标签： 武汉品茶上课

project

serial number

Preferential items

Application materials

I. Items exempted from VAT

one

Care and education services provided by nurseries and kindergartens

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Certification materials such as the permit for running the park issued by the education department at or above the county level.
3. The original and photocopy of the approval or filing materials for the approval of fees by the competent price department.
4. Relevant certification materials of income.

2

Pension services provided by pension institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Nursing homes provide the original and photocopy of the approval certificate for the establishment of social welfare institutions issued by the civil affairs department, and other nursing homes provide the original and photocopy of the documents approved by the relevant departments or the certification issued by the relevant departments.
3. Relevant certification materials of income.

three

Parenting services provided by welfare institutions for the disabled

1 "Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption Registration Form".

2. The original and photocopy of the approval certificate for the establishment of social welfare institutions.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

four

Marriage introduction service

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Proof materials of marriage introduction service.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

five

Funeral service

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Relevant certification materials of income.

six

Services provided by the disabled themselves to the society

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Disabled Persons’ Card" or "People’s Republic of China (PRC) disabled soldiers Card (Grade 1 to 8)".

3. Original and photocopy of personal identification.

seven

Medical services provided by medical institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the Practice License of Medical Institution.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

eight

Educational services provided by schools engaged in academic education

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the approval or filing materials for the approval of fees by the competent price department.

3. The license for running an ordinary school, or the original and photocopy of the document that all kinds of schools whose students are recognized by the state are approved by the people’s government at or above the prefecture (city) level or the education administrative department of the government at the same level, or the document that a technical school or a senior technical school is approved by the administrative department of human resources and social security at or above the provincial level, or the document that a technician college is approved by the provincial people’s government.

4. Relevant certification materials of income.　

nine

Services provided by students through work-study programs.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2 proof materials issued by the school work-study management service organization.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

10

Agricultural mechanization, irrigation and drainage, pest control, plant protection, agriculture and animal husbandry insurance and related technical training services, breeding and disease prevention of poultry, livestock and aquatic animals.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the relevant business contract and agreement or relevant business certification materials.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

11

The first ticket income obtained by memorial halls, museums, cultural centers, management institutions of cultural relics protection units, art galleries, exhibition halls, painting and calligraphy institutes and libraries providing cultural and sports services in their own places.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Relevant certification materials of income.

twelve

Tickets for cultural and religious activities in monasteries, temples, mosques and churches.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Relevant certification materials of income.

13

Government funds and administrative fees charged by other units other than administrative units that meet the conditions stipulated in Article 10 of the Pilot Implementation Measures.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 the State Council, the Ministry of Finance, the provincial people’s government and its financial and price departments approved the establishment of funds or fees and a copy of the original document.
3. The original and photocopy of the payment book that all the money received has been turned over to the finance.

4. A bill stub has been issued.

14

Individual transfer of copyright

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Copyright registration certificate, original and photocopy of individual copyright transfer contract.

15

Personal sales of self-built and self-occupied housing

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Self-built certification materials issued by the housing management department or the land department.

3. Original and photocopy of property ownership certificate.

4. Original and photocopy of personal identification.

5 sale of housing contracts and income proof materials.

16

Before December 31, 2018, the public rental housing management unit rented public rental housing.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2 people’s governments at or above the county level sponsored or identified as low-cost housing management unit related certification materials.

3. The original and photocopy of the lease contract signed with the housing security object.

4. Proof materials of price norms issued by the people’s governments at or above the county level.

17

Taiwan Province shipping companies and airlines engaged in cross-strait direct sea and air services in the mainland.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the contract signed between the enterprise and Taiwan Province shipping companies and airlines to engage in cross-strait direct sea and air services.

3. The original and photocopy of the "Permit for Cross-Strait Waterway Transportation in Taiwan Province" issued by the Ministry of Transport, and the registered address of the company indicated in the permit is in Taiwan Province.

4. The "Business License" issued by the Civil Aviation Administration of China or the original and photocopy of the certification materials of the airlines whose registered address is in Taiwan Province, which are approved to operate the cross-strait irregular (charter) transport of passengers, goods and mail according to the provisions of the Cross-Strait Air Transport Agreement and the Supplementary Agreement on Cross-Strait Air Transport.

18

Direct or indirect international freight forwarding services provided by taxpayers

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Proof that all the income from international freight forwarding services collected from the entrusting party and the international transportation fees paid to international transportation carriers have been settled through financial institutions.

3. The original and photocopy of the international freight forwarding service contract signed by the enterprise.

19

Before December 31, 2016, the interest income of small loans of farmers in financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax reduction and exemption registration form" 2 copies.

2 farmers’ residence certificate issued by the township.

3. Small loan contracts signed by financial institutions and farmers.

Interest income of national student loan

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 student loan ledger, student loan contract and a copy of the original.
3. List of National Student Loan Interest.

4. The original and photocopy of the student’s identity certificate.

Interest income from national debt and local government debt

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Interest income from loans of the People’s Bank of China to financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the loan contract signed by the People’s Bank of China and the financial institution.

Interest income of individual housing loans issued by the housing provident fund management center with the housing provident fund in the designated entrusted bank.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the entrusted loan agreement signed with the designated entrusted bank.

3. The bank signed a list of housing loan amount and interest income with individuals.

Interest income of foreign exchange loans entrusted by foreign exchange management departments to financial institutions in the process of engaging in the operation of national foreign exchange reserves.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the foreign exchange loan contract agreement issued by the entrusted financial institution.

In the unified borrowing and repayment business, the interest charged by the enterprise group or the core enterprises in the enterprise group and the financial companies affiliated to the group to the enterprise group or the subordinate units within the group is not higher than the loan interest rate paid to financial institutions or the coupon rate level of bonds paid.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the loan or loan contract signed by the core enterprise, finance company and the group or its subsidiaries.

3 enterprise groups or core enterprises in enterprise groups to borrow money from financial institutions or issue bonds to obtain funds.

twenty

The cancelled financial institution pays off debts with goods, real estate, intangible assets, securities, bills and other property.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the certificate that the People’s Bank of China decided to cancel according to law.

3. Original and photocopy of the property disposal contract (agreement).

4. Proof of income from the liquidation and disposal of property by the revoked financial institution.

21

Premium income from life insurance products offered by insurance companies for more than one year.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Receipt or approval document (copy) of the CIRC for the record of insurance products.
3. Insurance clauses of insurance products.

4. Insurance product rate table.

22

Income from the transfer of financial commodities entrusted by qualified foreign investors (QFII) to domestic companies to engage in securities trading in China.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the securities investment business license issued by the CSRC.

3. Original and photocopy of the entrustment contract.

Investors in Hong Kong market (including units and individuals) buy and sell A shares listed on Shanghai Stock Exchange through Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect, and the income from financial commodity transfer.

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Income from the transfer of financial commodities to investors in Hong Kong market (including units and individuals) who buy and sell mainland fund shares through mutual recognition of funds.

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Securities investment funds (closed-end securities investment funds, open-end securities investment funds) managers use the funds to buy and sell stocks and bonds.

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Income from financial commodity transfer from individuals engaged in financial commodity transfer business

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

23

Interest income from capital transactions between financial institutions and the People’s Bank of China

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise or the certification materials that the institution was established with the approval of the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and operated the financial and insurance business.

Inter-bank interest income

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise.

Interest income from capital transactions between financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise or the certification materials that the institution was established with the approval of the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and operated the financial and insurance business.

Discounted interest income between financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise or the certification materials that the institution was established with the approval of the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and operated the financial and insurance business.

24

The income (excluding credit rating, consulting, training and other income) obtained by guarantee institutions that meet the prescribed conditions from engaging in credit guarantee or re-guarantee business for small and medium-sized enterprises shall be exempted from value-added tax within 3 years.

1. Two copies of the Registration Form of Credit Guarantee Exemption from VAT for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises.
2. Items, basis, scope and duration of tax exemption.
3. Copy of business license and articles of association.

25

The national commodity reserve management unit and its directly affiliated enterprises undertake the task of commodity reserve, and the interest subsidy income and the spread subsidy income obtained from the central or local finance.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Items, basis and scope of tax exemption.
3. Accept the entrustment of the relevant departments of the central, provincial, municipal and county governments (or the management units designated by the government), undertake the task of storing six kinds of commodities, such as grain (including soybeans), edible oil, cotton, sugar, meat and salt (limited to the central reserve), and purchase, store and sell the above six kinds of reserved commodities according to relevant policies, and obtain relevant certification materials of financial reserve funds or subsidies.

26

Taxpayers provide technology transfer, technology development and related technical consultation and technical services.

1 "taxpayer tax reduction and exemption registration form" 2 copies;
2. The original and photocopy of the contract signed by the enterprise for technology transfer, technology development and related technical consultation and technical service (which has been recognized by the provincial or municipal, county and city-level science and technology authorities where the enterprise is located);

3 provincial or municipal, county and district-level science and technology departments to identify registration documents.

27

Contract energy management service

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the energy management project contract signed by the enterprise belongs to the energy-saving benefit sharing contract.

3. Proof that the technologies related to the energy management contract meet the technical requirements stipulated in the General Rules for Energy Management Contract (GB/T24915-2010) issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the State Standardization Administration.

28

Before December 31, 2017, the ticket income of popular science units, as well as the ticket income of party and government departments at or above the county level and the Association for Science and Technology to carry out popular science activities.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The certification materials of the science and technology department for the identification of popular science activities and popular science bases.

29

The government-run institutions of higher learning, secondary schools and primary schools engaged in academic education (excluding subordinate units) all the income obtained from holding advanced courses and training courses belongs to the school.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the certificate approved by the relevant department.
3. The original and photocopy of the payment book for the special account of fiscal revenue remittance.
4. unified account certification materials provided by the school.
5. Relevant certification materials on income from holding refresher courses and training courses.

30

Vocational schools established by the government mainly provide internship places for students in school, which are funded by the school and managed by the school, and the operating income belongs to the school. They are engaged in the business activities of "modern services" (excluding financial leasing services, advertising services and other modern services) and "life services" (excluding cultural and sports services, other life services and saunas and oxygen bars) in the Notes on Sales Services, Intangible Assets or Real Estate.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the certificate approved by the relevant department.
3. The original and photocopy of the payment book for the special account of fiscal revenue remittance.
4. unified account certification materials provided by the school.
5. Description of the enterprise’s site, funders, operation, etc. and relevant certification materials on the income from sales services.

31

The income of domestic service enterprises from domestic service provided by employee domestic servants.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise.
3. The original and photocopy of the labor contract or service agreement signed by the enterprise and the domestic servant for half a year or more.
4. The list of social insurance such as basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and unemployment insurance paid in full by the enterprise for the domestic workers on a monthly basis, or the domestic workers put forward in writing that they will no longer pay social insurance, and issue a certificate issued by their township or original unit that they have paid relevant insurance.
5. The enterprise actually pays a list of wages not lower than the minimum wage standard approved by the provincial people’s government to the domestic helpers through financial institutions.

32

Income from the issuance of welfare lottery tickets and sports lottery tickets

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Relevant certification materials that taxpayers can engage in welfare lottery and sports lottery issuance.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

33

Rental income of military spare real estate

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Relevant certification materials that the property belongs to the army.

3. Real estate lease contract.

34

In order to cooperate with the reform of the national housing system, the income obtained by enterprises and administrative institutions from the sale of housing at the cost price and standard price of housing reform

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 provide housing reform approval and other relevant certification materials.
3 sale of housing contracts and income proof materials.

35

Transfer land use rights to agricultural producers for agricultural production.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 original and photocopy of the contract for the transfer of land use rights.

36

Individuals involved in the division of family property transfer real estate and land use rights free of charge.

1. Registration Form for Personal Free Donation of Real Estate.
2. The original and photocopy of the house property right certificate and the land use right certificate.
3. The original and photocopy of the identity certificates of both parties shall be transferred free of charge, and the original and photocopy of the identity certificate of the donee shall be provided if the will is inherited.
4. The following information should be provided separately:
(1) divorce property division, provide the original divorce certificate, property division agreement confirmed by the civil affairs department or the original and photocopy of the court judgment.
(2) If the real estate or land use right is inherited, the original and photocopy of the notarial certificate of inheritance right issued by the notary office shall be provided.
(3) If the testator disposes of the real estate and land use right, the original and photocopy of the testamentary notarial certificate, testamentary succession certificate or bequest certificate issued by the notary office shall be provided.
(4) If the donor is given free of charge to the person who bears the obligation of direct support or maintenance, the original and photocopy of the judgment of the people’s court that proves the support or maintenance relationship between the donor and the donee, or the original and photocopy of the notarial certificate issued by the notary office, or the original and photocopy of the support or maintenance relationship certificate issued by the township government or sub-district office.
(5) In other cases, provide the original and photocopy of the judgment of the people’s court that proves the kinship between the donor and the donee, or the original and photocopy of the notarial certificate issued by the notary office; The original and photocopy of the notarial certificate of the property owner’s gift and the donee’s acceptance of the gift, or the notarial certificate of the gift contract jointly handled by both parties.

37

Land owners transfer land use rights and land users return land use rights to land owners.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The land use right is returned to the land owner, and the relevant certification materials of the land owner’s return of income.

38

The local people’s governments at or above the county level or the administrative departments of natural resources transfer, transfer or recover the right to use natural resources (excluding land use rights).

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

39

Employment of dependents

1 for the placement of dependents employment and new enterprises:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the certificate of dependents issued by the political and logistics organs at or above the military level.

(3) The original and photocopy of the certification materials of "enterprises with dependents reaching the specified proportion" jointly issued by the political and logistics organs at or above the military level and stamped with the official seal of the army.

2 dependents engaged in self-employment:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the certificate issued by the political organ at or above the division level that can show the identity of the dependents.

40

Employment of demobilized military cadres

1 engaged in self-employed demobilized military cadres:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the transfer certificate issued by the troops at or above the division level.
(3) Other information required by the competent tax authorities.
2. Newly established enterprises for the employment of demobilized military cadres who choose their own jobs:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) Description of the proportion of employed demobilized cadres to all on-the-job employees.
(3) the original and photocopy of the transfer certificate issued by the troops at or above the division level.

