Research: ferrets and cats are susceptible to Covid-19, which can cause "cat-to-cat transmission"

  Covid-19 is thought to originate from bats, and it is 96.2% similar to RaTG13 (collected by Shi Zhengli, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Yunnan, China in 2013) in nucleotide sequence level. However, it is a kind of novel coronavirus that has not been detected in humans and other animals before, and its appearance has brought many new problems to be solved urgently, including whether other pets, livestock and poultry may be infected by Covid-19 besides humans?

  On April 8th, local time, the top academic journal Science published the paper "Susceptibility of Ferrets, Cats, Dogs, and Different Domestic Animals to SARS-coronavirus-2" online. The purpose of this study is to find out some questions: Will Covid-19 be transmitted to other animal species, thus becoming a "reservoir" of infection? Covid-19 infection has many clinical manifestations in humans, ranging from mild infection to death, so how is it manifested in other animals? With the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, which animals can be used to simulate the effects of these drugs or vaccines on humans most accurately?

  In order to solve these problems, research teams from the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National High-level Biosafety Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control evaluated the susceptibility of different model experimental animals, pets and livestock to Covid-19, infected Covid-19 through experiments, observed the clinical manifestations and pathological changes of vaccinated animals and cohabiting animals, and detected the viral load of organs and tissues, the emission of respiratory and intestinal viruses, and the seroconversion of antibodies against Covid-19 in animals.

  Their research shows that Covid-19 has weak replication ability in dogs, pigs, chickens and ducks, but it can replicate efficiently in ferrets’ upper respiratory tract and cats’ respiratory system and digestive system. Experimental infected cats can spread Covid-19 through the air; Some cats can cause serious illness or even death after infection, and the illness of young cats is obviously more serious than that of older cats.

  Histopathological observation confirmed that virus infection in cats can cause lung inflammation and intestinal mucosal damage to varying degrees. Immunohistochemical study showed that there were a large number of virus infections in mucosal epithelium and olfactory bulb cells of upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, maxilla, tonsil), mucous gland epithelial cells of trachea and bronchial mucosa, and intestinal mucosal epithelium.

  The correspondent of this paper is Chen Hualan, academician of China Academy of Sciences, chief scientist of the innovation team of animal influenza basic and prevention research in Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bu Zhigao, director of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and director of the national high-level biosafety laboratory for animal disease prevention and control, and Wu Guizhen, secretary of the Party Committee of Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control of China CDC and director of BSL-3 laboratory. Previously, on March 31st, local time, the research team had taken the lead in publishing the research on the preprint platform bioRxiv.

  It is worth mentioning that the National High-level Biosafety Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control is one of the existing two P4 laboratories in China, and the other is in Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences. All the experiments of Covid-19 infection in this study were carried out in P4 laboratory, which was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Animal research and animal welfare programs were approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

  According to the press release issued by official website, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, different coronaviruses have been prevalent in mammals and poultry, but most of these coronaviruses are limited to specific species of animals and generally cannot infect humans. Similarly, several common coronaviruses in humans do not infect other animals. However, some coronaviruses from bats, such as SARS and MERS virus, can often infect many animals and humans.

  At present, Covid-19 is popular among a wide range of people in the world, and the risk of introducing animals in close contact with human beings is increasing. Therefore, it is urgent to study the susceptibility of domestic animals in close contact with human beings to Covid-19, evaluate whether domestic animals are exposed to Covid-19 hazards and become potential intermediate hosts, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of Covid-19.

  In addition, in view of the current global epidemic situation of COVID-19, it is very likely that it will evolve into a common infectious disease, and it is urgent to establish a stable and reliable animal infection model to meet the needs of vaccine and drug research and development evaluation.

  The research team stressed that the monitoring of cat COVID-19 should be regarded as an auxiliary means to eliminate the current Covid-19 epidemic. They called for close monitoring and protection of cats in epidemic areas, avoiding their contact with infectious sources and preventing them from becoming possible transmission hosts or storage hosts.

  In addition, it was previously questioned that cats infected with COVID-19 were caused by large doses under laboratory conditions. However, in addition to this research, on April 3rd, Academician Jin Meilin, professor of the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Huazhong Agricultural University, director of the Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic Preparations of the Ministry of Agriculture, director of the Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and researcher Shi Zhengli, director of the Key Laboratory of Highly Pathogenic Biology and Biosafety of Chinese Academy of Sciences, also published a study on the preprint platform bioRxiv. Through the investigation of cat serum, they found that the serum ELISA test of 102 cats collected after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan showed that the serum from 15 cats (14.7%) was positive for Covid-19 receptor binding domain (RBD).

  Nadia, a 4-year-old tiger from Bronx Zoo in new york, USA, was recently diagnosed with Covid-19. On April 5, local time, the US Department of Agriculture issued a statement confirming that a tiger in a zoo in new york was diagnosed with Covid-19, and several other lions and tigers also showed symptoms of respiratory diseases. Officials at the Bronx Zoo in new york said that nadia, three other tigers and three African lions had symptoms of dry cough and loss of appetite, but they are expected to recover. Public health officials believe that these animals were infected by an asymptomatic employee.

  Covid-19 can be replicated in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets for up to 8 days, but it will not cause serious illness or death.

  Ferrets are often used as animal models of human respiratory viruses. Therefore, the research team first tested ferrets’ sensitivity to Covid-19.

  Two Covid-19 strains were used in this study: F13-E from Wuhan South China Seafood Market and CTan-H from a patient infected with Covid-19.

  The research team inoculated 10 5 PFU (Plaque Forming Unit) F13-E or CTan-H into ferrets through nose respectively, and euthanized them on the 4th day after inoculation (P.I.). The turbinate, soft palate, tonsil, trachea, lung, heart, spleen, kidney, pancreas, small intestine, brain and liver of each ferret were collected, and the viral RNA was determined by qPCR and virus titration.

  Viral RNA:A in ferrets’ organs or tissues: A, F13-E, B, CTAN-H..

  The results showed that viral RNA and infectious virus were detected in the turbinate, soft palate and tonsil of all four ferrets, but not in other tissues.

  C, virus titer in organs or tissues of ferrets inoculated with F13-E, D and CTAN-H.

  The research team believes that these results show that Covid-19 can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets, but it has not been detected in other tissues.

  In order to study the replication dynamics of virus in ferrets, the research team intranasally inoculated 6 ferrets with 10^5pfu of F13-E(3) or CTan-H(3), and then placed them in three isolated cages. On the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day, ferret nasal wash and rectal swab were collected for virus RNA detection and virus titration. At the same time, their body temperature and COVID-19 signs were monitored for two weeks.

  Viral RNA in the nasal wash of ferrets inoculated with F13-E(E) and CTan-H(F). Viral titers in the nasal wash of ferrets inoculated with F13-E(G) and CTan-H(H).

  The results showed that viral RNA was found in the nasal wash of all six ferrets on the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th day. Viral RNA was also found in some rectal swabs, but the copy number was significantly lower than that of nasal wash. Infectious virus was detected in nasal wash of all ferrets, but none of them was found in rectal swab.

  One ferret in each group developed fever and loss of appetite on the 10th and 12th days respectively. In order to investigate whether these symptoms are caused by virus replication in the lower respiratory tract, the research team euthanized the two ferrets on the 13th day and collected their organs for virus RNA detection.

  However, except for the ferret turbinate inoculated with CTan-H, the low copy number was detected, and no viral RNA was detected in any other tissues or organs.

  Pathological studies showed that two ferrets euthanized on the 13th day had severe lymphoplasmacytic vasculitis and vasculitis, the number of type II alveolar cells, macrophages and neutrophils in alveolar septa and alveolar cavities increased, and the lungs had mild bronchiolitis.

  The asterisk indicates that the animals were euthanized on the 13th day after inoculation, and the other four animals were euthanized on the 20th day.

  Covid-19 antibody was detected in all ferrets by ELISA and neutralization test, and the antibody titers of two ferrets euthanized on the 13th day were significantly lower than those euthanized on the 20th day.

  In order to further study whether Covid-19 was replicated in ferrets’ lungs, the research team inoculated 8 ferrets with 10^5 pfu of CTan-H through trachea, and euthanized 2 animals on the 2nd, 4th, 8th and 14th days, respectively, and detected virus RNA in tissues and organs.

