, which can help to understand complex written and visual information and discover indistinguishable knowledge content in massive data.

For example, it is instructed to filter irrelevant papers through the natural language prompt, or extract key data through reading. With a lunch break, Gemini can help you extract 250 document points from 200,000 papers, and further transform the data into any required chart form. This will greatly help to achieve innovative breakthroughs in science, finance and other fields at a digital speed.

The trained Gemini can obviously recognize and understand text, image and audio data at the same time, better understand subtle information and answer questions related to complex topics. This makes it especially good at explaining reasoning in subjects such as mathematics and physics. In the example, the staff showed that Gemini can check handwriting physical mistakes and explain the correct way.

In order to show the multimodal capabilities of Gemini more intuitively, Brother Chai released a video in X, saying that "the best way to understand the amazing potential capabilities of Gemini is to look at their practical applications".

In the video, Gemini taught the staff the pronunciation of "duck" in Mandarin according to the instructions, and also explained the Chinese tone.

The staff also gave Gemini a demonstration of interaction only in Chinese. By asking about the indoor light in a picture, Gemini is asked to give the orientation of the apartment in use. Gemini answers in Chinese and guesses that the room faces south. Circle a plant in the photo and ask what kind of lighting it needs. gemini then explains the plant species and lighting requirements. The whole process is as smooth as the mother tongue, which shows that Gemini is outstanding in multilingual environment, which is no less than GPT-4.

In addition, Gemini can understand, interpret and generate high-quality codes of the most popular programming languages in the world, such as Python, Java, C++ and Go. The ability to achieve cross-language work and handle complex information makes it one of the world’s leading basic coding models, helping programmers to use the powerful AI model as a collaborative tool to design applications.

For developers, starting from December 13th, Gemini Pro can be obtained through the Gemini API in Google AI Studio or Google Cloud Vertex AI. Android developers can also use Gemini Nano, the most efficient model for end-to-end tasks, through AICore.

Looking back on the development of Google’s big model all the way, compared with the continuous and rapid update of OpenAI’s "Wang Fried", Microsoft always seems to be one step behind when it integrates various AI functions of GPT into core products and pushes them to customers. When Bard, a chat robot, was released in February this year, it got off to a bad start, and the market value evaporated by 100 billion dollars overnight with a factual error. Benchmarking Microsoft Copilot’s Duet AI work suite, the market response was moderate, and the financial performance of cloud services also lost to Microsoft.

Especially after the internal friction caused by the reorganization of Brain and DeepMind teams and the loss of senior talents to OpenAI, Google’s AI battle is even more exhausted.

However, this is, after all, an AI pioneer who contributed to Transformer’s pioneering masterpiece Attention is all you need and the landmark artificial intelligence program AlphaGo, and inspired the subsequent development of many large models including ChatGPT. No matter from the technical genes, training data, capital and infrastructure, it should have one of the best strengths.

The release of Gemini is regarded by Google as the most critical technological innovation in the past decade. Can it make Google rally, beat OpenAI and regain the throne of the big model stadium?

Will the AI competition pattern be reshaped after Genmini Ultra comes out next year?

And, has everyone tried the new Google Bard? How do you feel?

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guide　language

The treatment scheme of herpes zoster can be roughly divided into traditional Chinese medicine therapy and western medicine therapy. Today, we will learn the western medicine therapy recommended by the guide.

Therapeutic goal of herpes zoster

Relieve acute pain; Shorten the duration of skin lesions; Prevent the spread of skin lesions; Prevent or reduce complications.

First, antiviral drugs

Commonly used drugs in clinical treatment of herpes zoster can effectively shorten the course of disease, accelerate the healing of rash, reduce the formation of new rash and reduce the spread of virus to internal organs. It should be used within 72 hours after the eruption, so as to quickly reach and maintain the effective concentration and obtain the best therapeutic effect. At present, the approved systemic antiviral drugs include acyclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir, bromovudine and foscarnet sodium.

acyclovir

Function characteristics:

Acyclovir triphosphate is produced by phosphorylation of viral thymidine kinase in infected cells, which can inhibit viral DNA polymerase and stop the extension of viral DNA chain.