41

Cross-border service

1 "Cross-border taxable services tax exemption filing form";
2. Original and photocopy of the cross-border service contract;
3. If the service takes place overseas, the original and photocopy of the proof materials that the service place is overseas shall be submitted;
4. To provide cross-border services to overseas units, the certification materials that the service recipient’s institution is located overseas and all the service income is obtained from overseas shall be submitted;
5. Other materials required by the tax authorities.
If the original of the cross-border service contract is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided and signed by the legal representative (person in charge) or sealed by the unit. If the original overseas materials cannot be provided, only a copy can be provided, marked with the words "the copy is consistent with the original", and signed by the legal representative (person in charge) or sealed by the unit; If the original of overseas materials is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided and signed by the legal representative (person in charge) or sealed by the unit. If the competent tax authorities have doubts about the overseas certification materials submitted, they may require taxpayers to provide certification materials issued by overseas notary departments.

forty-two

Ship inspection service of ABS classification society

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Original and photocopy of the identity certificate of ABS Classification Society of the United States.

43

Qinghai-Tibet railway transportation service

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

forty-four

Universal postal service and special postal service

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

45

Before December 31, 2016, the interest income of farmers’ small loans from farmers’ self-reliance service agencies (centers) and small loan companies

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2 farmers’ residence certificate issued by the township.

3 farmers’ self-reliance service agencies (centers), small loan companies and farmers signed a small loan contract.

4 farmers’ self-reliance service center (center) is organized by Zhonghe Rural Credit Cooperative Project Management Co., Ltd. and China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation; Proof of the establishment of a small loan company by Zhonghe Rural Credit Cooperative Project Management Co., Ltd..

46

Disposal of non-performing assets by asset companies

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Original and photocopy of the contract or agreement for transfer and financial lease.

3. Relevant certification materials on the income from disposal of non-performing assets (including interest income from accepting non-performing creditor’s rights, income from assets and project evaluation and audit services).

II. VAT refund upon collection

one

Pipeline transportation service

1 pipeline transportation service enterprises to apply for qualification filing materials to be submitted:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) The original and photocopy of the business license.
2 pipeline transportation service enterprises to apply for tax refund information to be submitted:
(1) Application Form for Tax Refund (Refund).
(2) enterprise tax refund application report (list the basic information of the enterprise, pipeline transportation income, calculation of tax paid and tax refund amount, etc., and affix the official seal of the enterprise).
(3) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Letter (Special for Bank Collection) or People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Certificate (original and photocopy).

2

Tangible movable property financing lease

1. Materials to be submitted by the tangible movable property financial leasing enterprise to apply for qualification filing:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) The original and photocopy of the certificate that the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Commerce approved the enterprise to operate the financial leasing business.

(3) The original and photocopy of the certificate that the provincial commerce department authorized by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Economic and Technological Development Zone approved the enterprise to engage in financial leasing business; Original and photocopy of the time proof materials on whether the paid-in capital of the enterprise reaches 170 million yuan and 170 million yuan. Enterprises only need to provide the first and second information or the first and third information when applying for filing.
2. Materials to be submitted by tangible movable property financial leasing enterprises when applying for tax refund:
(1) Application Form for Tax Refund (Refund).
(2) An application report for enterprise tax refund (stating the basic information of the enterprise, the operation of the tangible movable property financing lease project, the calculation of the tax paid and the tax refund amount, etc., with the official seal of the enterprise affixed).
(3) Original and photocopy of the contract for the tangible movable property financing lease project involved in the tax refund.
(4) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Letter (Special for Bank Collection) or People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Certificate (original and photocopy).

III. Deduction of VAT items

one

Retired soldiers start their own businesses and obtain employment.

1. Self-employed retired soldiers provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) The original and photocopy of the Certificate of Discharged Servicemen of China People’s Liberation Army or the Certificate of Discharged Servicemen of China People’s Liberation Army.

2 resettlement enterprises to provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the "China People’s Liberation Army conscripts discharged from active service certificate" or "China People’s Liberation Army noncommissioned officers discharged from active service certificate" for newly recruited self-employed retired soldiers.
(3) the original and photocopy of the labor contract (copy) signed between the enterprise and the newly recruited self-employed retired soldiers, the list of salary payment, and the record of social insurance premiums paid by the enterprise for employees.
④ Work schedule of self-employed retired soldiers in enterprises this year.

2

Entrepreneurial employment of key groups

1 entrepreneurs engaged in individual business to provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
② Employment and Entrepreneurship Certificate (marked with "self-employment tax policy" or "self-employment tax policy within graduation year") or Employment and Unemployment Registration Certificate (marked with "self-employment tax policy" or attached with "self-employment certificate for college graduates") obtained before January 27, 2015.
③ Original and photocopy of personal identification.
2 resettlement enterprises to provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) Employment and Entrepreneurship Certificate or Employment and Unemployment Registration Certificate obtained before January 27, 2015 (marked with "enterprise tax absorption policy").
(3) the original and photocopy of the labor contract or service agreement, salary payment and social insurance payment list.

Fourth, specific projects

one

Individual housing sales are exempt from VAT.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Original and photocopy of the house purchase and sale agreement.
3. The original and photocopy of the house property certificate.
4. Original and photocopy of deed tax payment certificate.
5. Original and photocopy of identity certificates of both parties to the transaction.

　　The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Resolution on the Great Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Hundred Years’ Struggle (hereinafter referred to as the Resolution) adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee pointed out: "Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism–Leninism’s creative application and development in China, a correct theoretical principle and experience summary about China’s revolution and construction that has been proved by practice, and the first historic leap of China Marxism." This is a scientific summary and summary of Mao Zedong Thought. Seriously studying and implementing the spirit of the Resolution is of great theoretical and practical significance for continuing to hold high the great banner of Mao Zedong Thought and constantly pushing forward the China-oriented Marxism under the new historical conditions.

　　First, the scientific theory formed and developed in China’s revolution and construction practice.

　　The revolution in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China is confronted with the special national conditions that peasants account for the vast majority of the population, the backward and scattered small-scale peasant economy, small-scale production and its social influence are deeply rooted, and the economy and culture are very backward. What kind of road to choose to lead the China revolution to victory is the primary problem and an unprecedented problem in the history of Marxist development. Young the Communist Party of China (CPC) once simply applied Marxism–Leninism’s general principles about proletarian revolution and copied the experience of armed uprising in Russian October revolutionary cities, which made the China revolution suffer serious setbacks.

　　In the arduous exploration of the whole party to find the revolutionary road in China, Comrade Mao Zedong led the autumn harvest uprising troops to change from attacking big cities to marching into the countryside, which was a decisive new starting point for the China revolution. In the practice of revolutionary struggle, Comrade Mao Zedong scientifically analyzed the international and domestic political situation, systematically answered the problems why the red regime in China existed, expounded the theory of the trinity of agrarian revolution, armed struggle and the construction of revolutionary base areas, and put forward that the China revolution should be centered on the countryside, which opened up the correct revolutionary road. The Resolution pointed out: "the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative, combined Marxism–Leninism’s basic principles with China’s concrete reality, made a theoretical summary of a series of original experiences accumulated through hard exploration and great sacrifice, opened up the correct revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces, founded Mao Zedong Thought, and pointed out the correct direction for winning the victory of the new-democratic revolution."

　　The cause of Marxism in China is arduous and complicated, and it has never been smooth sailing. The process of Mao Zedong Thought’s formation and development runs through the process of fighting against "Left" and Right-leaning mistakes and profoundly summing up the historical experience in this respect. The Zunyi Conference held in 1935 actually established the leading position of Comrade Mao Zedong in the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army, and began to establish the leading position of the correct Marxist line with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative in the CPC Central Committee, which created important conditions for Mao Zedong Thought to mature. In October 1938, Comrade Mao Zedong clearly put forward the proposition of "China Marxism" at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the enlarged Party. At the turn of 1939 and 1940, in order to systematically clarify the Party’s theory and program, answer the question of where China is going, and better guide the revolutions in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and China, Comrade Mao Zedong published many important theoretical works, profoundly summarized and comprehensively expounded a series of major theoretical issues of the China Revolution, and formed a relatively systematic philosophy, military thinking, United front thinking and party building thinking. In particular, the systematic exposition of the theory of new democracy and the incisive demonstration of the Party’s policies and strategies are of great significance to guiding the China revolution. The creation of these theories marks the maturity of Mao Zedong Thought. The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China established Mao Zedong Thought as the party’s guiding ideology and wrote it into party constitution. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Party United and led the people to create great achievements in the new-democratic revolution, and realized the national independence and people’s liberation that several generations of Chinese dreamed of.It has created fundamental social conditions for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　After the founding of New China, faced with the basic end of the new democratic revolution and the beginning of the socialist revolution, Comrade Mao Zedong further put forward and expounded the theory, principles and policies of the transition from new democracy to socialism, led the whole party and the people of the whole country to creatively open up a socialist transformation road suitable for China’s characteristics, successfully completed the task of the socialist revolution, and established the socialist system, laying an important foundation for all progress and development in China.

　　After the establishment of the basic socialist system, how to build socialism in China is a brand-new task facing the Party. Comrade Mao Zedong has made arduous explorations on the road of socialist construction suitable for the situation in China. The Resolution pointed out: "Comrade Mao Zedong proposed to’ second combine’ Marxism–Leninism’s basic principles with China’s concrete reality, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative, combined with the new reality to enrich and develop Mao Zedong Thought." In April, 1956, Comrade Mao Zedong made a speech on "On Ten Major Relations" at the enlarged meeting in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, and initially put forward some new policies for China’s socialist economic and political construction, which indicated that our party had its own new and important understanding of how to build socialism. During this period, the party also put forward a series of important ideas on socialist construction, many of which are still of great guiding significance. It is also under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought that the Party united and led the people to create great achievements in socialist revolution and construction, laying a fundamental political premise and institutional foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Second, enrich and develop Marxism–Leninism with original theoretical achievements.

　　The Resolution pointed out: "Upholding and developing Marxism requires extremely arduous and challenging efforts by Marxists all over the world from theory to practice." Comrade Mao Zedong is a great pioneer of Marxism in China, and Mao Zedong Thought has added new contents to Marxism–Leninism’s theoretical treasure house with his original theoretical achievements.

　　Starting from the historical and social conditions in China, Comrade Mao Zedong deeply studied the characteristics of the China Revolution and the laws of the China Revolution, developed Marxism–Leninism’s thought on the leadership of the proletariat in the democratic revolution, and established the theory of a new-democratic revolution led by the proletariat, based on the alliance of workers and peasants, for the masses, and against imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, which provided a basic basis for our party to become the core of the leadership of the whole nation and create a new road of the China Revolution.

　　Comrade Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China (CPC), based on the economic and political conditions for the transition to socialism created by the victory of the new-democratic revolution, adopted the policy of simultaneous socialist industrialization and socialist transformation, and implemented the specific policy of gradually transforming the private ownership of the means of production, thus theoretically and practically solving the difficult task of establishing a socialist system in China, a big country with nearly a quarter of the world’s population and backward economy and culture. During this period, the theory of people’s democratic dictatorship put forward by Comrade Mao Zedong greatly enriched Marxism–Leninism’s theory of proletarian dictatorship.

　　After the establishment of the socialist system, Comrade Mao Zedong creatively put forward that the socialist society is a long historical stage, strictly distinguish and correctly handle the contradictions between the enemy and ourselves and among the people, correctly handle the ten major relations in China’s socialist construction, embark on an industrialization road suitable for China’s national conditions, respect the law of value, implement the policy of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision" in the relationship between the party and the democratic parties, and implement the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend" in scientific and cultural work.

　　In the practice of revolution and construction, Comrade Mao Zedong systematically solved the problem of how to build a revolutionary army with farmers as the main component into a new type of people’s army with proletarian nature, strict discipline and close ties with the people. The people’s war thought put forward systematically by Comrade Mao Zedong, and the thoughts on strengthening national defense, building modern revolutionary armed forces and developing modern national defense technology are all outstanding contributions to Marxist-Leninist military theory.

　　Comrade Mao Zedong brilliantly demonstrated the extreme importance of policies and strategies, pointing out that policies and strategies are the life of the Party and the starting point and destination of all practical actions of revolutionary parties. We must formulate the Party’s policies according to the political situation, class relations, actual conditions and their changes, and combine principle with flexibility. Comrade Mao Zedong also put forward many important ideas with long-term significance in ideological and political work and cultural work.

　　It is an extremely arduous task to build a Marxist proletarian party with broad masses in a country with a small number of proletarians and strong fighting capacity, and farmers and other petty bourgeoisie account for the majority of the population. Comrade Mao Zedong’s theory of party building successfully solved this problem. Comrade Mao Zedong clearly pointed out that there must be a great party to guide the great revolution, and party building is a "great project". He put forward the principle of building the party ideologically, adhering to democratic centralism, adhering to the three fine styles of integrating theory with practice, closely contacting the masses, criticizing and self-criticizing, and forming three magic weapons of United front, armed struggle and party building. Fully foresee the new challenges facing the country’s ruling, clearly put forward that we must continue to maintain the style of modesty, prudence, arrogance and rashness, and we must continue to maintain the style of hard struggle and actively explore major issues of party building under the ruling conditions. Many of these important expositions still have strong practical pertinence, which is an important ideological weapon for our party to strengthen the construction of the ruling party.

　　The "Resolution" points out: "Mao Zedong Thought’s living soul is the position, viewpoint and method that runs through all components, which are embodied in three basic aspects: seeking truth from facts, mass line and independence." Comrade Mao Zedong applied dialectical materialism and historical materialism to all the work of proletarian political parties, and formed these positions, viewpoints and methods with the Communist Party of China (CPC) characteristics in the long and arduous struggle of China’s revolution and construction, which had a far-reaching impact on our party’s theoretical innovation and practical innovation.

　　In the process of the formation and development of Mao Zedong Thought, many outstanding leaders of our party have made important contributions. Mao Zedong Thought is the crystallization of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s collective wisdom. Mao Zedong’s scientific works are its concentrated summary.