  Among the two ferrets euthanized on the second day and the two ferrets euthanized on the fourth day, the researchers only detected viral RNA; in the turbinate and soft palate of one of them. Among the two ferrets euthanized on the eighth day, viral RNA; was detected in the soft palate of one ferret and in the turbinate, soft palate, tonsil and trachea of the other ferret. No viral RNA was detected in the two ferrets euthanized on the 14th day.

  These results indicate that Covid-19 can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets for up to 8 days without causing serious illness or death.

  At the end of the paper, the research team also mentioned that, comparatively speaking, Covid-19 is different from other influenza viruses that can replicate in the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract of ferrets, and even human SARS-CoV. Covid-19 is only replicated in ferrets’ nasal bones, soft palate and tonsils. It can also replicate in the digestive tract, but even if the virus is inoculated in the trachea, the virus is still not detected in the lungs of ferrets.

  Cats are highly susceptible to "cat-to-cat transmission": the monitoring of cat Covid-19 should be regarded as an auxiliary means of epidemic prevention and control.

  It is worth noting that cats and dogs are in close contact with humans, so the research team thinks that besides laboratory animals like ferrets, it is very important to know the susceptibility of domestic animals that often live with humans to COVID-19 for the control of Covid-19.

  The research team first studied the replication of Covid-19 in cats. Five 8-month-old subadult domestic cats (inbred lines) were intranasally inoculated with 10^5pfu of CTan-H, and two of them were scheduled to be euthanized on the sixth day to evaluate the virus replication in their organs. Three cats were put in separate cages in the isolator. In order to monitor the spread of respiratory droplets, an uninfected cat was placed in a cage adjacent to each cat vaccinated with the virus.

  Because 8-month-old cats are aggressive, it is difficult to carry out routine nasal cleaning on them. In order to avoid possible harm, the research team collected the feces of these cats and checked the viral RNA in their organs after euthanasia.

  Virus RNA was detected in the nasal bone, soft palate and tonsils of two sub-adult domestic cats euthanized on the 6th day, and virus RNA was also detected in the trachea of one cat and the small intestine of the other cat. However, no viral RNA was detected in any lung samples of these two cats.

  Infectious viruses were detected in the nasal bones, soft palate, tonsils and trachea of these cats, but no infectious viruses were found in the small intestine with positive viral RNA.

  The spread of Covid-19 among cats.

  In the study of virus transmission, RNA virus was detected in the feces of two vaccinated cats on the third day, and RNA virus was detected in the feces of all three vaccinated cats on the fifth day. Among the three cats at risk of virus exposure, viral RNA was detected in the feces of one cat on the third day.

  Virus-infected cats with positive feces were euthanized on the 11th day. Virus RNA was detected in the soft palate and tonsils of the infected cats and in the nasal bones, soft palate, tonsils and trachea of the exposed cats, indicating that respiratory droplets spread between cats.

  On the 12th day, the research team euthanized the remaining cats. Viral RNA was detected in the tonsils of one virus-infected cat and the nasal bone, soft palate, tonsils and trachea of another virus-infected cat, but it was not detected in any organ or tissue of the two virus-exposed cats.

  Through ELISA and neutralization test, Covid-19 antibody was detected in all three cats inoculated with virus and one cat exposed to virus.

  Covid-19 replicates efficiently in respiratory system and digestive system of infected cats, causing pathological damage and inflammatory reaction. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study on cats that died or were euthanized three days after virus infection. (a) The arrangement of nasal mucosa epithelium is disordered, cilia fall off (arrow), and lymphocytes in lamina propria infiltrate (arrow). (b) The tonsil epithelial cells are degenerated and necrotic, and the surface of mucosal epithelium (asterisk) is covered with cell fragments and neutrophils (arrow). (c) Epithelial degeneration and necrosis of tracheal mucosa (arrow), with mucus (asterisk) mixed with a large number of cell fragments on the surface. (d) Epithelial necrosis of tracheal mucous glands and infiltration of lymphocytes (arrow). (e) Normal lung tissue structure of uninfected cats. (f) Aggregation of inflammatory cells in pulmonary blood vessels and coagulation of fibrin (arrow). (g) A large number of macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrated in alveoli, that is, alveolar septa. (h) Infiltration and proliferation of alveoli and alveolar septitis. (i) Some cells in the epithelium of small intestine are degenerated and necrotic, and lymphocytes in the lamina propria are moderately infiltrated (arrow). (j) A large number of epithelial cells of turbinate mucosa were positive for virus antigen (brown). (k) A large number of exfoliated cells in tonsil mucosa epithelium and mucosa surface were positive for virus antigen (brown). (l) A large number of virus antigens were positive (brown) in serous cells of tracheal mucous glands. (m) A large number of small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells were positive for virus antigen (brown). Ruler line A, I = 100 μ m, B-H, J-L = 200 μ m, M = 500 μ m

  The research team also repeated the above-mentioned replication and transmission research in sub-adult cats in young cats (70-100 days). Histopathological studies on the samples of young cats who died or were euthanized on the third day after being inoculated with the virus showed that the nasal cavity and tracheal mucosa epithelium and lungs of the two cats had a lot of damage.

  These results indicate that Covid-19 can be effectively replicated in cats, and young cats are more susceptible to infection. More importantly, the virus can spread from cat to cat through respiratory droplets.

  Next, the research team also studied the replication and spread of Covid-19 in dogs, and the results showed that dogs were less sensitive to Covid-19. Similar studies also show that pigs, chickens and ducks are not sensitive to Covid-19.

  Overall, the research team found that ferrets and cats are highly sensitive to Covid-19, dogs are less sensitive, and domestic animals including pigs, chickens and ducks are not sensitive to the virus.

  In addition, it is reported that Covid-19 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor to enter cells, and ACE2 is mainly expressed in type II lung cells and serous epithelial cells of ferrets’ tracheal-bronchial submucosal glands. Therefore, the research team believes that the potential mechanism to prevent Covid-19 from replicating in ferrets’ lower respiratory tract remains to be studied.

  The results of this study show that ferrets can be used as animal models for vaccine and drug evaluation in Covid-19. Dogs, pigs, chickens and ducks are not susceptible to Covid-19, which has important guiding significance for the traceability of virus hosts; More importantly, cats are highly susceptible to Covid-19.

  The research team called for close monitoring and protection of cats in epidemic areas to avoid contact with infectious sources and prevent them from becoming possible transmission hosts or storage hosts. The monitoring of cat COVID-19 should be regarded as an auxiliary means to eliminate the current Covid-19 epidemic.

  Paper link: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/early/2020/04/07/science.abb7015.full.pdf.

Pixel Wars: A waste of arcade game’s good ideas.

    Special feature of 1905 film network In fact, the concept is not new, not to mention the amazing short film. In 2012, the animated film invited the protagonists of the game and turned it upside down. Up to now, Sony’s "Pixel Wars" has taken the road of combining real people with CG. Comedy stars such as adam sandler, kevin james and Josh Gad are invited. Obviously, the film didn’t want to be normalized from the beginning, and it was played in the guise of "war" and alien invasion, but it was still a shit and Loser transformation. It was not interesting or harmful.

    At the beginning of the film, the film played a card of feelings and memories. Several strange-looking little boys, one of whom lost how to play the game, and the other, although brave, was defeated by others in the final championship battle. The other likes to chat with the girl in the game machine, full of small and medium-sized Xuan Xuan. Obviously, the film is paving the way, and it is also a common routine of Hollywood movies. Everyone’s adult life is greatly influenced by his childhood, so-called psychological trauma. So, the runner-up of the game, carrying the shadow of the second place, grew up to be an ordinary employee of a home appliance company, while the little fat man with no ambition and only catching dolls became the president of the United States. Yes, you are not mistaken. What is the screenwriter’s brain wide open for irony? Another "little devil" got into the panic, and the geek who is infatuated with beautiful women, as always, started a technical otaku.