　 Usage:

(1) Oral administration: 400-800 mg/time, 5 times/day, for 7 days;

(2) Intravenous drip: 5 ~ 10 mg/kg for patients with immune impairment or serious nervous system diseases, once every 8 hours, with a course of 7 days.　

Precautions:

Patients should drink plenty of water during the administration of acyclovir to prevent acyclovir from precipitating in renal tubules and damaging renal function.

Valaciclovir

Function characteristics:

The prodrug of acyclovir is quickly absorbed by oral administration and quickly converted into acyclovir in gastrointestinal tract and liver, and its bioavailability is 3~5 times that of acyclovir.

　 Usage:

Oral administration: 300 ~ 1000 mg/time, 3 times/day, for 7 days.

Fanciclovir

Function characteristics:

The prodrug of penciclovir is rapidly converted into penciclovir after oral administration, and maintains a long half-life in cells. The mechanism of action is the same as that of acyclovir, the bioavailability is higher than that of acyclovir, and the frequency and dosage of administration are lower than that of acyclovir.

　 Usage:

Oral administration: 250 ~ 500mg/time, 3 times/day, for 7 days.

brivudine tablets

Function characteristics:

The antiviral effect is highly selective, and the process of inhibiting virus replication is only carried out in virus-infected cells.　

Usage:

Oral administration: 125mg／/day, l times/day, for 7 days.

Sodium foscarnet

Function characteristics:

Blocking the phosphate binding site of viral DNA polymerase in a non-competitive way, thus showing antiviral activity.

　 Usage:

Intravenous drip: 40 mg/kg each time, once every 8 hours.

Note meaning　

Patients with renal insufficiency should reduce the dosage accordingly;

If renal function continues to decline, acyclovir should be stopped immediately and famciclovir or other antiviral drugs should be used to continue treatment;

For patients suspected of renal insufficiency, creatinine level should be detected before initial administration (creatinine level is not required for bromovudine).

Second, analgesics

Mild to moderate pain:Acetaminophen and tramadol can be selected;　

Moderate and severe pain:

1. Opioid drugs, such as morphine or oxycodone;

2. Drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain, such as calcium channel regulator gabapentin and pregabalin, in addition to amitriptyline and 5% lidocaine patch. Severe acute pain during herpes zoster is a risk factor for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Combined with calcium channel regulator can not only effectively relieve pain, but also reduce the occurrence of PHN. Studies have shown that early use of pregabalin can significantly reduce the pain score of herpes zoster, especially within 7 days of herpes occurrence, which can significantly reduce the incidence of PHN. The pain of elderly patients with herpes zoster is more common and severe, which seriously affects all aspects of life, such as anxiety, disorder and inability to work or live normally. Studies have shown that pregabalin combined with oxycodone can not only further reduce the incidence of PHN, but also improve the daily activities and sleep of patients and improve their quality of life.

Third, glucocorticoid

At present, there is still controversy about whether to use glucocorticoid to treat herpes zoster.

It is generally believed that systematic application of glucocorticoid in the early stage of acute onset of herpes zoster and gradual decrease can inhibit the inflammatory process, shorten the duration of acute pain and the healing time of skin lesions, but it is ineffective for the pain with PHN.　

Recommended dose:The initial dosage of prednisone is 30~40 mg／/day, which is taken orally and gradually reduced, and the course of treatment is 1~2 weeks.

　Fourth, neurotrophic drugs

It is also helpful to relieve neuroinflammation and neuralgia. Commonly used drugs include mecobalamin, vitamin B1 and vitamin B12, etc., which are taken orally or injected intramuscularly.

Five, topical drugs

Mainly dry and anti-inflammatory.　

Blister fluid is not broken:Calamine lotion, acyclovir cream or penciclovir cream can be used externally.　

After herpes is broken:

3% boric acid solution wet compress;

1: 5000 furacilin solution wet compress;

0.5% neomycin ointment for external use;

2% mupirocin ointment.　

Ophthalmic herpes:3% Acyclovir Eye Ointment and Iodine Eye Drops for External Use.

References: [1] Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus Working Group. Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Dermatology .2018,51 (6): 403-406.

Laiyuan/Yunque