　　Third, inherit the excellent traditional culture

　　"Resolution" pointed out that Marxist theory "must be China to take root and localization to be deeply rooted in people’s hearts". Mao Zedong Thought was created by "applying Marxism–Leninism’s scientific method to summarize China’s history, society and all revolutionary struggle experiences", "the highest expression and theoretical generalization of China’s national wisdom", "completely Marxist and completely China’s", with "fresh and lively China style and China style loved by China people".

　　In the development of Marxism in China, the history of the nation and the present situation, the form and the content of the nation have always been inseparable, and Comrade Mao Zedong has always advocated the close combination of the two. Comrade Mao Zedong once pointed out against the error of "Left" dogmatism: "No matter the history of China in the past hundred years or in ancient times, it is still dark in the minds of many party member. Many scholars in Marxism–Leninism also said that they were Greek, but they were sorry for their ancestors and forgot. The air of seriously studying the status quo is not strong, and the air of seriously studying history is not strong. " Rectifying the style of study in Yan ‘an Rectification Movement is to emphasize the study of China’s realistic struggle, as well as the modern and ancient history of China, inherit the excellent traditional culture and create a Marxist national form.

　　Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the culture of China for thousands of years is mainly feudal culture, so we must make a concrete analysis of it. There are many good things left by China’s history, but there are also many toxins and dross, which cannot be uncritically eclectic. "From Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, we should sum up", but "we must distinguish all the decadent things of the ancient feudal ruling class from the excellent people’s culture in ancient times, that is, something more or less democratic and revolutionary". It is a necessary condition for developing national new culture and improving national self-confidence to get rid of its feudal dross and absorb its democratic essence. The "national scientific mass culture" put forward and advocated by Comrade Mao Zedong is the "new culture of the Chinese nation" that "enhances national self-confidence".

　　The "national" culture is to oppose imperialist oppression and uphold the dignity and independence of the Chinese nation. It belongs to our nation and has the characteristics of our nation. The Communist Party of China (CPC) people must combine Marxism with national characteristics, and only after a certain national form can it be useful, and it must never be applied subjectively. A "scientific" culture opposes all feudal and superstitious ideas, advocates seeking truth from facts, advocates objective truth, and advocates the consistency of theory and practice. "The current new culture in China is also developed from the ancient old culture. Therefore, we must respect our own history and never cut it off." The "popular" culture is democratic, should serve the broad masses of workers and peasants, and gradually become their culture. As for China’s fine historical tradition, "we want to inherit it, but the purpose is still for the people", and as for the historical and cultural forms of the past era, "we don’t refuse to use them, but these old forms have been transformed and added with new contents, which will become revolutionary things serving the people".

　　Comrade Mao Zedong paid attention to combining the basic principles of Marxism with Chinese excellent traditional culture, so that Marxism could take root in China.

　　Fourth, adhere to and develop Mao Zedong Thought.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: Mao Zedong Thought has educated generations of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, and it has trained a large number of backbones, which not only played an important role in the new democratic revolution, socialist revolution and socialist construction, but also played an important role in creating and building Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new historical period. Many of Comrade Mao Zedong’s important works were written during the period of the new-democratic revolution and the period of socialist revolution and construction, but we still have to study them frequently. This is not only because history cannot be cut off, but if we don’t understand the past, it will hinder our understanding of current problems; And because many basic principles, principles and scientific methods contained in these works are of universal significance, they will play an important guiding role for us now and in the future. The Resolution pointed out that Mao Zedong Thought "provided scientific guidance for the development of the cause of the Party and the people". We must continue to adhere to Mao Zedong Thought, earnestly study and apply its stand, viewpoint and method to study new situations and solve new problems in practice. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "We want to restore Mao Zedong Thought, adhere to Mao Zedong Thought and even develop Mao Zedong Thought. In these aspects, he has provided a foundation." It is in this sense that Mao Zedong Thought provided an important ideological foundation for the theoretical creation of our party.

　　Comrade Mao Zedong said in "On Practice": "The movement of change in the objective real world will never end, and people’s understanding of truth in practice will never end. Marxism–Leninism did not end the truth, but constantly opened up the road to understanding the truth in practice. " Just as Marx must never be asked to provide ready-made answers to the problems that arose hundreds of years after his death, Comrade Mao Zedong must never be asked to undertake the task of solving a series of new problems that occurred in China and the world after his death. Real Marxism–Leninism people must know, inherit and develop Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought according to the present situation. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that he is not a Marxist as Marx; Equal to Marx, not a Marxist; Only when you surpass Marx can you be a Marxist.

　　Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, our Party has persisted in proceeding from the reality of China, gained insight into the general trend of the times, grasped the historical initiative, made arduous explorations, constantly pushed forward the modernization of Marxism in China, guided the people of China to continuously push forward the great social revolution, successively founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, formed Theory of Three Represents and formed Scientific Outlook on Development, scientifically answered a series of basic questions about the construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, formed a theoretical system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and achieved a new leap in the sinicization of Marxism.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the people of the Communist Party of China (CPC), with the Supreme Leader as the main representative, have persisted in combining the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, persisted in Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, profoundly summed up and made full use of the historical experience since the founding of the Party, and set out from the new reality, created Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in a new era. This thought is contemporary China Marxism and 21st century Marxism, and it is the essence of Chinese culture and China spirit, and it has achieved a new leap of Marxism in China.

　　The people of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China cherish all the achievements in China’s revolution, construction, reform and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great practice in the new era, combining Marxism–Leninism’s basic principles with China’s concrete reality and with China’s excellent traditional culture, and apply and develop these achievements in new practice, enriching and developing our party’s theory with new principles and conclusions that are in line with reality, and ensuring that our cause is in Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents", the scientific development concept and the new supreme leader.

　　[Global Times special correspondent in the United States Zhang Sisi Global Times special correspondent Wang Cong] "Whether Assange can be free is widely regarded as a judgment of the Australian government’s influence on the Biden administration in the United States." The Associated Press reported on July 30th that since the Labor government came to power last year, Australia has been trying to persuade the United States to terminate the prosecution of Assange, the founder of Wikileaks. However, in the recent annual meeting between US Secretary of State Blinken and Australian Foreign Minister Huang Yingxian, Blinken said that Assange was accused of committing a "very serious criminal act".

　　The Associated Press reported that Blinken said during the talks that Assange was "suspected to be related to one of the most serious confidential information leaks in American history", and he understood Australia’s concerns and views on this matter, but urged Australia "as a friend, we should understand the concerns of the United States". Blinken also said that Assange’s "alleged acts may cause very serious harm to US national security" or even "life-threatening". Huang Yingxian responded that Australia has "made it clear publicly for many times" and that Assange’s case has been delayed for too long. Australia hopes that the United States can withdraw these allegations and settle the case as soon as possible.

　　In addition, the Australian Sydney Morning Herald quoted Huang Yingxian as saying that the United States had "inconsistent" attitudes towards Assange and Chelsea Manning, another protagonist of the "confidential document leak case" and a former American army intelligence analyst. Manning was arrested for leaking about 700,000 confidential military and diplomatic documents to Wikileaks and was sentenced to 35 years in prison in 2013. However, in January 2017, former US President Barack Obama commuted Manning’s sentence before leaving office, which led to her release in May of that year.

　　Assange has been detained in the high-security Belmarsh prison in south London since he was arrested by the British government from the Ecuadorian embassy in London in April 2019. In June, 2022, the British Home Secretary, Pruitty Patel, approved the request of the United States to extradite Assange. In July of the same year, Assange appealed the extradition order to the British High Court. According to the relevant laws of the United States, once Assange is extradited to the United States, he will be charged with espionage and improper use of computers in the United States, and he will face a maximum of 175 years in prison.

　　According to the Sydney Morning Herald, Blinken’s statement is the "sharpest and most detailed" comment made by Biden administration officials on Assange. Blinken’s remarks mean a "rare public disagreement" between the United States and Australia, and highlight that "the Albanese government faces an arduous task in persuading Biden’s government to stop pursuing Assange". The Guardian reported that Blinken’s defense of the American accusation against Assange would be regarded as "a heavy blow to the efforts of the international community to rescue Assange".

　　Assange, 52, was born in Australia and founded the Wikileaks website in 2006. In 2010, Wikileaks exposed a large number of American diplomatic cables and confidential documents of the US military during the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War, and exposed the war crimes of the US military. In 2019, after Assange was arrested in Britain, the United States immediately requested the extradition of Assange. Australian Prime Minister Albanese has repeatedly urged the US government to terminate the lawsuit against Assange. In May this year, Albanese said that he had expressed the Australian government’s position to the American and British governments that there was no benefit in continuing to imprison Assange.

　　"Assange’s supporters reacted angrily to Blinken’s remarks." "Australia is the closest ally of the United States, and Blinken needs to understand the overwhelming view of the Australian people, that is, it is fed up with Assange’s endless imprisonment," said Barnes, legal adviser of the Australian Assange supporters organization, according to the Sydney Morning Herald. Assange must be released immediately and be reunited with his family. "

At present, the customs clearance modes of cross-border e-commerce import business mainly include: express customs clearance, goods collection customs clearance and stock clearance.

What are the customs clearance modes for cross-border e-commerce?

(A) cross-border e-commerce import customs clearance mode-express customs clearance

After the order is confirmed, foreign suppliers will mail the goods directly from overseas to consumers through international express delivery. No customs documents.

Advantages: flexible, delivery only when there is business, no need to stock up in advance;

Disadvantages: When mixed with other express mail, the logistics clearance efficiency is low, and the cost will rise rapidly when the volume is large;

Suitable: the stage of less business volume and occasional sporadic orders.

(B) Cross-border e-commerce import customs clearance mode-goods collection customs clearance (orders first, then delivery)

Merchants package a number of sold goods in a unified way and transport them to domestic bonded warehouses through international logistics. E-commerce enterprises go through customs clearance procedures for each product. After being checked and released by the customs, e-commerce enterprises entrust domestic express delivery to consumers. Each order is accompanied by customs documents.

Advantages: flexibility, no need to prepare goods in advance, higher logistics clearance efficiency and lower overall logistics cost compared with express mail clearance.

Disadvantages: the packaging operation needs to be completed overseas, and the overseas operation cost is high, and the delivery from overseas takes a little longer.

Suitable for: at the stage of rapid growth of business volume, there are many orders every week. (3) Customs clearance mode of cross-border e-commerce import-stocking customs clearance (stocking first, then ordering)

Merchants stock overseas goods in batches to bonded warehouses under customs supervision. After consumers place orders, e-commerce enterprises go through customs clearance procedures for each product according to the orders, complete the veneer sheet and packaging in the bonded warehouses, and after being checked and released by the customs, e-commerce enterprises entrust domestic express delivery to consumers. Each order is accompanied by customs documents.

Advantages: bulk stocking to bonded warehouse in advance, the lowest international logistics cost, immediate delivery from bonded warehouse after orders are placed, the highest customs clearance efficiency, timely response to after-sales service requirements and the best user experience.

Disadvantages: the use of bonded warehouses has storage costs, and stocking will occupy funds.

Application: in the stage of large business scale and stable business volume. Purchase cost can be reduced by ordering in large quantities or in advance, and the international logistics cost can be reduced by gradually transitioning from air transportation to sea transportation, or the problem of capital occupation caused by stocking can be solved by pledge supervision financing.

(Source: Brother K chats with the sea)

Not long ago, Mr. Chen saw a novel thing on the Discovery Channel: Americans put a blocking bed at the end of some airport runways, which actually prevented planes from rushing off the runways. On the TV screen, the materials paved at the end of the runway successfully prevented a Boeing passenger plane from rushing out of the runway, which protected the plane and ensured the safety of passengers.

The technology presented in the picture is called Engineering Material Arresting System (EMAS), which has long been monopolized by foreign companies. On July 12th, 2012, EMAS, developed by China Civil Aviation Science and Technology Research Institute and with completely independent intellectual property rights, officially passed the qualification examination of Civil Aviation Administration of China and was approved for engineering application. This is an important progress made by China Civil Aviation in the research and development of major systems related to flight safety, and it is also the second EMAS in the world to be approved by government civil aviation authorities. The achievement of this achievement will greatly reduce the cost of installing the system in airports, thus promoting the effective improvement of safety and security capabilities of many plateau airports and airports with special terrain in China.

How to stop the plane from running off the runway?

With the rapid development of the world’s civil aviation industry, the number of take-off and landing flights has increased significantly, and the number of aircraft rushing off the runway has shown an upward trend. How to avoid serious accidents after the aircraft rushing off the runway has become an important issue for civil aviation safety. In order to solve this problem, as early as the 1960s, the British began to research and develop related technologies to stop planes that ran off the runway, but failed to form products for various reasons. By the 1980s, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and an American company began to jointly develop the EMAS system.

In fact, EMAS is a kind of foam concrete with specific mechanical properties, which is laid on the ground of the runway extension line with a thickness of several tens of centimeters to form an arresting bed. Its width is consistent with the runway, and its length is between tens of meters and more than 100 meters. Once the plane rushes out of the runway, it enters it, and the foam concrete is crushed under the rolling of the wheels, so as to absorb the kinetic energy of the plane, and on the premise of ensuring the safety of the plane and the people on board, the plane will gradually slow down and finally stop in the arresting bed.

In 1990s, FAA approved the design method of EMAS system. In 1996, the first trial laying was carried out at Kennedy Airport in new york, and three planes were successfully stopped. Subsequently, the FAA issued a license for it and promoted it in civil airports in need in the United States. Up to now, 55 sets of EMAS systems have been laid in 35 civil airports in the United States, and 8 planes have been successfully stopped. At the same time, the United States promotes the EMAS system on a global scale. In recent years, the system has been installed at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in Sichuan and Songshan Airport in Taiwan.

Can solve the problem of running off the runway.

Sichuan Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport was built by cutting mountains, surrounded by mountains on three sides. Due to the influence of complex terrain and high altitude, pilots often feel that the runway is short during the flight mission of Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport, especially in rainy and snowy weather. Once the plane lands and stops taking off, there will be back spraying, brake failure or rushing off the runway, and the consequences will be unimaginable. Therefore, in 2006, when Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport carried out the second phase expansion project, two sets of EMAS systems were installed at the north and south ends of the runway respectively.

In China, a considerable number of airports are built by cutting mountains, commonly known as "desktop airports". Although these airports have established runway-end safety zones according to the standards, there are often steep slopes or cliffs outside the safety zones. Once the plane rushes out of the runway-end safety zone, the tragedy of plane crash and death will inevitably be staged. In addition, some airports in Linjiang, Linhai and residential areas also have such problems.