    When the scene jumps to the present, when adam sandler comes out, the whole style of painting is wrong, not to mention that kevin james has become the boss of the United States. From this time on, the tone of the film is slightly ironic and teasing. After watching such low-cost comedies in the United States, you will be quite familiar with and benefit from all kinds of jokes and techniques, such as ridiculing the American president to pieces and not knowing the "disaster". Isn’t it obvious that the president has no education? In addition, all kinds of important people in the White House have also become the object of ridicule, portrayed as a group of straw bags, officials are not like officials, and the general seems to be half buried in the ground. Of course, Americans haven’t forgotten to give a black hand to their good brother Britain again. The female prime minister has become thin and toothless, and looks like a menopausal woman with hormonal instability. She is not only pale but also very neurotic, which makes people think of her naked contempt for the Queen of England. Behind these satire and ridicule, what we can actually see is the characteristics of the film Pixel Wars, or the serious hooliganism as mentioned above.

    Therefore, after adam sandler saw the heroine’s swaying posture, the first sentence she blurted out was "Wow", a heartfelt surprise brought out by hormones, and then the heroine happened to be in the emotional loss stage of life. Two people flirted and secretly fell in love, but they did not expect to start bickering because of a misunderstanding of a kiss, and they began to stage the plot of tell it to the judge. This way of communication between men and women is obviously the favorite of this kind of comedy, and they don’t like each other. Of course, adam sandler is not the only serious hooligan. Otaku still thinks about the dream girl in his game, and even draws many cartoons full of psychosexuality. One of the conditions for the little devil to join the team against alien aggression is to have dinner with tennis superstar Serena and spend the night together.

    The more the film goes to the back, the stronger the desire of these men for women, and the creator has generously satisfied all their wishes. After becoming a salvation star, adam sandler won the beauty home, and the cartoon goddess of the otaku was regarded as a reward for the victory of the game, and became a real person, and Serena was waiting for the sandwich night that the little devil was thinking about … … It can be seen that these women were rewarded as trophies to these geeks, so when the beautiful game goddess in the movie dropped her double swords and leaned over to kiss the fat and filing otaku, the boys in the audience couldn’t help but make a sound with multiple meanings of regret, envy and jealousy.

    It can be seen that "Pixel Wars" is like a beautiful world that a bunch of game geeks fantasize about themselves. In this world, not only can they become superheroes, but the opponents they beat are actually BOSS, who often can’t get through customs in the game, and then save the world. By the way, they also saved the setting that they have been a loser for the first half of their lives, and finally they can even win the beauty. Therefore, it is not surprising that the film is full of all kinds of imagination about beauty, hero and strength. After all, for the game otaku, the imagination of the external world is always better than the reality, otherwise Serena, a world champion who is strong and independent both physically and mentally, can’t throw herself at a cheating game champion.

    It is precisely because of this that the audience of this "Pixel Wars" is estimated to be very limited. After all, the value position of such male chauvinism and taking all women as trophies is really out of line with the prevailing trend of feminism, not to mention that all the women in the movie are beautiful and amazing, while all the men seem to be a little diabetic.

"Pixel Wars" is such a typical American brainless comedy. The concept of pixels in the old-fashioned game of the film to create alien attacks is somewhat interesting in itself, but it is only limited to this. Wasted the setting and nostalgia that this attack method is electronic and gamified. On the one hand, the game characters in Pixel are much richer, and the story in the movie is still from a human perspective. On the other hand, they are all set as villains who will only destroy or even show their faces and break into slag, destroying their childhood and feelings in the game hall with steel.

 

Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Forwarding the Pilot Project of Changing Business Tax to VAT in an All-round Way

project

serial number

Preferential items

Application materials

I. Items exempted from VAT

one

Care and education services provided by nurseries and kindergartens

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Certification materials such as the permit for running the park issued by the education department at or above the county level.
3. The original and photocopy of the approval or filing materials for the approval of fees by the competent price department.
4. Relevant certification materials of income.

2

Pension services provided by pension institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Nursing homes provide the original and photocopy of the approval certificate for the establishment of social welfare institutions issued by the civil affairs department, and other nursing homes provide the original and photocopy of the documents approved by the relevant departments or the certification issued by the relevant departments.
3. Relevant certification materials of income.

three

Parenting services provided by welfare institutions for the disabled

1 "Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption Registration Form".

2. The original and photocopy of the approval certificate for the establishment of social welfare institutions.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

four

Marriage introduction service

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Proof materials of marriage introduction service.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

five

Funeral service

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Relevant certification materials of income.

six

Services provided by the disabled themselves to the society

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Disabled Persons’ Card" or "People’s Republic of China (PRC) disabled soldiers Card (Grade 1 to 8)".

3. Original and photocopy of personal identification.

seven

Medical services provided by medical institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the Practice License of Medical Institution.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

eight

Educational services provided by schools engaged in academic education

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the approval or filing materials for the approval of fees by the competent price department.

3. The license for running an ordinary school, or the original and photocopy of the document that all kinds of schools whose students are recognized by the state are approved by the people’s government at or above the prefecture (city) level or the education administrative department of the government at the same level, or the document that a technical school or a senior technical school is approved by the administrative department of human resources and social security at or above the provincial level, or the document that a technician college is approved by the provincial people’s government.

4. Relevant certification materials of income. 

nine

Services provided by students through work-study programs.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2 proof materials issued by the school work-study management service organization.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

10

Agricultural mechanization, irrigation and drainage, pest control, plant protection, agriculture and animal husbandry insurance and related technical training services, breeding and disease prevention of poultry, livestock and aquatic animals.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the relevant business contract and agreement or relevant business certification materials.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

11

The first ticket income obtained by memorial halls, museums, cultural centers, management institutions of cultural relics protection units, art galleries, exhibition halls, painting and calligraphy institutes and libraries providing cultural and sports services in their own places.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Relevant certification materials of income.

twelve

Tickets for cultural and religious activities in monasteries, temples, mosques and churches.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Relevant certification materials of income.

13

Government funds and administrative fees charged by other units other than administrative units that meet the conditions stipulated in Article 10 of the Pilot Implementation Measures.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 the State Council, the Ministry of Finance, the provincial people’s government and its financial and price departments approved the establishment of funds or fees and a copy of the original document.
3. The original and photocopy of the payment book that all the money received has been turned over to the finance.

4. A bill stub has been issued.

14

Individual transfer of copyright

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Copyright registration certificate, original and photocopy of individual copyright transfer contract.

15

Personal sales of self-built and self-occupied housing

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Self-built certification materials issued by the housing management department or the land department.

3. Original and photocopy of property ownership certificate.

4. Original and photocopy of personal identification.

5 sale of housing contracts and income proof materials.

16

Before December 31, 2018, the public rental housing management unit rented public rental housing.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2 people’s governments at or above the county level sponsored or identified as low-cost housing management unit related certification materials.

3. The original and photocopy of the lease contract signed with the housing security object.

4. Proof materials of price norms issued by the people’s governments at or above the county level.

17

Taiwan Province shipping companies and airlines engaged in cross-strait direct sea and air services in the mainland.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the contract signed between the enterprise and Taiwan Province shipping companies and airlines to engage in cross-strait direct sea and air services.

3. The original and photocopy of the "Permit for Cross-Strait Waterway Transportation in Taiwan Province" issued by the Ministry of Transport, and the registered address of the company indicated in the permit is in Taiwan Province.

4. The "Business License" issued by the Civil Aviation Administration of China or the original and photocopy of the certification materials of the airlines whose registered address is in Taiwan Province, which are approved to operate the cross-strait irregular (charter) transport of passengers, goods and mail according to the provisions of the Cross-Strait Air Transport Agreement and the Supplementary Agreement on Cross-Strait Air Transport.

18

Direct or indirect international freight forwarding services provided by taxpayers

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Proof that all the income from international freight forwarding services collected from the entrusting party and the international transportation fees paid to international transportation carriers have been settled through financial institutions.

3. The original and photocopy of the international freight forwarding service contract signed by the enterprise.

19

Before December 31, 2016, the interest income of small loans of farmers in financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax reduction and exemption registration form" 2 copies.

2 farmers’ residence certificate issued by the township.

3. Small loan contracts signed by financial institutions and farmers.

Interest income of national student loan

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 student loan ledger, student loan contract and a copy of the original.
3. List of National Student Loan Interest.

4. The original and photocopy of the student’s identity certificate.

Interest income from national debt and local government debt

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Interest income from loans of the People’s Bank of China to financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the loan contract signed by the People’s Bank of China and the financial institution.

Interest income of individual housing loans issued by the housing provident fund management center with the housing provident fund in the designated entrusted bank.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the entrusted loan agreement signed with the designated entrusted bank.

3. The bank signed a list of housing loan amount and interest income with individuals.

Interest income of foreign exchange loans entrusted by foreign exchange management departments to financial institutions in the process of engaging in the operation of national foreign exchange reserves.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the foreign exchange loan contract agreement issued by the entrusted financial institution.

In the unified borrowing and repayment business, the interest charged by the enterprise group or the core enterprises in the enterprise group and the financial companies affiliated to the group to the enterprise group or the subordinate units within the group is not higher than the loan interest rate paid to financial institutions or the coupon rate level of bonds paid.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the loan or loan contract signed by the core enterprise, finance company and the group or its subsidiaries.

3 enterprise groups or core enterprises in enterprise groups to borrow money from financial institutions or issue bonds to obtain funds.

twenty

The cancelled financial institution pays off debts with goods, real estate, intangible assets, securities, bills and other property.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the certificate that the People’s Bank of China decided to cancel according to law.

3. Original and photocopy of the property disposal contract (agreement).

4. Proof of income from the liquidation and disposal of property by the revoked financial institution.

21

Premium income from life insurance products offered by insurance companies for more than one year.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Receipt or approval document (copy) of the CIRC for the record of insurance products.
3. Insurance clauses of insurance products.

4. Insurance product rate table.

22

Income from the transfer of financial commodities entrusted by qualified foreign investors (QFII) to domestic companies to engage in securities trading in China.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the securities investment business license issued by the CSRC.

3. Original and photocopy of the entrustment contract.

Investors in Hong Kong market (including units and individuals) buy and sell A shares listed on Shanghai Stock Exchange through Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect, and the income from financial commodity transfer.

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Income from the transfer of financial commodities to investors in Hong Kong market (including units and individuals) who buy and sell mainland fund shares through mutual recognition of funds.

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Securities investment funds (closed-end securities investment funds, open-end securities investment funds) managers use the funds to buy and sell stocks and bonds.

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

Income from financial commodity transfer from individuals engaged in financial commodity transfer business

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

23

Interest income from capital transactions between financial institutions and the People’s Bank of China

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise or the certification materials that the institution was established with the approval of the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and operated the financial and insurance business.

Inter-bank interest income

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise.

Interest income from capital transactions between financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise or the certification materials that the institution was established with the approval of the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and operated the financial and insurance business.

Discounted interest income between financial institutions

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise or the certification materials that the institution was established with the approval of the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and operated the financial and insurance business.

24

The income (excluding credit rating, consulting, training and other income) obtained by guarantee institutions that meet the prescribed conditions from engaging in credit guarantee or re-guarantee business for small and medium-sized enterprises shall be exempted from value-added tax within 3 years.

1. Two copies of the Registration Form of Credit Guarantee Exemption from VAT for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises.
2. Items, basis, scope and duration of tax exemption.
3. Copy of business license and articles of association.

25

The national commodity reserve management unit and its directly affiliated enterprises undertake the task of commodity reserve, and the interest subsidy income and the spread subsidy income obtained from the central or local finance.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Items, basis and scope of tax exemption.
3. Accept the entrustment of the relevant departments of the central, provincial, municipal and county governments (or the management units designated by the government), undertake the task of storing six kinds of commodities, such as grain (including soybeans), edible oil, cotton, sugar, meat and salt (limited to the central reserve), and purchase, store and sell the above six kinds of reserved commodities according to relevant policies, and obtain relevant certification materials of financial reserve funds or subsidies.

26

Taxpayers provide technology transfer, technology development and related technical consultation and technical services.

1 "taxpayer tax reduction and exemption registration form" 2 copies;
2. The original and photocopy of the contract signed by the enterprise for technology transfer, technology development and related technical consultation and technical service (which has been recognized by the provincial or municipal, county and city-level science and technology authorities where the enterprise is located);

3 provincial or municipal, county and district-level science and technology departments to identify registration documents.

27

Contract energy management service

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The original and photocopy of the energy management project contract signed by the enterprise belongs to the energy-saving benefit sharing contract.

3. Proof that the technologies related to the energy management contract meet the technical requirements stipulated in the General Rules for Energy Management Contract (GB/T24915-2010) issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the State Standardization Administration.

28

Before December 31, 2017, the ticket income of popular science units, as well as the ticket income of party and government departments at or above the county level and the Association for Science and Technology to carry out popular science activities.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. The certification materials of the science and technology department for the identification of popular science activities and popular science bases.

29

The government-run institutions of higher learning, secondary schools and primary schools engaged in academic education (excluding subordinate units) all the income obtained from holding advanced courses and training courses belongs to the school.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the certificate approved by the relevant department.
3. The original and photocopy of the payment book for the special account of fiscal revenue remittance.
4. unified account certification materials provided by the school.
5. Relevant certification materials on income from holding refresher courses and training courses.

30

Vocational schools established by the government mainly provide internship places for students in school, which are funded by the school and managed by the school, and the operating income belongs to the school. They are engaged in the business activities of "modern services" (excluding financial leasing services, advertising services and other modern services) and "life services" (excluding cultural and sports services, other life services and saunas and oxygen bars) in the Notes on Sales Services, Intangible Assets or Real Estate.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the certificate approved by the relevant department.
3. The original and photocopy of the payment book for the special account of fiscal revenue remittance.
4. unified account certification materials provided by the school.
5. Description of the enterprise’s site, funders, operation, etc. and relevant certification materials on the income from sales services.

31

The income of domestic service enterprises from domestic service provided by employee domestic servants.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The original and photocopy of the business license of the enterprise.
3. The original and photocopy of the labor contract or service agreement signed by the enterprise and the domestic servant for half a year or more.
4. The list of social insurance such as basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and unemployment insurance paid in full by the enterprise for the domestic workers on a monthly basis, or the domestic workers put forward in writing that they will no longer pay social insurance, and issue a certificate issued by their township or original unit that they have paid relevant insurance.
5. The enterprise actually pays a list of wages not lower than the minimum wage standard approved by the provincial people’s government to the domestic helpers through financial institutions.

32

Income from the issuance of welfare lottery tickets and sports lottery tickets

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Relevant certification materials that taxpayers can engage in welfare lottery and sports lottery issuance.

3. Relevant certification materials of income.

33

Rental income of military spare real estate

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Relevant certification materials that the property belongs to the army.

3. Real estate lease contract.

34

In order to cooperate with the reform of the national housing system, the income obtained by enterprises and administrative institutions from the sale of housing at the cost price and standard price of housing reform

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 provide housing reform approval and other relevant certification materials.
3 sale of housing contracts and income proof materials.

35

Transfer land use rights to agricultural producers for agricultural production.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2 original and photocopy of the contract for the transfer of land use rights.

36

Individuals involved in the division of family property transfer real estate and land use rights free of charge.

1. Registration Form for Personal Free Donation of Real Estate.
2. The original and photocopy of the house property right certificate and the land use right certificate.
3. The original and photocopy of the identity certificates of both parties shall be transferred free of charge, and the original and photocopy of the identity certificate of the donee shall be provided if the will is inherited.
4. The following information should be provided separately:
(1) divorce property division, provide the original divorce certificate, property division agreement confirmed by the civil affairs department or the original and photocopy of the court judgment.
(2) If the real estate or land use right is inherited, the original and photocopy of the notarial certificate of inheritance right issued by the notary office shall be provided.
(3) If the testator disposes of the real estate and land use right, the original and photocopy of the testamentary notarial certificate, testamentary succession certificate or bequest certificate issued by the notary office shall be provided.
(4) If the donor is given free of charge to the person who bears the obligation of direct support or maintenance, the original and photocopy of the judgment of the people’s court that proves the support or maintenance relationship between the donor and the donee, or the original and photocopy of the notarial certificate issued by the notary office, or the original and photocopy of the support or maintenance relationship certificate issued by the township government or sub-district office.
(5) In other cases, provide the original and photocopy of the judgment of the people’s court that proves the kinship between the donor and the donee, or the original and photocopy of the notarial certificate issued by the notary office; The original and photocopy of the notarial certificate of the property owner’s gift and the donee’s acceptance of the gift, or the notarial certificate of the gift contract jointly handled by both parties.

37

Land owners transfer land use rights and land users return land use rights to land owners.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. The land use right is returned to the land owner, and the relevant certification materials of the land owner’s return of income.