With the rapid development of civil aviation in China, the number of flights has increased dramatically. In order to maintain the past safety level, we need updated safety measures. According to the statistics of ICAO, the number of runway accidents in the world ranks first in the statistics of civil aircraft accident types. In recent years, the number of incidents of civil aviation rushing off the runway in China also ranks first in the statistics of serious accident symptoms of civil aircraft. It can be seen that the installation of EMAS system in the airport where the safety zone at the runway end is not long enough can solve the problem of the plane rushing off the runway and obviously improve the safe operation level.

Technical problems of

Before the EMAS developed by the China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, there were no similar products in China. If we want to install it in our airports, we need to face three problems: high product price, long transportation distance and difficult system maintenance.

It is reported that in 2010, Taiwan Songshan Airport plans to lay a set of this system, with a budget as high as NT$ 430 million. Compared with 2006, when the system was laid at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in Sichuan, the price has increased significantly. Such a high cost, even if the government gives most subsidies, it is difficult for small and medium-sized airports in China that need to install EMAS system most.

China needs its own EMAS system! In 2010, under the direction of Li Jian, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administration, the Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics organized a research and development team headed by its main leaders and attended by dozens of scientific research backbones, and relevant units in the United Nations invested tens of millions of yuan. After more than two years, the technical problems of material production and system design methods have been overcome. In order to effectively verify the performance of the product and the safety of the system, the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics designed and built a special test bench, conducted dozens of tests on the process of wheel rolling materials, and obtained a lot of valuable data, and finally established a set of perfect simulation calculation model and design method for the blocking process. The Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics also specially purchased a Boeing 737 aircraft from Air China. Since the fourth quarter of 2011, it has carried out six large-scale real aircraft verification tests using the second runway of Tianjin Airport. The test results show that the EMAS system developed by the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has an effective blocking effect and can ensure the safety of the aircraft and the crew.

Development prospect of

"For China’s civil aviation, the EMAS project is a brand-new and groundbreaking project, and only the United States has mastered this technology in the world. We don’t have any experience to learn from. Doing this project well is of great significance for China civil aviation to export standards to the international civil aviation community, to enhance the international status of China civil aviation, to enhance the safety margin of complex airports, and to build a strong civil aviation country. " Li Jian, deputy director of CAAC, has repeatedly emphasized the importance of China Civil Aviation in developing its own EMAS system.

The responsible person of Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Beijing) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. revealed to the reporter that the successful research and development of domestic EMAS system has greatly reduced the laying cost, and provided reasonable engineering solutions for many plateau airports, airports with complex terrain and other airports that are difficult to extend the runway safety zone for special reasons. It has a very broad market prospect. Tengchong Airport has decided to install EMAS system, and many airports at home and abroad have also shown strong interest in this product. "We have more than 10,000 square meters of production workshop in Tianjin Airport Economic Zone, which can meet the environmental requirements for the production and maintenance of blocking materials, and can ensure the stability of material performance, and can produce one set of materials required for EMAS system every month."

This year, ICAO will put forward the standard of increasing the length of the safety zone at the runway end in the "International Standards and Recommended Measures" to reduce the serious flight safety accidents caused by running off the runway. However, due to geographical or other environmental constraints, many airports are difficult to meet the new requirements for the length of runway safety zone. EMAS has been written into Article 3.5.5 of Airport Design and Operation, Volume I, Annex 14 of ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation, which has become an internationally accepted equivalent safety measure.

It is understood that although the price of domestic EMAS system has dropped significantly compared with similar products abroad, it is also a huge expense for many airports, especially small and medium-sized airports. In view of the purpose of laying EMAS system to improve the safety of airport operation, CAAC is working on formulating relevant subsidy policies to support the popularization and application of EMAS system.

　　● With the increasing popularity of self-help outdoor tourism, outdoor clubs, donkey friends clubs and go on road trip clubs frequently publish tourism products illegally through WeChat groups or QQ groups, publicize tourism routes, and receive citizens or donkey friends to travel.

　　● According to the relevant provisions of the Tourism Law, it is illegal for non-tourism enterprises and individuals to organize tourism activities by themselves.

　　● To completely eradicate the chaos of compulsory consumption of low-priced groups, we should rely on the law, increase punishment measures, and increase illegal costs and rights protection benefits.

　　□ Our reporter Zhao Li

　　"Since you have chosen a group with shopping links, you need to spend. What was your attitude towards me in the shop today? They’re all fighting guerrillas in there! Now get off and go to the store, and spend 20,000 yuan an hour … …” These words came from a female tour guide in Guilin.

　　This female tour guide brought a group organized by a beauty brand. According to tourists, "Give a product gift of 598 yuan to the travel agency", and you can go to Guilin from Hunan for free. On the last day of the trip, due to the high consumption of jade shops, the consumption of tourists did not meet the "psychological expectation" of the tour guide, so the above scene appeared.

　　After this compulsory consumption incident was exposed, the "low-priced group" once again attracted attention.

　　With the increasing popularity of self-help outdoor tourism, it is not uncommon for outdoor clubs, donkey friends clubs, go on road trip clubs, health care products sales enterprises and some training institutions to illegally publish tourism products, publicize tourism routes and receive citizens or donkey friends to travel through WeChat groups and QQ groups. According to the relevant provisions of the Tourism Law, it is illegal for non-tourism enterprises and individuals to organize tourism activities by themselves. However, according to the disclosure of relevant departments, many tourism activities attract consumers to join the group with "low-cost group tours" or even "zero group tours".

　　Through unannounced visits to such organizations that operate travel agencies without travel qualifications, the "Legal Daily" reporter found that many low-priced groups hide many tricks.

　　Ostensibly claiming not to be profitable.

　　In fact, hidden invisible consumption.

　　Recently, the reporter found a large number of QQ groups of related organizations through online search, and the format of group names is simple and consistent: ×× Outdoor Club. The reporter tried to apply to join the QQ group of these outdoor clubs as an outdoor sports enthusiast, but the pass rate was extremely low. Many applications for joining the group are "sinking into the sea" after they are issued. Some organizations directly rejected the reporter’s application for joining the group. For example, the ×× Shanshui Outdoor Club refused on the grounds that it was not introduced by acquaintances in the group after the reporter repeatedly applied for joining the group.

　　After many attempts, the reporter finally entered the individual group chat as an ordinary tourist, but after joining the group, the relevant responsible persons of these organizations will know the information of the new group users, such as "Who introduced them", "Where did they come from" and "What activities have they participated in before".

　　At present, the QQ group of "Beijing XX Outdoor Club" has 1436 people, and it promotes itself as an outdoor adventure club with the theme of mountaineering, hiking, camping, grassland riding, desert crossing, forest adventure, seaside swimming, photography, skiing, food, singing and making friends. The outdoor activities of this club are rich and varied, and most of them are short-lived, generally divided into one-day activities and two-day activities. The prices of short-term activities are generally low. Many one-day activities cost less than 100 yuan, and some two-day activities cost around 300 yuan. Take the one-day tour of Kingfisher Valley (located in Yanqing, Beijing) as an example. The activity cost is 65 yuan/person, including car charter, expressway fee, master fee and outdoor insurance. The activity was held on June 15th. By 15:30 on June 14th, more than 50 people had signed up.

　　The person in charge of the club explained to the reporter: "The expenses incurred by the activity are all AA system, without any additional benefits."

　　Two years ago, Ms. Wang, a citizen of Beijing, was dragged into an outdoor tour group, which published many low-priced tour routes. "People who organize tours say that if they don’t make money, they just organize everyone to go out to play." But Ms. Wang found that they "have not earned less money."

　　She once took part in a trip to Zhangjiakou, the cost was not enough for 300 yuan, but after getting on the bus, the hidden cost began. The organizer charged each tourist 50 yuan’s hard work and each tourist had to pay 10 yuan’s tea fee after the meal.

　　"Without a formal contract, it is too informal for such a tour group to transfer money through WeChat or pay by punching in." Ms. Wang said.

　　Some insiders also revealed to reporters that some outdoor clubs often attract friends to travel under the banner of non-profit, and the relevant personnel of the club make profits through the price difference. Because outdoor clubs don’t need to pay deposits and taxes like travel agencies, the operation of outdoor clubs is almost "zero cost".

　　The reporter interviewed Mr. Zhang, a staff member of a scenic spot who is in charge of receiving these clubs. He said: "The profits of related expenses can basically be divided into four or six with the organizers, and the commissions taken by general travel agencies or tour leaders are more."

　　The promoter declares that he is not responsible.

　　Tourists face greater risks.

　　Another "Beijing Lvyou ××" QQ group information shows that it was founded on October 23, 2015. At present, it has 2,862 members and has organized 44 activities. The organizer is "Beijing× Wolf Outdoor". The activity destinations are nearly Shuanglong Gorge, Pofengling and Dongling Mountain in the suburbs of Beijing, and as far away as Wuyuan, Dunhuang and Mohe.

　　According to the information of official website in Beijing × Wolf Outdoor, this organization is "dedicated to the tent rental industry in Beijing (Tianjin)", and its business scope mainly includes various outdoor goods rental businesses such as Beijing (Tianjin) camping tent rental, cotton sleeping bag rental, down sleeping bag rental, walkie-talkie rental and mountaineering bag rental.

　　The official website page of Beijing × Wolf Outdoor has also set up a column of "Journey Friends Activities". Open this page, which shows 70 pieces of relevant travel information released by this organization from June 6, 2017 to October 24, 2018. The reporter opened several links, most of which are related introductions such as tourist routes, itinerary planning and cost range, and occasionally a "disclaimer" is attached to the introduction. Disclaimer said: The initiator of the activity is only the contact person of the activity, and may not have participated in the training of outdoor leaders and field rescue. Although it is obligatory to help every participant, the initiator and leader of the activity are not responsible for any damage and consequences caused by participating in the activity — — Sign up voluntarily at your own risk.

　　Such a disclaimer can also be found in the details of the activities of the "Beijing donkey friends ××" QQ group.

　　The reporter found that the Mountain X Outdoor Club has also organized outdoor travel activities many times. According to a tweet from its WeChat WeChat official account on June 13th, the length of a seven-day trip is around 3,000 yuan per person. The travel routes include Jiaju Tibetan Village, Hailuogou Glacier, Daocheng Aden, Siguniang Mountain and other popular tourist attractions. The expenses include transportation (driver’s accommodation), accommodation (7 nights), tickets (Siguniang Mountain Shuangqiaogou, Jiaju Tibetan Village, Aden Scenic Area, Hailuogou), meals (breakfast in Danba), tour leader service and insurance. At the same time, it is stated that this line only buys travel accident insurance for players, excluding illness insurance and financial insurance. During the activity, if the financial loss occurs, it shall be borne by the players themselves; If financial losses are caused by personal reasons and need to be handled by themselves, a "departure agreement" needs to be signed.

　　Another go on road trip club, "X Ant go on road trip Club", also indicated similar terms in a go on road trip route push on June 14th. There is only a 500,000 yuan personal accident insurance in the travel expenses, and there is nothing else.

　　The leader of "Beijing × Star Club" told reporters that the price given by his club was "more cost-effective than the travel agency" and an extra accident insurance would be given. When the reporter asked whether to sign the relevant responsibility contract, the team leader replied: "Without signing the contract, the activities are voluntary."

　　Free travel has become a new trick

　　Force shopping to set a trap

　　It is worth noting that related disputes occur frequently.

　　In April 2017, Tian Congxin, an outdoor travel enthusiast, sued the organizer of the WeChat group tour and lost the case. The lawsuit originated in the summer of 2016. He and his friends joined the WeChat group of Happy Friends’ self-help tour and drifted to Daqinggou, Inner Mongolia. During the drifting, he accidentally caused an acute compression fracture of the lumbar spine. When he claimed compensation from the tourism organizer, he was rejected and sued the court. The court ruled that the organizer did not aim at profit, and because Tian Congxin was injured in the wrong sitting position, he took full responsibility.

　　On November 22nd, 2014, Zhang Bingyu followed the coaches of Qingdao Qianli Sports and Leisure Club Co., Ltd. to Jiuxian Mountain for altitude downhill outward bound training. During the descent, the protective rope was untied, and Zhang Bingyu fell from a height of about 30 meters above the ground and died. Yu, an employee of Qianli Sports Company, is the leader of this outward bound training. He knows Cao, whose net name is Mumu, from the outdoor sports group, who was temporarily hired by the company as the outdoor coach of this activity. According to the verdict, both Yu and Cao claimed that they did not have the qualification certificate to engage in downhill activities.

　　Organizations and individuals without tourism qualifications like this often offer various low-cost tours when operating travel agency business.

　　According to a Beijing resident who didn’t want to be named, his parents participated in a low-cost tour organized by the "outdoor donkey friends group" WeChat group. "Everyone has a one-day tour in 50 yuan and Yixing Zhuhai. My parents gather at 6: 30 in the morning and come back with big bags at 6: 00 in the evening. Bamboo shoots, bamboo chopping boards, activated carbon balls, dish towels, etc., spend hundreds of dollars and buy a bunch of useless things. "

　　The reporter interviewed Mr. Zhang, who used to be a tour guide. Mr. Zhang said: "In the tourism industry, low-cost groups basically imply consumption content, which is a default rule in the industry. But if you pay enough money reasonably, there may be only some slight guidance and no compulsory consumption. "

　　Ma Aiping, a professor at beijing international studies university Tourism Management College, thinks that the tour fee for four days and five nights is 598 yuan. If this fee includes food, accommodation and transportation, the price is obviously low, so travel itinerary includes three shopping items.

　　Liu Simin, director of the Tourism Research Institute of the Cultural and Creative Industry Research Center of Beijing Foreign Studies University, believes that there may be many reasons for being lower than the market price and operating cost, but if there are obvious shopping arrangements in the itinerary, it can basically be judged as unreasonable low-cost travel.

　　In 2017, the National Development and Reform Commission, in conjunction with the public security, industry and commerce, price and other departments, continued to carry out a number of actions to comprehensively rectify the order of the national tourism market, and seriously investigated and dealt with illegal acts such as "unreasonably low-cost travel" and "illegally operating travel agency business", and filed 2,595 cases, fined and confiscated illegal income of 33.26 million yuan, and revoked 45 business licenses.

　　Since then, although the related problems of some travel agencies have been contained and supervised to a certain extent, some organizations and individuals who operate travel agencies without tourism qualifications have begun to "move". There are also companies tying health care products during the "zero tour fee" tour.

　　Take Jiufang Joy as an example. This company is not qualified to organize tourism. In August 2018, a fire broke out in Beilong Hot Spring Leisure Hotel in Harbin, Heilongjiang, causing 20 deaths and 23 injuries. According to media reports, Jiufang Joy mainly sells health care products to middle-aged and elderly people, and customers with large consumption can get travel opportunities rewarded by enterprises.

　　According to the disclosure of relevant departments in Beijing, many tourism activities use "zero tour fee" as bait to attract the elderly to join the group, which hides multiple risks. Law enforcement officials of relevant departments in Beijing said that low-cost tours under the guise of "free tours" and "zero tour fees" are becoming more and more hidden, and the elderly often become the "hardest hit areas" for being deceived.

　　According to law enforcement officials, at present, "buying health care products for travel" and "buying wealth management for free travel" organized in the form of companies have become new tricks of criminals, and even some companies cheat in the name of recruiting "tourism experiencers", and applicants encounter compulsory shopping traps when traveling.

　　"WeChat friends circle, clubs, motorists’ clubs and other spontaneous group trips are often personal agreements, and there is no business license. Many irregular behaviors cannot be defined and are in a blind spot of supervision. This kind of tourism behavior is more prone to problems, ‘ Black tour guide ’ The phenomenon of slaughtering customers is even more difficult to detect, which brings difficulties to tourism law enforcement and evidence collection. " Beijing lawyer Liu Chengxian told reporters.　　

When it comes to cross-border export platforms, I believe most people will blurt out AliExpress, Amazon, eBay and wish. Of course, they are indeed very important cross-border e-commerce platforms, but they are not just these cross-border e-commerce platforms. In fact, every cross-border e-commerce platform has its own industry advantages and loyal customer base, or has important or special influence in a certain country or region. For cross-border e-commerce, online channel diversification is an important way to expand network channels and scale. In addition, for some specific products and brands, it is also an important e-commerce strategy to select the target market for deep-rooted work. Then it is natural to use the local important targeted e-commerce platform. Below, Xiaobian summarizes the following fifteen emerging platforms for cross-border e-commerce from the network.

First, Souq

Souq.com, an Amazon e-commerce website in the Middle East. It has 6 million users and can reach 10 million independent visits every month. According to the current situation of the website, Souq has begun to consider expanding other businesses. For example, Souq has established its own logistics system QExpress and payment system PayFort. Moreover, Souq also launched its own brand of tablet computers. It is understood that Souq.com, Cobone.com and Sukar.com are the three largest local e-commerce websites in the Middle East.

It is understood that the UAE people are keen on surfing the Internet and playing mobile phones, and their Internet penetration rate and mobile phone holding rate have reached more than 70%. Not only the United Arab Emirates, but also people from rich Gulf countries such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar are keen on shopping online. It is expected that the scale of online shopping in the whole Middle East will increase rapidly in the next two or three years. About 5 out of 10 people in UAE buy goods and services through the Internet. It is expected that the e-commerce market in UAE will reach 10 billion US dollars in 2018.

Second, Lazada (Lai Zanda)

It is known as the largest online shopping mall in Southeast Asia. It is a company founded by Rocket Internet to build "Amazon in Southeast Asia". In April this year, it was invested and controlled by Ali for $1 billion. Sales of electronic products, clothes, appliances, books, cosmetics, etc., the market covers Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The company provides free delivery, free return within 14 days, and flexible payment methods. The growth rate of Internet penetration in Singapore, Malaysia and Vietnam has exceeded the world average.

By 2020, the e-commerce market in Southeast Asia will reach $20.4 billion. The sustained and rapid economic growth in Southeast Asia has cultivated a large number of middle classes and huge consumer demand. Southeast Asia is another most dynamic and potential consumer market after the United States, the European Union and China. This makes the big e-commerce companies in various countries salivate and want to get it quickly. Therefore, Southeast Asia is the main battlefield for major e-commerce companies at present.

Third, Newegg (new egg)

Newegg was founded in 2001, with its headquarters in Los Angeles, Southern California. Newegg is the leading online supermarket for computer, consumer electronics and communication products in the United States. Newegg gathers about 4,000 sellers and more than 25 million customers. At first, IT sold consumer electronic products and IT products, but now it has expanded to all categories, with 55,000 varieties. Attracting wealthy and internet-savvy men aged 18 to 35. The best-selling categories are automobile supplies, sporting goods and office supplies. It is particularly noteworthy that most consumers are men, but female consumers are also growing rapidly.

Fourth, Rakuten.com (Lotte)

Founded in 1997, it has become the largest e-commerce website in Japan, with a market value of $13.5 billion and an annual revenue of over $4 billion. Lotte is also one of the largest internet companies in the world. In the US market, Lotte spent $250 million to acquire Buy.com, and in 2013, the company changed its name to "Rakuten.com Shopping". Lotte Shopping has gathered 3,000 sellers, more than 80 million customers and 23 million products. The customer base is between 25 and 54, with 50% men and 50% women. Rakuten.com originally specialized in computer and electronic products, but now it provides sporting goods, health and beauty, home and gardening, jewelry and toys.

"Beating Amazon" is the ambitious ambition of Hiroshi Mikitani, the founder of Lotte in Japan. Because the penetration in Japan’s domestic market has reached saturation, it has become difficult to attract more consumers in Japan, and internationalization is the inevitable choice for Lotte to achieve this goal. In recent years, Lotte’s overseas market moves frequently, with its all-round layout in terms of logistics, payment, channels and investment, and its sphere of influence covers Asia, Europe and America. Therefore, for cross-border e-commerce and brand owners, Lotte is an online hypermarket that cannot be ignored.

Five, Bestbuy (Best Buy)

The failure of Best Buy’s online physical store made it enter the online market in 2011. Gathered more than 100 sellers. There are 1 billion visits every year. Different from other e-commerce platforms, only invited sellers can stay in the platform and products can appear in Best Buy stores for sale. But the products are only limited to consumer electronic products.

Sixth, Tesco

Britain’s largest food and groceries retailer. Its e-commerce website was established in 2012, gathering more than 50 sellers, 43 million club card members and 4 million visits per month. The huge offline customer base is being transferred to online. Competitors include Amazon, eBay and Lotte Play.com. Products include home and gardening, baby products, sports and leisure, clothing and jewelry. Only open to invited sellers.

Britain is the largest e-commerce market in Europe, and four of the Top10 European e-retailers are in the UK. At the same time, Britain is one of the largest cross-border e-commerce exporters in the world. In 2013, online retail in the UK was 91 billion pounds (about 148.78 billion US dollars), up 16% year-on-year. Online retailing in the UK will increase by 17% in 2014, reaching 107 billion pounds (about 174.98 billion US dollars).

Seven, Lotte Play.com

Founded in 1998, it is one of the largest online entertainment retailers in the UK. Gather more than 3000 sellers and 15 million customers. Originally selling games and media products, but now it has developed into multiple categories. It is the only e-commerce platform that allows retailers to customize their own storefronts, making it the third largest online market in Britain after Amazon and eBay.

Eight, La Redoute (Shangri-La Fu)

Founded in 2010, it is the leading online retailer in France and the third largest e-commerce market in Europe. Gather more than 1,000 vendors and 10 million customers. Covering 26 countries. Shangri-La Welfare is mainly aimed at women aged between 26 and 35. Its product categories include men’s and women’s wear, underwear, shoes and accessories, furniture, crafts and so on. But don’t sell second-hand products.

MercadoLivre (Mercado Network)

The largest C2C platform in Brazil is equivalent to Taobao in China. Making good use of this platform is conducive to understanding various market information such as Brazil’s price index, consumption trends and payment habits. Gathered more than 52,000 sellers and 50.2 million registered users. The number of visitors ranks among the TOP50 in the world. It covers 13 countries and regions (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Dominica, Paraguay, Venezuela and Portugal). In addition to the electronic trading platform, there is also the largest payment platform similar to Alipay in South America. As a result, countries such as Mexico and Argentina have no localized websites. At first, it was just an auction website, but today, it is mainly an online sales platform. Considering the rapidly increasing Internet penetration rate, MercardoLivre can provide sellers with a huge potential market opportunity in South America.

X. Trade Me

It is the largest online trading market in New Zealand with more than 3.1 million members. 1.4 billion web pages are displayed every month. New and second-hand store categories include baby products, books, clothing, computers and household goods. Originally a second-hand auction market, it was a replica of the early ebay, but now it sells new products just like the new ebay.

XI. Ozon

It is the largest e-commerce platform in Russia and currently accounts for 20% of the Russian e-commerce market. The goal in the next decade is to gain 80% market share of Russian e-commerce. As we all know, the early days of Taobao in China were full of opportunities, and many Taobao brands stood out. Today’s Ozon, just like Taobao in those days, I wonder how many China sellers have settled in the sub-platform? The more important local e-commerce platforms in Russia include Lamoda, Wildberries, KupiVIP (all fashions), Ulmart and Svyaznoy (consumer electronic products).

XII. Otto (Otto Group)

The leading provider of e-commerce solutions and services from Germany ranks second only to Amazon in the global comprehensive B2C ranking, and is also the world’s largest online clothing, apparel and daily necessities retail channel provider. Its online shop sells millions of kinds of goods. The products sold cover men’s and women’s clothing, household appliances, household goods, sports equipment, computers, video games and so on. Range of brands is widely sold, and basically all brands that can be seen in the market can be found in OTTO’s online shop. In addition, OTTO has its own brand, which is very cost-effective.

It is understood that clothing is by far the most important category. Women spend 25.8 billion euros (men 22.5 billion) online, which is the main source of online income. This may be related to family shopping. 53.4% of online shoppers are women. Two-thirds of online retailing in Germany is through third-party platforms ebay and Amazon, with few independent websites. Followed by multi-channel retailers. Clothing (11.6 billion), books (5.3 billion) and electronic products (4 billion) are the three most popular categories. The above-mentioned 39.1 billion euros do not include digital products. Online retail sales of digital products (such as air tickets and event tickets) totaled 10.6 billion euros, an increase of 9.3%. Germany is the country with the most popular online sales in the world. Although the number of online consumers in China is huge, it only accounts for 19% of the total population. And Germany is as high as 61%! , more than 60% in the United States. The importance of e-commerce and digital advertising in this country is beyond doubt.

XIII. Jumia

It is the largest e-commerce retail company in Nigeria, a big African country, and its goal is to build a local "Amazon" to sell electronic products, clothing, refrigerators and other commodities. Nigeria has a population of about 160 million, but there are few e-commerce websites and the number of physical supermarkets and shopping malls is extremely limited, which provides a huge potential market for e-commerce companies. The number of Internet users in Nigeria has reached more than 40 million, and it is growing rapidly. Meanwhile, the demand for online shopping in Nigeria is increasing. In recent years, various e-commerce websites have sprung up in Nigeria, including food, drinks, real estate, tourism and mobile phone transfer services. The competition pattern of e-commerce dominated by Jumia, Konga and Dealdey is taking shape, and the "African version of Ctrip" Hotels.ng is also rapidly seizing the online travel market.

Xiv. Gmarket

Gmarket is the largest comprehensive shopping website in Korea, ranking first in the total sales value of goods in the online retail market in Korea, mainly selling books, MP3 players, cosmetics, computers, home appliances and clothes. On May 7th, 2010, ebay announced that it would set up a joint venture company in Gmarket, a Korean e-commerce company, with ebay contributing 10 million US dollars. The joint venture company will help Gmarket explore the Japanese and Singapore markets.

15. Sears (Sears)

Sears is the third largest merchant retailer in the United States, and the top 500 Internet retailers rank eighth. Gather more than 10,000 sellers and as many as 110 million products. It provides self-management, big sellers and various marketing modes in advertising alliance. Categories include electronic products, household goods, outdoor life, tools, fitness, toys and so on. The most popular categories are lawn and garden.

Xiao Bian feels that it is not that the biggest platform has the best effect, but to choose a platform suitable for your own market segments and products. Sometimes, it is often those local platforms that you have never known that get twice the result with half the effort!

The above content belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hugo’s position!

　　Yangguang. com BeijingSeptember 27 th news (Reporter Liang Shuang) Today,noon12：00，Btc china officially closed the digital assets and people’s bank recharge function..Btc china announced on its official website today that it will close the digital assets and people’s bank recharge function at 12:00 noon on September 27th, Beijing time.;Close all trading functions at 12:00 noon on September 30th..

　　“We must realize that shutting down the virtual currency exchange and prohibiting bitcoin platform transactions are not in conflict with the current development of blockchain!"Director, Research Center for Financial Technology and Internet Security, Renmin University of ChinaYang Dong told reporters that China encourages innovation in blockchain technology, but it mustExpel financial crimes such as pyramid schemes and illegal fund-raising by using virtual currency trading platforms under the guise of blockchain.suchIn order to create a healthy and good financial technology ecological environment for the development of blockchain applications.

　　Eight-year inflation5 million times to close the platform to prohibit RMB speculation in Bitcoin

　　SeptemberOn the 4th, seven ministries and commissions, including the People’s Bank of China, jointly issued the "Announcement on Preventing the Financing Risks of Token Issuance", characterizing ICO as illegal public financing.,And suspend all transactions.. The central bank stressed that all kinds of token issuance financing activities should be stopped immediately.

　　Subsequently, btc china, the three major bitcoin trading platforms in China,OKCoin currency line,Firecoin. com announced that it would stop trading.

　　As to why the btc china trading platform was closed,Yang dongAttributed to"Seven deadly sins of virtual trading platform": lack of legal business license, inflated prices, illegal acts such as money laundering and evasion of foreign exchange control, pyramid schemes and fraud, insider manipulation, technology and confidence security, and secret network transactions.