38

The local people’s governments at or above the county level or the administrative departments of natural resources transfer, transfer or recover the right to use natural resources (excluding land use rights).

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

39

Employment of dependents

1 for the placement of dependents employment and new enterprises:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the certificate of dependents issued by the political and logistics organs at or above the military level.

(3) The original and photocopy of the certification materials of "enterprises with dependents reaching the specified proportion" jointly issued by the political and logistics organs at or above the military level and stamped with the official seal of the army.

2 dependents engaged in self-employment:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the certificate issued by the political organ at or above the division level that can show the identity of the dependents.

40

Employment of demobilized military cadres

1 engaged in self-employed demobilized military cadres:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the transfer certificate issued by the troops at or above the division level.
(3) Other information required by the competent tax authorities.
2. Newly established enterprises for the employment of demobilized military cadres who choose their own jobs:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) Description of the proportion of employed demobilized cadres to all on-the-job employees.
(3) the original and photocopy of the transfer certificate issued by the troops at or above the division level.

41

Cross-border service

1 "Cross-border taxable services tax exemption filing form";
2. Original and photocopy of the cross-border service contract;
3. If the service takes place overseas, the original and photocopy of the proof materials that the service place is overseas shall be submitted;
4. To provide cross-border services to overseas units, the certification materials that the service recipient’s institution is located overseas and all the service income is obtained from overseas shall be submitted;
5. Other materials required by the tax authorities.
If the original of the cross-border service contract is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided and signed by the legal representative (person in charge) or sealed by the unit. If the original overseas materials cannot be provided, only a copy can be provided, marked with the words "the copy is consistent with the original", and signed by the legal representative (person in charge) or sealed by the unit; If the original of overseas materials is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided and signed by the legal representative (person in charge) or sealed by the unit. If the competent tax authorities have doubts about the overseas certification materials submitted, they may require taxpayers to provide certification materials issued by overseas notary departments.

forty-two

Ship inspection service of ABS classification society

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Original and photocopy of the identity certificate of ABS Classification Society of the United States.

43

Qinghai-Tibet railway transportation service

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

forty-four

Universal postal service and special postal service

Two copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.

45

Before December 31, 2016, the interest income of farmers’ small loans from farmers’ self-reliance service agencies (centers) and small loan companies

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2 farmers’ residence certificate issued by the township.

3 farmers’ self-reliance service agencies (centers), small loan companies and farmers signed a small loan contract.

4 farmers’ self-reliance service center (center) is organized by Zhonghe Rural Credit Cooperative Project Management Co., Ltd. and China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation; Proof of the establishment of a small loan company by Zhonghe Rural Credit Cooperative Project Management Co., Ltd..

46

Disposal of non-performing assets by asset companies

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.

2. Original and photocopy of the contract or agreement for transfer and financial lease.

3. Relevant certification materials on the income from disposal of non-performing assets (including interest income from accepting non-performing creditor’s rights, income from assets and project evaluation and audit services).

II. VAT refund upon collection

one

Pipeline transportation service

1 pipeline transportation service enterprises to apply for qualification filing materials to be submitted:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) The original and photocopy of the business license.
2 pipeline transportation service enterprises to apply for tax refund information to be submitted:
(1) Application Form for Tax Refund (Refund).
(2) enterprise tax refund application report (list the basic information of the enterprise, pipeline transportation income, calculation of tax paid and tax refund amount, etc., and affix the official seal of the enterprise).
(3) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Letter (Special for Bank Collection) or People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Certificate (original and photocopy).

2

Tangible movable property financing lease

1. Materials to be submitted by the tangible movable property financial leasing enterprise to apply for qualification filing:
(1) 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayers’ Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) The original and photocopy of the certificate that the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Commerce approved the enterprise to operate the financial leasing business.

(3) The original and photocopy of the certificate that the provincial commerce department authorized by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Economic and Technological Development Zone approved the enterprise to engage in financial leasing business; Original and photocopy of the time proof materials on whether the paid-in capital of the enterprise reaches 170 million yuan and 170 million yuan. Enterprises only need to provide the first and second information or the first and third information when applying for filing.
2. Materials to be submitted by tangible movable property financial leasing enterprises when applying for tax refund:
(1) Application Form for Tax Refund (Refund).
(2) An application report for enterprise tax refund (stating the basic information of the enterprise, the operation of the tangible movable property financing lease project, the calculation of the tax paid and the tax refund amount, etc., with the official seal of the enterprise affixed).
(3) Original and photocopy of the contract for the tangible movable property financing lease project involved in the tax refund.
(4) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Letter (Special for Bank Collection) or People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tax Payment Certificate (original and photocopy).

III. Deduction of VAT items

one

Retired soldiers start their own businesses and obtain employment.

1. Self-employed retired soldiers provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) The original and photocopy of the Certificate of Discharged Servicemen of China People’s Liberation Army or the Certificate of Discharged Servicemen of China People’s Liberation Army.

2 resettlement enterprises to provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) the original and photocopy of the "China People’s Liberation Army conscripts discharged from active service certificate" or "China People’s Liberation Army noncommissioned officers discharged from active service certificate" for newly recruited self-employed retired soldiers.
(3) the original and photocopy of the labor contract (copy) signed between the enterprise and the newly recruited self-employed retired soldiers, the list of salary payment, and the record of social insurance premiums paid by the enterprise for employees.
④ Work schedule of self-employed retired soldiers in enterprises this year.

2

Entrepreneurial employment of key groups

1 entrepreneurs engaged in individual business to provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
② Employment and Entrepreneurship Certificate (marked with "self-employment tax policy" or "self-employment tax policy within graduation year") or Employment and Unemployment Registration Certificate (marked with "self-employment tax policy" or attached with "self-employment certificate for college graduates") obtained before January 27, 2015.
③ Original and photocopy of personal identification.
2 resettlement enterprises to provide:
① 2 copies of the Registration Form for Taxpayer’s Tax Reduction and Exemption.
(2) Employment and Entrepreneurship Certificate or Employment and Unemployment Registration Certificate obtained before January 27, 2015 (marked with "enterprise tax absorption policy").
(3) the original and photocopy of the labor contract or service agreement, salary payment and social insurance payment list.

Fourth, specific projects

one

Individual housing sales are exempt from VAT.

1 "taxpayer tax relief registration form" 2 copies.
2. Original and photocopy of the house purchase and sale agreement.
3. The original and photocopy of the house property certificate.
4. Original and photocopy of deed tax payment certificate.
5. Original and photocopy of identity certificates of both parties to the transaction.

Mao Zedong Thought is the first historic leap of Marxism in China.

  The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Resolution on the Great Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Hundred Years’ Struggle (hereinafter referred to as the Resolution) adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee pointed out: "Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism–Leninism’s creative application and development in China, a correct theoretical principle and experience summary about China’s revolution and construction that has been proved by practice, and the first historic leap of China Marxism." This is a scientific summary and summary of Mao Zedong Thought. Seriously studying and implementing the spirit of the Resolution is of great theoretical and practical significance for continuing to hold high the great banner of Mao Zedong Thought and constantly pushing forward the China-oriented Marxism under the new historical conditions.

  First, the scientific theory formed and developed in China’s revolution and construction practice.

  The revolution in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China is confronted with the special national conditions that peasants account for the vast majority of the population, the backward and scattered small-scale peasant economy, small-scale production and its social influence are deeply rooted, and the economy and culture are very backward. What kind of road to choose to lead the China revolution to victory is the primary problem and an unprecedented problem in the history of Marxist development. Young the Communist Party of China (CPC) once simply applied Marxism–Leninism’s general principles about proletarian revolution and copied the experience of armed uprising in Russian October revolutionary cities, which made the China revolution suffer serious setbacks.

  In the arduous exploration of the whole party to find the revolutionary road in China, Comrade Mao Zedong led the autumn harvest uprising troops to change from attacking big cities to marching into the countryside, which was a decisive new starting point for the China revolution. In the practice of revolutionary struggle, Comrade Mao Zedong scientifically analyzed the international and domestic political situation, systematically answered the problems why the red regime in China existed, expounded the theory of the trinity of agrarian revolution, armed struggle and the construction of revolutionary base areas, and put forward that the China revolution should be centered on the countryside, which opened up the correct revolutionary road. The Resolution pointed out: "the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative, combined Marxism–Leninism’s basic principles with China’s concrete reality, made a theoretical summary of a series of original experiences accumulated through hard exploration and great sacrifice, opened up the correct revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces, founded Mao Zedong Thought, and pointed out the correct direction for winning the victory of the new-democratic revolution."