　　Vice President, School of Finance and Finance, Renmin University of ChinaZhao Xijun stressed that the closure of the China Bitcoin trading platform only prohibited the transaction between Bitcoin and RMB, in case the RMB was used to speculate on Bitcoin, which caused the price of Bitcoin to be artificially high.

　　whatBitcoin that came out in 2009, eight years.between/separate/space in between/roomSoaring upMore than 5 million times, as if driven by bitcoin.Getting rich overnight is no longer a dream. This also gives some lawless elements an opportunity to seize people’s psychology of getting rich quickly and concoct various pyramid schemes.

　　According to relevant media reports,A Bitcoin payment platform in Hong Kong in 2015On suspicion of using virtual currency for pyramid schemes,Involving up to3 billion Hong Kong dollars. According to the platform, investors buy bitcoin mining contracts for 400,000 yuan, earn bitcoin every day, return their money in about 4 months, and earn an additional 600,000 yuan a year.Criminals use the funds invested by later investors to pay early investors,Once no new investors join or the organizers suddenly lose contact, investors will suffer heavy losses.

　　“Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin lack a clear value base, there is no economic fundamentals to evaluate the supply and demand situation and intrinsic value of Bitcoin, and the market speculation atmosphere is strong, resulting in drastic price fluctuations, which will cause investors who blindly follow the trend to suffer losses."Yang Dong said.

　　All countries have different levels of supervision on Bitcoin.

　　In 2013, the People’s Bank of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly issued the Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risks, stating: "Bitcoin should be a specific virtual commodity, which does not have the same legal status as currency, and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market.”。

　　For a long time, Bitcoin has been characterized as a virtual commodity rather than a currency in China, so the financial regulatory authorities have not imposed necessary restrictions and supervision on it.“At present, China’s domestic virtual currency trading platform lacks relevant legal business licenses, which leads to the virtual currency trading platform drifting away from the existing regulatory system, and in fact there are huge business risks."Yang Dong told reporters.

　　Yang Dong said,The state has repeatedly stressed that it is necessary to put the prevention of financial risks in the first place, andICO has already seen the phenomenon that "bad money drives out good money", thereforeRegulatory pairICOgo on"one size fits all"alsoAs expected.

　　Zhao Xijun also holds the same view. He said that although Bitcoin has decentralized characteristics, every country will supervise it, but in different forms."China’s current economic construction still needs to invest a lot of money, but nowThere are many people who take money to speculate on bitcoin.Not only did it not create beneficial value, but it also occupied financial funds, so it is more necessary to have corresponding supervision."

　　Up to now, most virtual currency trading channels in China are basically closed.

　　Close the trading platform　transferOver-the-counter trading raises concerns

　　"nowTrader of bitcoinMay chooseSome foreign trading platforms trade, while others maywillChange careers, or go abroad to be a platform.."Trading platform transferred to foreign countries will behowappearancedevelopZhao Xijun said,no matter whatexistDomestic or foreign?, the platform is subject toSupervisionThat’s for sure.,"An unregulated platform will not have a legitimate transaction and development will be constrained."

　　At the same time, will it lead to a large number of over-the-counter transactions if standardized trading platforms are prohibited from conducting business?Vice President of China technology and finance Law Research AssociationDeng Jianpeng expressed the same concern.“In view of the decentralized nature of Bitcoin, veryIt is difficult because the regulator has a decree.inCompletely banned in reality. As long as investment demand exists, bitcoin transactions are forced to dissociate from some limited formal institutions and enter OTC transactions.,The relevant ban has objectively become the entry of bitcoin transactions.‘Dark web’A booster."

　　“China should strengthen the technology-driven supervision of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, use blockchain, big data, cloud computing and other means to strengthen the traceability of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, monitor the fluctuation of the overall market, and improve the real-time tracking of capital flows."Yang Dong said.

　　Deng Jianpeng pointed out that,The funds of customers and trading institutions and bitcoin should be effectively isolated.canPrevent trading institutions from misappropriating customers’ funds or bitcoin privately.ofRisk.

Many people think that 3D printing is to extrude materials from hot nozzles and stack them into shapes, but in fact 3D printing is far more than that! Today, Antarctic Bear will introduce seven kinds of 3D printing processes. Even 3D printing can clearly distinguish different 3D printing processes.

In fact, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a general term, covering several completely different 3D printing processes. These technologies are worlds apart, but the key process is the same. For example, all 3D printing starts with a digital model, because the technology is digital in nature. Parts or products are originally electronic files designed by computer aided design (CAD) software or obtained from digital parts library. Then the design file is decomposed into slices or layers by special construction preparation software for 3D printing, and the path instructions to be followed by the 3D printer are generated. Next, you will understand the differences between these technologies and the typical uses of each technology.

Why are there seven types?

The types of additive manufacturing can be classified according to the products they produce or the types of materials they use, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) divides them into seven general types (but these seven 3D printing categories can hardly cover more and more technical sub-types and mixed technologies). ：

● Material extrusion

● Reduction polymerization

● Powder bed fusion

● Material spraying

● Adhesive spraying

● Directed energy deposition

● Sheet lamination

First, material extrusion

△ Material extrusion 3D printing

Material extrusion as the name implies: material is extruded through a nozzle. Usually, this material is a plastic filament, which is melted and extruded through a heated nozzle. The printer places materials on the building platform along the process path obtained by software. The filament then cools and solidifies to form a solid object. This is the most common form of 3D printing. At first glance, it sounds simple, but considering the extruded materials, including plastics, metals, concrete, bio-gel and various foods, it is actually a very broad category. The price of this type of 3D printer ranges from $100 to seven figures.

● Subtypes of material extrusion: fused deposition modeling (FDM), building 3D printing, micro 3D printing and biological 3D printing.

● Materials: plastic, metal, food, concrete, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (lower limit: ±0.5mm)

● Common applications: prototype, electrical enclosure, shape and fit test, fixture and fixture, investment casting model, house, etc.

● Advantages: 3D printing method with the lowest cost and wide range of materials.

● Disadvantages: Generally, the material performance is low (strength, durability, etc.), and the dimensional accuracy is usually not high.

1. Fused Deposition Molding (FDM)

△FDM parts can be made of metal or plastic on various 3D printers.

FDM 3D printer is a multi-billion dollar market with thousands of machines, ranging from basic models to complex models of manufacturers. The FDM machine is called Fuse Manufacturing (FFF), which is exactly the same technology. Like all 3D printing technologies, FDM starts with a digital model and then converts it into a path that a 3D printer can follow. Using FDM, one filament (or several filaments at a time) on the bobbin is loaded into a 3D printer and then sent to the printer nozzle in the extrusion head. The nozzle or nozzles of the printer are heated to the required temperature to soften the filament, thus connecting successive layers to form a solid part.

When the printer moves the extrusion head along the specified coordinates on the XY plane, it will continue to lay the first layer. Then the extrusion head rises to the next height (Z plane), and the process of printing the cross section is repeated, building layer by layer until the object is fully formed. Depending on the geometry of the object, it is sometimes necessary to add a support structure to support the model when printing, for example, if the model has a steep overhang. These supports are removed after printing. Some supporting structure materials can be dissolved in water or another solution.

△FDM 3D printers provide a wide range of machines for amateurs, small businesses and manufacturers (sources: Creality, Raise3D, Stratasys).

2.3D biological printing

△3D bio-printing is similar to traditional 3D printing, but the raw materials are quite different.

3D biological printing or biological 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which organic or biological materials (such as living cells and nutrients) are combined to create a natural three-dimensional structure similar to tissues. In other words, bioprinting is a kind of 3D printing, which can produce anything from bone tissues and blood vessels to living tissues. It is used in various medical research and applications, including tissue engineering, drug testing and development, and innovative regenerative medicine therapy. The actual definition of 3D bioprinting is still developing. Essentially, the working principle of 3D bio-printing is similar to FDM 3D printing, and it belongs to the material extrusion series. (Although extrusion is not the only bio-printing method)

3D bio-printing uses the material (bio-ink) discharged from the needle to create a printed layer. These materials, called bio-inks, are mainly composed of living substances, such as cells in carrier materials, such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, silk, alginate or nano-cellulose, which serve as molecular scaffolds for structural growth and nutrients.

3. Building 3D printing

△ Building 3D printing

Building 3D printing is a rapidly developing field of material extrusion. This technology involves the use of super-large 3D printers (usually up to tens of meters) to extrude building materials such as concrete from nozzles. These machines usually appear in the form of gantry or robotic arm systems. 3D architectural printing technology is now used in residential buildings, architectural features and construction projects from wells to walls. Some researchers say that it may significantly change the whole construction industry, because it reduces the demand for labor and construction waste.

There are dozens of 3D printed houses in the United States and Europe, and 3D building technology is being researched and developed, which will use materials found on the moon and Mars to build habitats for future expeditions. Printing with local soil instead of concrete as a more sustainable building method has also attracted attention.

Second, reduction polymerization

△ Reduction polymerization using laser

Barrel polymerization (also known as resin 3D printing) is a series of 3D printing processes, which uses a light source to selectively cure (or harden) photopolymer resin in a barrel. In other words, light is precisely directed at a specific point or area of liquid plastic to harden it. After the first layer is cured, the building platform will move up or down (depending on the printer) by a small amount (usually between 0.01 and 0.05 mm), and the next layer will be cured and connected with the previous layer. This process is repeated layer by layer until a 3D part is formed. After the 3D printing process is completed, the object is cleaned to remove the remaining liquid resin and post-cured (in the sun or ultraviolet room) to enhance the mechanical properties of the parts.

The three most common forms of barrel polymerization are stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA). The fundamental difference between these types of 3D printing technologies lies in the light source and the way it is used to cure the resin.

△ vats polymerization uses light to harden photosensitive resin layer by layer.

Some 3D printer manufacturers, especially those that manufacture professional 3D printers, have developed unique and patented photopolymerization variants, so you may see different technical names in the market. Carbon, an industrial 3D printer manufacturer, uses a barrel polymerization technology called Digital Photosynthesis (DLS), Origin of Stratasys calls it Programmable Photopolymerization (P3), Formlabs provides a technology called Low-Force Stereolithography (LFS), and Azul 3D is the first to commercialize the barrel polymerization in the form of large-area rapid printing (HARP). There are also photolithography-based metal manufacturing (LMM), projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) and digital composite manufacturing (DCM), which is a technology of filling photopolymer and can introduce functional additives (such as metal and ceramic fibers) into liquid resin.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Stereolithography (SLA), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Micro Stereolithography (μSLA), etc.

● Material: photopolymer resin (castable, transparent, industrial, biocompatible, etc.)

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (the lower limit is 0.15mm or 5nm, using μSLA).

● Common applications: injection molding polymer prototypes and end-use parts, jewelry casting, dental applications, consumer goods.

● Advantages: smooth surface finish and fine feature details.

1. Stereolithography (SLA)

△ Stereolithography (SLA) Examples of SLA 3D printing from 3D Systems, DWS and Formlabs.

SLA is the first 3D printing technology in the world. Stereolithography was invented by Chuck Hull in 1986. He applied for a patent for this technology and set up 3D Systems Company to commercialize it. Today, this technology can be used by enthusiasts and professionals from many 3D printer manufacturers. SLA uses laser beam to aim at a barrel of resin, selectively solidifies the cross section of the object in the printing area, and builds it layer by layer. When most SLA printers use solid-state lasers to cure components. One disadvantage of this barrel polymerization is that compared with our next method (DLP), the point laser may take longer to track the cross section of the object, and the latter will flash light to immediately harden the whole layer. However, laser can produce stronger light, which is required by some engineering-grade resins.

△SLA 3D printer uses one or more lasers to track and cure a single layer of resin at one time.

Micro-stereolithography (μSLA)

Micro-stereolithography technology can print micro-parts, and the resolution is between 2 microns (μm) and 50 microns. For reference, the average width of human hair is 75 microns. It is one of the "micro 3D printing" technologies. μSLA involves exposing photosensitive material (liquid resin) to ultraviolet laser. The difference lies in the special resin, the complexity of laser and the addition of lens, which will produce almost incredible small light spots.

△Nanoscribe and Microlight3D are two leading manufacturers of TPP 3D printers (source: Nanoscribe and Microlight3D).

Two-photon polymerization (TPP)

Another micro 3D printing technology, TPP (also called 2PP), can be classified as SLA, because it also uses laser and photosensitive resin, and it can print parts smaller than μSLA, as small as 0.1 micron. TPP uses pulsed femtosecond laser to focus on a narrow spot in a large barrel of special resin. This point is then used to cure a single 3D pixel, also called a voxel, in the resin. By curing these nano-scale to micron-scale voxels layer by layer in a predefined path. TPP is currently used in research, medical applications and the manufacture of micro parts, such as microelectrodes and optical sensors.

△ Micro 3D printing: TPP technology

2. Digital Light Processing (DLP)

△ DLP 3D printing parts of △Anycubic, Carbon and ETEC

DLP 3D printing uses a digital light projector (instead of a laser) to flash a single image of each layer on a layer or resin at the same time (or to expose a larger part for multiple times). DLP (more common than SLA) is used to produce larger parts or larger parts in a single batch, because no matter how many parts are in construction, each layer needs exactly the same exposure time, which is more efficient than the point laser method in SLA. The image of each layer consists of square pixels, resulting in a layer formed by small rectangular blocks called voxels. Light is projected onto the resin using a light emitting diode (LED) screen or a UV light source (lamp) and onto the construction surface through a digital micromirror device (DMD).

△ Digital Light Processing (DLP) resin 3D printer has a hobby version and a complete manufacturing machine.

Modern DLP projectors usually have thousands of micron-sized LEDs as light sources. Their on-off states are independently controlled, which can improve the XY resolution. Not all DLP 3D printers are the same. The power of light source, the lens it passes through, the quality of DMD and many other parts that make up a machine worth 300 dollars are quite different compared with a machine worth more than 200,000 dollars.

Top-down DLP

The light source of some DLP 3D printers is installed on the top of the printer, and shines down on the resin barrel instead of up. These "top-down" machines flash one layer of images from the top, curing one layer at a time, and then put the cured layer back in the vat. Every time the building board is lowered, the recoating machine installed at the top of the vat will move back and forth on the resin to level the new layer. According to the manufacturer, because the printing process will not resist gravity, this method can produce more stable parts output for larger prints. There is a limit to how much weight can be hung vertically from the building board when printing from bottom to top. The resin barrel also supports printed parts during printing, which reduces the need for supporting structures.