  The cause of Marxism in China is arduous and complicated, and it has never been smooth sailing. The process of Mao Zedong Thought’s formation and development runs through the process of fighting against "Left" and Right-leaning mistakes and profoundly summing up the historical experience in this respect. The Zunyi Conference held in 1935 actually established the leading position of Comrade Mao Zedong in the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army, and began to establish the leading position of the correct Marxist line with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative in the CPC Central Committee, which created important conditions for Mao Zedong Thought to mature. In October 1938, Comrade Mao Zedong clearly put forward the proposition of "China Marxism" at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the enlarged Party. At the turn of 1939 and 1940, in order to systematically clarify the Party’s theory and program, answer the question of where China is going, and better guide the revolutions in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and China, Comrade Mao Zedong published many important theoretical works, profoundly summarized and comprehensively expounded a series of major theoretical issues of the China Revolution, and formed a relatively systematic philosophy, military thinking, United front thinking and party building thinking. In particular, the systematic exposition of the theory of new democracy and the incisive demonstration of the Party’s policies and strategies are of great significance to guiding the China revolution. The creation of these theories marks the maturity of Mao Zedong Thought. The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China established Mao Zedong Thought as the party’s guiding ideology and wrote it into party constitution. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Party United and led the people to create great achievements in the new-democratic revolution, and realized the national independence and people’s liberation that several generations of Chinese dreamed of.It has created fundamental social conditions for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  After the founding of New China, faced with the basic end of the new democratic revolution and the beginning of the socialist revolution, Comrade Mao Zedong further put forward and expounded the theory, principles and policies of the transition from new democracy to socialism, led the whole party and the people of the whole country to creatively open up a socialist transformation road suitable for China’s characteristics, successfully completed the task of the socialist revolution, and established the socialist system, laying an important foundation for all progress and development in China.

  After the establishment of the basic socialist system, how to build socialism in China is a brand-new task facing the Party. Comrade Mao Zedong has made arduous explorations on the road of socialist construction suitable for the situation in China. The Resolution pointed out: "Comrade Mao Zedong proposed to’ second combine’ Marxism–Leninism’s basic principles with China’s concrete reality, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative, combined with the new reality to enrich and develop Mao Zedong Thought." In April, 1956, Comrade Mao Zedong made a speech on "On Ten Major Relations" at the enlarged meeting in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, and initially put forward some new policies for China’s socialist economic and political construction, which indicated that our party had its own new and important understanding of how to build socialism. During this period, the party also put forward a series of important ideas on socialist construction, many of which are still of great guiding significance. It is also under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought that the Party united and led the people to create great achievements in socialist revolution and construction, laying a fundamental political premise and institutional foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  Second, enrich and develop Marxism–Leninism with original theoretical achievements.

  The Resolution pointed out: "Upholding and developing Marxism requires extremely arduous and challenging efforts by Marxists all over the world from theory to practice." Comrade Mao Zedong is a great pioneer of Marxism in China, and Mao Zedong Thought has added new contents to Marxism–Leninism’s theoretical treasure house with his original theoretical achievements.

  Starting from the historical and social conditions in China, Comrade Mao Zedong deeply studied the characteristics of the China Revolution and the laws of the China Revolution, developed Marxism–Leninism’s thought on the leadership of the proletariat in the democratic revolution, and established the theory of a new-democratic revolution led by the proletariat, based on the alliance of workers and peasants, for the masses, and against imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, which provided a basic basis for our party to become the core of the leadership of the whole nation and create a new road of the China Revolution.

  Comrade Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China (CPC), based on the economic and political conditions for the transition to socialism created by the victory of the new-democratic revolution, adopted the policy of simultaneous socialist industrialization and socialist transformation, and implemented the specific policy of gradually transforming the private ownership of the means of production, thus theoretically and practically solving the difficult task of establishing a socialist system in China, a big country with nearly a quarter of the world’s population and backward economy and culture. During this period, the theory of people’s democratic dictatorship put forward by Comrade Mao Zedong greatly enriched Marxism–Leninism’s theory of proletarian dictatorship.

  After the establishment of the socialist system, Comrade Mao Zedong creatively put forward that the socialist society is a long historical stage, strictly distinguish and correctly handle the contradictions between the enemy and ourselves and among the people, correctly handle the ten major relations in China’s socialist construction, embark on an industrialization road suitable for China’s national conditions, respect the law of value, implement the policy of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision" in the relationship between the party and the democratic parties, and implement the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend" in scientific and cultural work.

  In the practice of revolution and construction, Comrade Mao Zedong systematically solved the problem of how to build a revolutionary army with farmers as the main component into a new type of people’s army with proletarian nature, strict discipline and close ties with the people. The people’s war thought put forward systematically by Comrade Mao Zedong, and the thoughts on strengthening national defense, building modern revolutionary armed forces and developing modern national defense technology are all outstanding contributions to Marxist-Leninist military theory.

  Comrade Mao Zedong brilliantly demonstrated the extreme importance of policies and strategies, pointing out that policies and strategies are the life of the Party and the starting point and destination of all practical actions of revolutionary parties. We must formulate the Party’s policies according to the political situation, class relations, actual conditions and their changes, and combine principle with flexibility. Comrade Mao Zedong also put forward many important ideas with long-term significance in ideological and political work and cultural work.

  It is an extremely arduous task to build a Marxist proletarian party with broad masses in a country with a small number of proletarians and strong fighting capacity, and farmers and other petty bourgeoisie account for the majority of the population. Comrade Mao Zedong’s theory of party building successfully solved this problem. Comrade Mao Zedong clearly pointed out that there must be a great party to guide the great revolution, and party building is a "great project". He put forward the principle of building the party ideologically, adhering to democratic centralism, adhering to the three fine styles of integrating theory with practice, closely contacting the masses, criticizing and self-criticizing, and forming three magic weapons of United front, armed struggle and party building. Fully foresee the new challenges facing the country’s ruling, clearly put forward that we must continue to maintain the style of modesty, prudence, arrogance and rashness, and we must continue to maintain the style of hard struggle and actively explore major issues of party building under the ruling conditions. Many of these important expositions still have strong practical pertinence, which is an important ideological weapon for our party to strengthen the construction of the ruling party.

  The "Resolution" points out: "Mao Zedong Thought’s living soul is the position, viewpoint and method that runs through all components, which are embodied in three basic aspects: seeking truth from facts, mass line and independence." Comrade Mao Zedong applied dialectical materialism and historical materialism to all the work of proletarian political parties, and formed these positions, viewpoints and methods with the Communist Party of China (CPC) characteristics in the long and arduous struggle of China’s revolution and construction, which had a far-reaching impact on our party’s theoretical innovation and practical innovation.

  In the process of the formation and development of Mao Zedong Thought, many outstanding leaders of our party have made important contributions. Mao Zedong Thought is the crystallization of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s collective wisdom. Mao Zedong’s scientific works are its concentrated summary.

  Third, inherit the excellent traditional culture

  "Resolution" pointed out that Marxist theory "must be China to take root and localization to be deeply rooted in people’s hearts". Mao Zedong Thought was created by "applying Marxism–Leninism’s scientific method to summarize China’s history, society and all revolutionary struggle experiences", "the highest expression and theoretical generalization of China’s national wisdom", "completely Marxist and completely China’s", with "fresh and lively China style and China style loved by China people".

  In the development of Marxism in China, the history of the nation and the present situation, the form and the content of the nation have always been inseparable, and Comrade Mao Zedong has always advocated the close combination of the two. Comrade Mao Zedong once pointed out against the error of "Left" dogmatism: "No matter the history of China in the past hundred years or in ancient times, it is still dark in the minds of many party member. Many scholars in Marxism–Leninism also said that they were Greek, but they were sorry for their ancestors and forgot. The air of seriously studying the status quo is not strong, and the air of seriously studying history is not strong. " Rectifying the style of study in Yan ‘an Rectification Movement is to emphasize the study of China’s realistic struggle, as well as the modern and ancient history of China, inherit the excellent traditional culture and create a Marxist national form.

  Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the culture of China for thousands of years is mainly feudal culture, so we must make a concrete analysis of it. There are many good things left by China’s history, but there are also many toxins and dross, which cannot be uncritically eclectic. "From Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, we should sum up", but "we must distinguish all the decadent things of the ancient feudal ruling class from the excellent people’s culture in ancient times, that is, something more or less democratic and revolutionary". It is a necessary condition for developing national new culture and improving national self-confidence to get rid of its feudal dross and absorb its democratic essence. The "national scientific mass culture" put forward and advocated by Comrade Mao Zedong is the "new culture of the Chinese nation" that "enhances national self-confidence".

  The "national" culture is to oppose imperialist oppression and uphold the dignity and independence of the Chinese nation. It belongs to our nation and has the characteristics of our nation. The Communist Party of China (CPC) people must combine Marxism with national characteristics, and only after a certain national form can it be useful, and it must never be applied subjectively. A "scientific" culture opposes all feudal and superstitious ideas, advocates seeking truth from facts, advocates objective truth, and advocates the consistency of theory and practice. "The current new culture in China is also developed from the ancient old culture. Therefore, we must respect our own history and never cut it off." The "popular" culture is democratic, should serve the broad masses of workers and peasants, and gradually become their culture. As for China’s fine historical tradition, "we want to inherit it, but the purpose is still for the people", and as for the historical and cultural forms of the past era, "we don’t refuse to use them, but these old forms have been transformed and added with new contents, which will become revolutionary things serving the people".

  Comrade Mao Zedong paid attention to combining the basic principles of Marxism with Chinese excellent traditional culture, so that Marxism could take root in China.

  Fourth, adhere to and develop Mao Zedong Thought.

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: Mao Zedong Thought has educated generations of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, and it has trained a large number of backbones, which not only played an important role in the new democratic revolution, socialist revolution and socialist construction, but also played an important role in creating and building Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new historical period. Many of Comrade Mao Zedong’s important works were written during the period of the new-democratic revolution and the period of socialist revolution and construction, but we still have to study them frequently. This is not only because history cannot be cut off, but if we don’t understand the past, it will hinder our understanding of current problems; And because many basic principles, principles and scientific methods contained in these works are of universal significance, they will play an important guiding role for us now and in the future. The Resolution pointed out that Mao Zedong Thought "provided scientific guidance for the development of the cause of the Party and the people". We must continue to adhere to Mao Zedong Thought, earnestly study and apply its stand, viewpoint and method to study new situations and solve new problems in practice. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "We want to restore Mao Zedong Thought, adhere to Mao Zedong Thought and even develop Mao Zedong Thought. In these aspects, he has provided a foundation." It is in this sense that Mao Zedong Thought provided an important ideological foundation for the theoretical creation of our party.

  Comrade Mao Zedong said in "On Practice": "The movement of change in the objective real world will never end, and people’s understanding of truth in practice will never end. Marxism–Leninism did not end the truth, but constantly opened up the road to understanding the truth in practice. " Just as Marx must never be asked to provide ready-made answers to the problems that arose hundreds of years after his death, Comrade Mao Zedong must never be asked to undertake the task of solving a series of new problems that occurred in China and the world after his death. Real Marxism–Leninism people must know, inherit and develop Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought according to the present situation. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that he is not a Marxist as Marx; Equal to Marx, not a Marxist; Only when you surpass Marx can you be a Marxist.

  Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, our Party has persisted in proceeding from the reality of China, gained insight into the general trend of the times, grasped the historical initiative, made arduous explorations, constantly pushed forward the modernization of Marxism in China, guided the people of China to continuously push forward the great social revolution, successively founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, formed Theory of Three Represents and formed Scientific Outlook on Development, scientifically answered a series of basic questions about the construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, formed a theoretical system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and achieved a new leap in the sinicization of Marxism.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the people of the Communist Party of China (CPC), with the Supreme Leader as the main representative, have persisted in combining the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, persisted in Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, profoundly summed up and made full use of the historical experience since the founding of the Party, and set out from the new reality, created Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in a new era. This thought is contemporary China Marxism and 21st century Marxism, and it is the essence of Chinese culture and China spirit, and it has achieved a new leap of Marxism in China.

  The people of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China cherish all the achievements in China’s revolution, construction, reform and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great practice in the new era, combining Marxism–Leninism’s basic principles with China’s concrete reality and with China’s excellent traditional culture, and apply and develop these achievements in new practice, enriching and developing our party’s theory with new principles and conclusions that are in line with reality, and ensuring that our cause is in Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents", the scientific development concept and the new supreme leader.

It is rare for the two countries to openly disagree. Whether to extradite Assange will stir up US-Australia relations.

  [Global Times special correspondent in the United States Zhang Sisi Global Times special correspondent Wang Cong] "Whether Assange can be free is widely regarded as a judgment of the Australian government’s influence on the Biden administration in the United States." The Associated Press reported on July 30th that since the Labor government came to power last year, Australia has been trying to persuade the United States to terminate the prosecution of Assange, the founder of Wikileaks. However, in the recent annual meeting between US Secretary of State Blinken and Australian Foreign Minister Huang Yingxian, Blinken said that Assange was accused of committing a "very serious criminal act".

  The Associated Press reported that Blinken said during the talks that Assange was "suspected to be related to one of the most serious confidential information leaks in American history", and he understood Australia’s concerns and views on this matter, but urged Australia "as a friend, we should understand the concerns of the United States". Blinken also said that Assange’s "alleged acts may cause very serious harm to US national security" or even "life-threatening". Huang Yingxian responded that Australia has "made it clear publicly for many times" and that Assange’s case has been delayed for too long. Australia hopes that the United States can withdraw these allegations and settle the case as soon as possible.

  In addition, the Australian Sydney Morning Herald quoted Huang Yingxian as saying that the United States had "inconsistent" attitudes towards Assange and Chelsea Manning, another protagonist of the "confidential document leak case" and a former American army intelligence analyst. Manning was arrested for leaking about 700,000 confidential military and diplomatic documents to Wikileaks and was sentenced to 35 years in prison in 2013. However, in January 2017, former US President Barack Obama commuted Manning’s sentence before leaving office, which led to her release in May of that year.

  Assange has been detained in the high-security Belmarsh prison in south London since he was arrested by the British government from the Ecuadorian embassy in London in April 2019. In June, 2022, the British Home Secretary, Pruitty Patel, approved the request of the United States to extradite Assange. In July of the same year, Assange appealed the extradition order to the British High Court. According to the relevant laws of the United States, once Assange is extradited to the United States, he will be charged with espionage and improper use of computers in the United States, and he will face a maximum of 175 years in prison.

  According to the Sydney Morning Herald, Blinken’s statement is the "sharpest and most detailed" comment made by Biden administration officials on Assange. Blinken’s remarks mean a "rare public disagreement" between the United States and Australia, and highlight that "the Albanese government faces an arduous task in persuading Biden’s government to stop pursuing Assange". The Guardian reported that Blinken’s defense of the American accusation against Assange would be regarded as "a heavy blow to the efforts of the international community to rescue Assange".

  Assange, 52, was born in Australia and founded the Wikileaks website in 2006. In 2010, Wikileaks exposed a large number of American diplomatic cables and confidential documents of the US military during the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War, and exposed the war crimes of the US military. In 2019, after Assange was arrested in Britain, the United States immediately requested the extradition of Assange. Australian Prime Minister Albanese has repeatedly urged the US government to terminate the lawsuit against Assange. In May this year, Albanese said that he had expressed the Australian government’s position to the American and British governments that there was no benefit in continuing to imprison Assange.

  "Assange’s supporters reacted angrily to Blinken’s remarks." "Australia is the closest ally of the United States, and Blinken needs to understand the overwhelming view of the Australian people, that is, it is fed up with Assange’s endless imprisonment," said Barnes, legal adviser of the Australian Assange supporters organization, according to the Sydney Morning Herald. Assange must be released immediately and be reunited with his family. "

Inventory of customs clearance mode of cross-border import e-commerce

Inventory of customs clearance mode of cross-border import e-commerce

At present, the customs clearance modes of cross-border e-commerce import business mainly include: express customs clearance, goods collection customs clearance and stock clearance.

What are the customs clearance modes for cross-border e-commerce?

(A) cross-border e-commerce import customs clearance mode-express customs clearance

After the order is confirmed, foreign suppliers will mail the goods directly from overseas to consumers through international express delivery. No customs documents.