△BMF’s MicroArch S230 can print detailed parts of polymers or ceramics as small as 2 microns (source: BMF).

Projection microlithography (PμSL)

As a unique type of barrel aggregation itself, PμSL is classified as a subcategory of DLP. This is another micro 3D printing technology. PμSL uses ultraviolet rays from the projector to cure the specially formulated resin layer in micron scale (2 micron resolution and as low as 5 micron height). This additive manufacturing technology is developing continuously because of its low cost, accuracy, speed and the range of materials (including polymers, biomaterials and ceramics). It has shown the application potential from microfluidic and tissue engineering to micro-optics and biomedical micro-devices.

Metal Manufacturing Based on Lithography (LMM)

This is another "distant relative" of DLP. This method of 3D printing using light and resin can create tiny metal parts for applications such as surgical tools and micromechanical parts. In LMM, metal powder is uniformly dispersed in photosensitive resin, and then selectively polymerized by blue light exposure through a projector. After printing, the polymer components of the blank parts are removed, leaving all-metal degreased parts, which are completed in the sintering process in the furnace. Raw materials include stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, brass, copper, silver and gold.

△ Micro-metal 3d printing parts made on Incus 3D printing with LMM technology.

3. Liquid crystal display (LCD)

△ LCD 3D printing components from Elegoo, Photocentric and Nexa3D.

Liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA), is very similar to the above DLP, except that it uses LCD screen instead of digital micromirror device (DMD), which has a significant impact on the price of 3D printer. Like DLP, LCD photomask is digitally displayed and consists of square pixels. The pixel size of LCD photomask determines the granularity of printing. Therefore, the XY accuracy is fixed and does not depend on the zoom or zoom degree of the lens, just like DLP. Another difference between DLP printers and LCD technology is that the latter uses an array of hundreds of individual emitters instead of a single point emitting light source like a laser diode or DLP bulb.

△ Today, LCD resin 3D printing technology is shifting from consumer machines to industrial machines.

Similar to DLP, LCD can achieve faster printing time than SLA under some conditions. This is because the whole layer is exposed at one time instead of tracking the cross-sectional area with a laser spot. Due to the low cost of LCD unit, this technology has become the first choice in the field of low-cost desktop resin printers, but this does not mean that it has not been used professionally. Some industrial 3D printer manufacturers are breaking through the technical limits and achieving remarkable results.

Third, powder bed fusion

△ Powder bed fusion

Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a 3D printing process, in which a thermal energy source selectively melts powder particles (plastic, metal or ceramic) in a construction area to create solid objects layer by layer. Powder bed fusion 3D printer spreads a thin layer of powder material on the printing bed, usually using a blade, roller or wiper. The energy from the laser fuses a specific point on the powder layer, and then another powder layer is deposited and fused to the previous layer. This process is repeated until the whole object is manufactured, and the final product is wrapped and supported by unmelted powder.

△ Metal laser powder bed fusion process

PBF can manufacture parts with high mechanical properties (including strength, wear resistance and durability) for the end use of consumer goods, machinery and tools. 3D printers in this market segment are getting cheaper and cheaper (starting at around $25,000), but it is considered as an industrial technology.

● Types of 3D printing technology: selective laser sintering (SLS), laser powder bed melting (LPBF) and electron beam melting (EBM).

● Materials: plastic powder, metal powder and ceramic powder.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.3% (lower limit: ±0.3mm)

● Common applications: production of functional parts, complex pipes (hollow design) and small batch parts.

● Advantages: functional components, excellent mechanical properties, complex geometry.

● Disadvantages: The cost of the machine is high, usually high-cost materials, and the construction speed is slow.

1. Selective laser sintering (SLS)

△ SLS 3D printing parts of △Sinterit

Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses lasers to make objects from plastic powder. First, a box of polymer powder is heated to a temperature just below the melting point of the polymer. A very thin layer of powder material (usually 0.1 mm thick) is then deposited on the building platform using a recoating blade or wiper. The laser begins to scan the surface according to the pattern arranged in the digital model. The laser selectively sintered the powder and solidified the cross section of the object. When scanning the whole cross section, the building platform moves down one layer in height. The recoating blade deposits a new layer of powder on the recently scanned layer, and the laser sinter the next cross section of the object onto the previously solidified cross section.

△ SLS 3D printing parts can be dusted and cleaned manually or automatically.

Repeat these steps until all objects are made. The unsintered powder remains in place to support the object, which reduces or eliminates the need for supporting structures. After the parts are taken out of the powder bed and cleaned, there is no need for other necessary post-treatment steps. Parts can be polished, coated or colored. There are many differentiation factors between SL3D printers, including not only their size, but also the power and quantity of laser, the spot size of laser, the time and mode of heating bed and the distribution mode of powder. The most common materials in SL3D printing are nylon (PA6, PA12), but flexible parts can also be printed with TPU and other materials.

△SLS 3D printer uses polymer powder and laser to form solid parts.

2. Micro-selective laser sintering (μSLS)

μSLS belongs to SLS or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) described below. It uses laser to sinter powdery materials, such as SLS, but this material is usually metal rather than plastic, so it is more like LPBF. It is another micro 3D printing technology, which can create parts with micro (less than 5 μm) resolution.

△ Metal 3D MicroPrinting from 3D microprint

In μSLS, a layer of metal nanoparticle ink is coated on the substrate and then dried to produce a uniform nanoparticle layer. Next, the laser patterned with the digital micromirror array is used to heat the nanoparticles and sinter them into a desired pattern. This set of steps is then repeated to build each layer of the 3D component in the μSLS system.

3. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)

△ Xact Metal test piece showing SLM accuracy (source: Xact Metal)

In all 3D printing technologies, this item has the most aliases. The formal name of this metal 3D printing method is laser powder bed melting (LPBF), which is also widely known as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM). In the early days of this technology development, machine manufacturers created their own names for the same process, and these names have been used to this day. In particular, these three terms refer to the same process, even though some mechanical details are different.

As a sub-type of powder bed fusion, LPBF uses a metal powder bed and one or more (up to 12) high-power lasers. LPBF 3D printer uses laser to selectively fuse metal powder layer by layer on a molecular basis until the model is completed. LPBF is a highly accurate 3D printing method, which is usually used to create complex metal parts for aerospace, medical and industrial applications.

△Sandvik’s LPBF metal 3D printing

Like SLS, LPBF 3D printers start with a digital model divided into slices. The printer loads the powder into the building chamber, and then spreads it into a thin layer on the building board with a scraper (such as a windshield wiper) or a roller. The laser tracks the layer onto the powder. Then the building platform moves down, and then a layer of powder is coated and blended with the first layer until the whole object is built. The building chamber is closed and sealed, and in many cases it is filled with inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon mixture, to ensure that the metal will not be oxidized during the melting process and help to remove the debris during the melting process. After printing, the parts are taken out of the powder bed, cleaned and often subjected to secondary heat treatment to eliminate stress. The remaining powder is recycled.

The differentiation factors of LPBF 3D printer include the type, intensity and quantity of lasers. A small compact LPBF printer may have one 30-watt laser, while the industrial version may have 12 1,000-watt lasers. LPBF machines use common engineering alloys, such as stainless steel, nickel superalloy and titanium alloy. Dozens of metals can be used in LPBF process.

△ LPBF 3D printers from One Click Metal, Farsoon and Kurtz Ersa.

3. Electron beam melting (EBM)

△ electron beam melting (EBM)

EBM, also known as Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB PBF), is a metal 3D printing method similar to LPBF, but using electron beam instead of fiber laser. This technology is used to manufacture parts, such as titanium orthopedic implants, turbine blades of jet engines and copper coils.

Electron beams generate more energy and heat, which are needed by some metals and applications. Moreover, EBM is not an inert gas environment, but is carried out in a vacuum chamber to prevent light beam scattering. The temperature of the building chamber can reach up to 1,000 °C, and even higher in some cases. Because the electron beam is controlled by electromagnetic beam, it moves faster than laser, and can even be separated to expose multiple areas at the same time.

△ Electron beam melting (EBM) metal 3D printers from JEOL, GE Additive and Wayland Additive.

One of the advantages of EBM over LPBF is that it can handle conductive materials and reflective metals such as copper. Another feature of EBM is that individual components can be nested or stacked in the building room, because they do not necessarily have to be connected to the building board, which greatly increases the volume output. Compared with laser, electron beam usually produces larger layer thickness and rougher surface features. Due to the high temperature in the building room, EBM printing parts may not need to be heat-treated after printing to relieve stress.

Fourth, material spraying

△ material injection

Material ejection is a 3D printing process in which tiny droplets of material are deposited and then solidified or solidified on the building board. Use photopolymer or wax droplets that will cure when exposed to light to build objects one layer at a time. The nature of the material spraying process allows different materials to be printed on the same object. One application of this technology is to manufacture parts with various colors and textures.

● Types of 3D printing technology: material ejection (MJ) and nanoparticle ejection (NPJ)

● Material: photosensitive resin (standard, pouring, transparent, high temperature resistant), wax.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: full-color product prototypes, prototypes similar to injection molds, low-running injection molds, medical models, and fashion.

● Advantages: textured surface finish, full color and various materials available.

● Disadvantages: Limited materials are not suitable for mechanical parts requiring precision, and the cost is higher than other resin technologies used for visual purposes.

1. material injection (M-Jet)

△Stratasys’s material jet 3D printing parts

Material jet of polymer (M-Jet) is a 3D printing process, in which a layer of photosensitive resin is selectively deposited on the building board and cured by ultraviolet (UV). After one layer is deposited and solidified, the building platform reduces the thickness of one layer, and the process is repeated to build 3D objects. M-Jet combines the high precision of resin 3D printing with the speed of wire 3D printing (FDM) to create parts and prototypes with realistic colors and textures.

All material jet 3D printing technologies are not exactly the same. There are differences between printer manufacturers and proprietary materials. M-Jet machines deposit building materials from multiple rows of print heads in a line-by-line manner. This method enables the printer to manufacture multiple objects on a line without affecting the construction speed. As long as the models are arranged correctly on the construction platform and the space in each construction line is optimized, M-Jet can produce parts faster than many other types of resin 3D printers.

△ Material jet 3D printers from Stratasys, DP Polar/3D Systems and Mimaki.

The object made by M-Jet needs support, and it is printed by soluble materials at the same time during the construction process, which is removed in the post-processing stage. M-Jet is one of the few 3D printing technologies, which can provide objects made of multi-material printing and full color. There is no amateur version of the material jet machine. These machines are more suitable for professionals of automobile manufacturers, industrial design companies, art studios, hospitals and all kinds of product manufacturers. They want to create accurate prototypes to test concepts and bring products to market faster. Unlike barrel polymerization technology, M-Jet does not need post-curing, because the ultraviolet rays in the printer will completely cure each layer.

Aerosol jet

Aerosol Jet is a unique technology developed by a company named Optomec, which is mainly used for 3D printing electronic products. Components such as resistors, capacitors, antennas, sensors and thin film transistors are printed by aerosol spraying technology. It can be roughly compared to painting, but it is different from industrial coating process in that it can be used to print complete 3D objects.

Put the electronic ink into the atomizer, which will produce droplets with a diameter between 1 and 5 microns. Then the aerosol mist is transported to the deposition head and focused by the sheath gas, thus producing a high-speed particle spray. Because the whole process uses energy, this technology is sometimes called directional energy deposition, but because the material is in the form of droplets in this case, we include it in the material injection.

Plastic free forming

Arburg, a German company, has created a technology called plastic freeform molding (APF), which is a combination of extrusion technology and material injection technology. It uses commercially available plastic particles, which are melted in the injection molding process and moved to the unloading unit. The closing of the high-frequency nozzle produces a rapid opening and closing movement of up to 200 plastic droplets with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 mm per second. The droplets combine with the hardened material when cooling. Generally speaking, no post-treatment is needed. If supporting materials are used, they must be removed.

2. Nanoparticle Jet (NPJ)

△ Metal parts created by using nanoparticle injection technology and XJet 3D printer.

NanoParticle Jetting (NPJ) is one of the few proprietary technologies that are difficult to classify. It was developed by a company named XJet. It uses a printhead array with thousands of inkjet nozzles to spray millions of ultrafine material droplets onto the ultra-thin building tray at the same time, and simultaneously spray supporting materials. Metal or ceramic particles are suspended in a liquid. This process takes place at high temperature, and the liquid evaporates when spraying, leaving mostly metal or ceramic materials. Only a small amount of adhesive remains in the generated 3D parts, and these adhesives are removed in the post-sintering treatment.

V. Adhesive spraying

△ adhesive spraying

Adhesive spraying is a 3D printing process in which liquid adhesive selectively adheres to areas of a layer of powder. This technology type has the characteristics of powder bed fusion and material injection. Similar to PBF, adhesive spraying uses powder materials (metal, plastic, ceramics, wood, sugar, etc.), and like material spraying, liquid adhesive polymer is deposited from an inkjet. Whether it is metal, plastic, sand or other powder materials, the adhesive spraying process is the same.

First, the recoating blade coats a thin layer of powder on the building platform. Then, a print head with an inkjet nozzle passes over the bed and selectively deposits adhesive droplets to bond the powder particles together. After the layer is completed, the building platform moves down and the blade recoats the surface. Then repeat the process until the whole part is completed.

Adhesive spraying is unique in that there is no heat in the printing process. The binder acts as glue that binds the polymer powders together. After printing, the parts are wrapped in unused powder, which usually remains for curing. Then the parts are taken out of the powder bin, and the excess powder is collected and can be reused. From here on, according to different materials, post-treatment is needed, except for sand, which can usually be directly used as cores or molds from printers. When the powder is metal or ceramic, the post-treatment involving heating will melt the binder, leaving only the metal. Post-treatment of plastic parts usually includes coating to improve surface finish. You can also polish, paint and grind the polymer adhesive spraying parts.

The adhesive has high spraying speed and high productivity, so it can produce a large number of parts more economically and efficiently than other AM methods. Metal adhesive spraying can be used for a variety of metals and is very popular in end-use consumer goods, tools and bulk spare parts. However, the material selection of polymer adhesive injection is limited, and the structural performance of the produced parts is low. Its value lies in being able to make full-color prototypes and models.

● Subtypes of 3D printing technology: metal adhesive spraying, polymer adhesive spraying and sand adhesive spraying.

● Material: sand, polymer, metal, ceramics, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.2 mm (metal) or 0.3 mm (sand)

● Common applications: functional metal parts, full-color models, sand castings and molds.

● Advantages: low cost, large building volume, functional metal parts, excellent color reproduction, fast printing speed and unsupported design flexibility.

Disadvantages: It is a multi-step process for metals, and polymer parts are not durable.

1. Metal adhesive spraying

△ HP stainless steel 3D printing parts using metal spraying technology

Binder Jetting can also be used to manufacture solid metal objects with complex geometries, which is far beyond the capabilities of traditional manufacturing technologies. Metal adhesive spraying is a very attractive technology, which can be used to mass-produce metal parts and realize lightweight. Since adhesive spraying can print parts with complex patterns instead of solids, the weight of the parts obtained is greatly reduced, but the strength remains unchanged. The porosity characteristics of adhesive injection can also be used to realize lighter end parts for medical applications, such as implants.

Generally speaking, the material properties of metal binder sprayed parts are equivalent to those of metal parts produced by metal injection molding, and it is one of the most widely used manufacturing methods in mass production of metal parts. In addition, the adhesive spraying parts show higher surface smoothness, especially in the internal channels.

△ Metal adhesive jet 3D printer produces fine solid metal parts for end-use applications.

Metal adhesive spraying parts need secondary processing after printing to obtain good mechanical properties. Just coming out of the printer, the parts are basically composed of metal particles bonded together with polymer adhesives. These so-called "green parts" are too fragile to be used as they are. After the printed parts are taken out of the metal powder bed (called the process of powder removal), they will be heat-treated in the furnace (called the process of sintering). Both printing parameters and sintering parameters are adjusted according to the geometry, material and required density of specific parts. Bronze or other metals are sometimes used to penetrate the voids in the adhesive spraying parts, thus achieving zero porosity.

2. Plastic adhesive spraying

△ Plastic adhesive spraying

Plastic adhesive spraying is a process very similar to metal adhesive spraying, because it also uses powder and liquid adhesive, but its application is quite different. After printing, plastic parts will be taken out of their powder beds and cleaned, and usually can be used without further treatment, but these parts lack the strength and durability in the 3D printing process. The plastic adhesive spraying part can be filled with another material to improve the strength. Using polymers for adhesive spraying can produce multicolor parts for medical modeling and product prototyping.

3. Sand binder spraying

△ sand binder injection

Sand adhesive spraying and plastic adhesive spraying are different in printer and printing process, so they are distinguished here. Producing large sand casting molds, molds and cores is one of the most common uses of adhesive injection technology. The low cost and speed of this process make it an excellent solution for foundry, because it is difficult to produce fine pattern designs in a few hours with traditional technology.

The future of industrial development constantly puts high demands on foundries and suppliers. Sand 3D printing is at the beginning of its potential. After printing, the printer needs to remove the cores and molds from the construction area and clean them to remove any loose sand. The mold can usually be ready for casting immediately. After casting, the mold is disassembled and the final metal parts are removed.

4. Multi-jet fusion (MJF)

△ BASF and HP cooperated to develop a new industrial grade polypropylene for MJF.

Another unique and brand-specific 3D printing process, which is not easy to fall into any existing category, is actually not adhesive spraying, and this is HP’s Multi Jet Fusion. MJF is a polymer 3D printing technology, which uses powder materials, liquid fusion materials and refiners. The reason why it is not considered as adhesive spraying is that the heat is increased in this process, which will produce parts with higher strength and durability, and the liquid is not completely adhesive. The name of this process comes from multiple inkjet heads that perform the printing process.

In the process of Multi Jet Fusion printing, the printer lays a layer of material powder, usually nylon, on the printing bed. After that, the inkjet head passes through the powder and deposits a melting agent and a refining agent on it. Then the infrared heating device moves on the printed matter. No matter where the flux is added, the lower layers will melt together, while the areas with refiners will remain powdery. The powdery part falls off to produce the required geometry. This also eliminates the need for modeling support, because lower layers support layers printed on them. In order to complete the printing process, the whole powder bed and the printing parts in it are moved to a single processing station, and most of the loose unmelted powder is evacuated and can be reused.

Multi Jet Fusion is a multifunctional technology, which has been applied in many industries such as automobile, medical care and consumer goods.

△HP Jet Fusion 5200 series is one of the many sizes and styles of HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D printer (source: HP).

Six, powder directional energy deposition

Directional Energy Deposition (DED) is a 3D printing process. Metal materials are supplied and melted by powerful energy while being deposited. This is one of the most extensive 3D printing categories, including many subcategories, depending on the material form (wire or powder) and energy type (laser, electron beam, arc, supersonic, heat, etc.). Essentially, it has a lot in common with welding.

This technology is used for layer-by-layer printing, usually followed by CNC machining to achieve stricter tolerances. The combination of DED and CNC is very common. There is a sub-type of 3D printing called hybrid 3D printing, which contains a hybrid 3D printer with DED and CNC units in the same machine. This technology is considered to be a faster and cheaper substitute for small-batch metal castings and forgings, as well as a key maintenance for offshore oil and gas industries, aerospace, power generation and utilities.

△DED metal 3D printing technology can quickly create a solid metal part, and then it can be processed to strict tolerances.

● Subtypes of directional energy deposition: powder laser energy deposition, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), wire electron beam energy deposition and cold spraying.

● Materials: various metals, wires and powder forms.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: repairing high-end automotive/aerospace components, functional prototypes and final components.

● Advantages: high stacking rate, and the ability to add metal to existing components.

● Disadvantages: Because the supporting structure cannot be made, it is impossible to make complex shapes, and the surface smoothness and accuracy are usually poor.

1. Laser directed energy deposition

△ 3D printing metal using laser and powder metal

Laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD) or laser engineering net shaping (LENS), uses metal powder or metal wire sent through one or more nozzles and melted by powerful laser to build platforms or metal parts. With the movement of nozzle and laser or the movement of parts on the multi-axis turntable, objects will be piled up layer by layer. The construction speed is faster than that of powder bed melting, but it will lead to the decrease of surface quality and precision, and usually requires a lot of post-processing. Laser DED printers usually have a sealed chamber filled with argon to avoid oxidation. When dealing with less reactive metals, they can also operate with only local argon or nitrogen.

Metals commonly used in this process include stainless steel, titanium and nickel alloy. This printing method is usually used to repair high-end aviation and automobile parts, such as jet engine blades, but it is also used to produce whole parts.

△Meltio M450 wire feeding laser DED 3D printer, Optomec LENS CS 600 metal powder feeding laser DED 3D printer and DMG Mori Lasertec 65 DED powder feeding laser DED 3D printer.

2. Electron beam directional energy deposition

△ electron beam DED 3D printing

Electron beam DED, also known as linear electron beam energy deposition, is a 3D printing process very similar to laser DED. It is carried out in a vacuum chamber and can produce very clean and high-quality metals. When a wire passes through one or more nozzles, it will be melted by the electron beam. The layer is constructed separately, the electron beam forms a tiny molten pool, and the welding wire is fed into the molten pool by a wire feeder. When dealing with high-performance metals and active metals (such as copper, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloy), electron beam is selected for DED.

DED machines are virtually unlimited in print size. For example, Sciaky, a 3D printer manufacturer, has an EB DED machine that can produce parts nearly 6 meters long at a speed of 3 to 9 kilograms of materials per hour. Electron beam DED is touted as one of the fastest methods to manufacture metal parts, although it is not the most accurate, which makes it an ideal machining technology to build large structures (such as fuselage) or replace parts (such as turbine blades).

△ 3D printing of wire by electron beam deposition

3. Line-controlled energy deposition

△Gefertec arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) printing

Wire Directed Energy Deposition, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a kind of 3D printing, which uses energy in the form of plasma or arc to melt the metal in the form of wire, and deposits the metal layer by layer on a surface, such as a multi-axis turntable, to form a shape by a robotic arm. This method is chosen instead of the similar technology of laser or electron beam because it does not need a sealed chamber and can use the same metal (sometimes the same material) as traditional welding.

Direct energy deposition is considered to be the most cost-effective choice in DED technology, which can use the existing arc welding robot and power supply, so the entry threshold is relatively low. But unlike welding, this technology uses complex software to control a series of variables in the process, including the thermal management of the robot arm and the tool path. This technology has no supporting structure to be removed, and the finished parts are usually CNC machined when necessary to achieve strict tolerance or surface polishing.

△Gefertec and WAAM3D’s line arc additive manufacturing 3D printer.

4. Cold spraying

△ cold spraying

Cold spraying is a DE3D printing technology, which sprays metal powder at supersonic speed to combine them without melting, and hardly produces thermal cracks or thermal stress. Since the early 2000s, it has been used as a coating process, but recently, several companies have used cold spraying for additive manufacturing, because it can print at a speed 50 to 100 times higher than that of a typical metal 3D process and does not require inert gas or vacuum chamber.

Like all DED processes, cold spraying will not produce prints with good surface quality or details, but the parts can be used directly from the printing bed.

5. Melting direct energy deposition

△ Melting Direct Energy Deposition: Aluminum parts printed by ElemX 3D liquid metal of Xerox.

Melting direct energy deposition is a 3D printing process, which uses heat to melt metal (usually aluminum) and then deposits it layer by layer on the building board to form 3D objects. The difference between this technology and metal extrusion 3D printing is that metal raw materials containing a small amount of polymer are used for extrusion, so that the metal can be extruded. Then the polymer is removed in the heat treatment stage, and pure metal is used to melt DED. One can also compare molten or liquid DED to material injection, but instead of a series of nozzles to deposit droplets, liquid metal usually flows out from the nozzles.

Variants of this technology are being developed, and molten metal 3D printers are rare. The advantage of using heat to melt and then deposit metal is that it can use less energy than other DED processes, and it is possible to directly use recycled metal as raw material instead of metal wire or highly processed metal powder.

VII. Lamination of sheets

△ Sheet lamination

Sheet lamination is technically a form of 3D printing, which is quite different from the above technologies. Its function is to stack and laminate very thin pieces of material together to create 3D objects or stacks, and then cut them by machinery or laser to form the final shape. The layers of materials can be fused together in a variety of ways, including heating and sound, depending on the material, ranging from paper to polymer to metal. When the parts are laminated and then laser cut or processed into the required shape, it will produce more waste than other 3D printing technologies.

Manufacturers use sheet lamination to produce cost-effective non-functional prototypes at a relatively high speed, which can be used in battery technology and composite materials, because the materials used can be interchanged in the printing process.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC)

● Materials: paper, polymer and sheet metal.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: non-functional prototyping, multi-color printing and casting.

● Advantages: rapid production and compound printing.

● Disadvantages: low precision, much waste, and some parts need post-production.

Laminated additive manufacturing

△ Laminated additive manufacturing

Lamination is a 3D printing technology, in which sheets of materials are laminated and glued together, and then the layered objects are cut into the correct shape with a knife (or laser or CNC router). This technology is less common nowadays, because the cost of other 3D printing technologies has decreased, and the speed and ease of use have greatly increased.

△BCN3D viscous lithography manufacturing (VLM) 3D printing process using resin (source: BCN3D)

Viscosity lithography (VLM): VLM is a patented 3D printing process of BCN3D, which can laminate a thin layer of high-viscosity photosensitive resin onto a transparent transfer film. The mechanical system allows the resin to be laminated from both sides of the film, so that different resins can be combined to obtain a multi-material part and an easily detachable support structure. This technology has not been commercialized, but it can also belong to one of the laminated 3D printing technologies.

Composite-based additive manufacturing (CBAM)：Startup Impossible Objects applied for a patent for this technology, which combines carbon, glass or Kevlar mats with thermoplastics to manufacture parts.

Selective Laminated Composite Manufacturing (SLCOM): Envision Tec, now called ETEC, owned by Desktop Metal, developed this technology in 2016, which uses thermoplastics as the base material and woven fiber composite.

Note: There are many kinds of 3D printing technologies. These are the seven most common additive manufacturing technologies in 3D printing, which do not cover all 3D printing technologies in the market.

Original title: "7 mainstream 3D printing technologies, all of which can be understood"

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　　CCTV News:Because of the broadcast of a food documentary, in recent days, "Zhangqiu Iron Pot" can be said to be a red overnight. This kind of iron pot forged by traditional manual skills has become a popular product snapped up by everyone.

　　"Zhangqiu Iron Pot" is popular, but the business owner who produces iron pots has begun to worry? Why?

　　China 3 on the tip of the tongue: "Twelve processes, 18 times of heat, more than a dozen hammer tools, large and small, 1000 degrees of high temperature smelting, 36,000 times of forging, each forging is the most powerful experience of iron, while injecting strength into the iron pot."

　　Every season, "China on the tip of the tongue" will bring some food or utensils with it. The third season of "China on the tip of the tongue" broadcast in the Spring Festival this year will make Zhangqiu iron pot, which has always been unknown, popular overnight.

　　In the documentary, not only Zhangqiu’s long history as the "hometown of blacksmiths" is presented, but also the tedious manual production process is displayed. In the dozens of minutes after the broadcast of the program, more than 2,000 iron pots in the inventory of Zhangqiu Iron Pot Online Store were robbed and emptied.

　　At the same time, the experience store in Jinan, Shandong Province, which is being renovated, has also flooded into consumers from all over the country.

　　The experience store, which was intended to be officially opened in March this year, had to open ahead of schedule because of the large number of visitors.

　　In the hastily opened physical store, consumers not only bought all the goods in the store, but also the samples hanging on the wall.

　　According to statistics, the sales of Zhangqiu iron pot on Tmall platform increased by nearly 6,000 times year-on-year. But the current reality is that Zhangqiu iron pot is hard to find.

　　In desperation, four days after the China broadcast on the tip of the tongue, the merchants put up the slogan "Zhangqiu has no pot, Luoyang paper is expensive" on the homepage of the website, and removed all the pots and pans. At the same time, in the persuasion statement, consumers are advised to "consume rationally, I hope everyone will refund, and then buy slowly when the heat dissipates, so as not to let the inheritance get into too much money."