Advantages: flexible, delivery only when there is business, no need to stock up in advance;

Disadvantages: When mixed with other express mail, the logistics clearance efficiency is low, and the cost will rise rapidly when the volume is large;

Suitable: the stage of less business volume and occasional sporadic orders.

(B) Cross-border e-commerce import customs clearance mode-goods collection customs clearance (orders first, then delivery)

Merchants package a number of sold goods in a unified way and transport them to domestic bonded warehouses through international logistics. E-commerce enterprises go through customs clearance procedures for each product. After being checked and released by the customs, e-commerce enterprises entrust domestic express delivery to consumers. Each order is accompanied by customs documents.

Advantages: flexibility, no need to prepare goods in advance, higher logistics clearance efficiency and lower overall logistics cost compared with express mail clearance.

Disadvantages: the packaging operation needs to be completed overseas, and the overseas operation cost is high, and the delivery from overseas takes a little longer.

Suitable for: at the stage of rapid growth of business volume, there are many orders every week. (3) Customs clearance mode of cross-border e-commerce import-stocking customs clearance (stocking first, then ordering)

Merchants stock overseas goods in batches to bonded warehouses under customs supervision. After consumers place orders, e-commerce enterprises go through customs clearance procedures for each product according to the orders, complete the veneer sheet and packaging in the bonded warehouses, and after being checked and released by the customs, e-commerce enterprises entrust domestic express delivery to consumers. Each order is accompanied by customs documents.

Advantages: bulk stocking to bonded warehouse in advance, the lowest international logistics cost, immediate delivery from bonded warehouse after orders are placed, the highest customs clearance efficiency, timely response to after-sales service requirements and the best user experience.

Disadvantages: the use of bonded warehouses has storage costs, and stocking will occupy funds.

Application: in the stage of large business scale and stable business volume. Purchase cost can be reduced by ordering in large quantities or in advance, and the international logistics cost can be reduced by gradually transitioning from air transportation to sea transportation, or the problem of capital occupation caused by stocking can be solved by pledge supervision financing.

(Source: Brother K chats with the sea)

I successfully developed my own technology to stop the plane from running off the runway and break the US monopoly.

Not long ago, Mr. Chen saw a novel thing on the Discovery Channel: Americans put a blocking bed at the end of some airport runways, which actually prevented planes from rushing off the runways. On the TV screen, the materials paved at the end of the runway successfully prevented a Boeing passenger plane from rushing out of the runway, which protected the plane and ensured the safety of passengers.

The technology presented in the picture is called Engineering Material Arresting System (EMAS), which has long been monopolized by foreign companies. On July 12th, 2012, EMAS, developed by China Civil Aviation Science and Technology Research Institute and with completely independent intellectual property rights, officially passed the qualification examination of Civil Aviation Administration of China and was approved for engineering application. This is an important progress made by China Civil Aviation in the research and development of major systems related to flight safety, and it is also the second EMAS in the world to be approved by government civil aviation authorities. The achievement of this achievement will greatly reduce the cost of installing the system in airports, thus promoting the effective improvement of safety and security capabilities of many plateau airports and airports with special terrain in China.

How to stop the plane from running off the runway?

With the rapid development of the world’s civil aviation industry, the number of take-off and landing flights has increased significantly, and the number of aircraft rushing off the runway has shown an upward trend. How to avoid serious accidents after the aircraft rushing off the runway has become an important issue for civil aviation safety. In order to solve this problem, as early as the 1960s, the British began to research and develop related technologies to stop planes that ran off the runway, but failed to form products for various reasons. By the 1980s, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and an American company began to jointly develop the EMAS system.

In fact, EMAS is a kind of foam concrete with specific mechanical properties, which is laid on the ground of the runway extension line with a thickness of several tens of centimeters to form an arresting bed. Its width is consistent with the runway, and its length is between tens of meters and more than 100 meters. Once the plane rushes out of the runway, it enters it, and the foam concrete is crushed under the rolling of the wheels, so as to absorb the kinetic energy of the plane, and on the premise of ensuring the safety of the plane and the people on board, the plane will gradually slow down and finally stop in the arresting bed.

In 1990s, FAA approved the design method of EMAS system. In 1996, the first trial laying was carried out at Kennedy Airport in new york, and three planes were successfully stopped. Subsequently, the FAA issued a license for it and promoted it in civil airports in need in the United States. Up to now, 55 sets of EMAS systems have been laid in 35 civil airports in the United States, and 8 planes have been successfully stopped. At the same time, the United States promotes the EMAS system on a global scale. In recent years, the system has been installed at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in Sichuan and Songshan Airport in Taiwan.

Can solve the problem of running off the runway.

Sichuan Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport was built by cutting mountains, surrounded by mountains on three sides. Due to the influence of complex terrain and high altitude, pilots often feel that the runway is short during the flight mission of Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport, especially in rainy and snowy weather. Once the plane lands and stops taking off, there will be back spraying, brake failure or rushing off the runway, and the consequences will be unimaginable. Therefore, in 2006, when Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport carried out the second phase expansion project, two sets of EMAS systems were installed at the north and south ends of the runway respectively.

In China, a considerable number of airports are built by cutting mountains, commonly known as "desktop airports". Although these airports have established runway-end safety zones according to the standards, there are often steep slopes or cliffs outside the safety zones. Once the plane rushes out of the runway-end safety zone, the tragedy of plane crash and death will inevitably be staged. In addition, some airports in Linjiang, Linhai and residential areas also have such problems.

With the rapid development of civil aviation in China, the number of flights has increased dramatically. In order to maintain the past safety level, we need updated safety measures. According to the statistics of ICAO, the number of runway accidents in the world ranks first in the statistics of civil aircraft accident types. In recent years, the number of incidents of civil aviation rushing off the runway in China also ranks first in the statistics of serious accident symptoms of civil aircraft. It can be seen that the installation of EMAS system in the airport where the safety zone at the runway end is not long enough can solve the problem of the plane rushing off the runway and obviously improve the safe operation level.

Technical problems of

Before the EMAS developed by the China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, there were no similar products in China. If we want to install it in our airports, we need to face three problems: high product price, long transportation distance and difficult system maintenance.

It is reported that in 2010, Taiwan Songshan Airport plans to lay a set of this system, with a budget as high as NT$ 430 million. Compared with 2006, when the system was laid at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in Sichuan, the price has increased significantly. Such a high cost, even if the government gives most subsidies, it is difficult for small and medium-sized airports in China that need to install EMAS system most.

China needs its own EMAS system! In 2010, under the direction of Li Jian, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administration, the Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics organized a research and development team headed by its main leaders and attended by dozens of scientific research backbones, and relevant units in the United Nations invested tens of millions of yuan. After more than two years, the technical problems of material production and system design methods have been overcome. In order to effectively verify the performance of the product and the safety of the system, the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics designed and built a special test bench, conducted dozens of tests on the process of wheel rolling materials, and obtained a lot of valuable data, and finally established a set of perfect simulation calculation model and design method for the blocking process. The Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics also specially purchased a Boeing 737 aircraft from Air China. Since the fourth quarter of 2011, it has carried out six large-scale real aircraft verification tests using the second runway of Tianjin Airport. The test results show that the EMAS system developed by the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has an effective blocking effect and can ensure the safety of the aircraft and the crew.

Development prospect of

"For China’s civil aviation, the EMAS project is a brand-new and groundbreaking project, and only the United States has mastered this technology in the world. We don’t have any experience to learn from. Doing this project well is of great significance for China civil aviation to export standards to the international civil aviation community, to enhance the international status of China civil aviation, to enhance the safety margin of complex airports, and to build a strong civil aviation country. " Li Jian, deputy director of CAAC, has repeatedly emphasized the importance of China Civil Aviation in developing its own EMAS system.

The responsible person of Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Beijing) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. revealed to the reporter that the successful research and development of domestic EMAS system has greatly reduced the laying cost, and provided reasonable engineering solutions for many plateau airports, airports with complex terrain and other airports that are difficult to extend the runway safety zone for special reasons. It has a very broad market prospect. Tengchong Airport has decided to install EMAS system, and many airports at home and abroad have also shown strong interest in this product. "We have more than 10,000 square meters of production workshop in Tianjin Airport Economic Zone, which can meet the environmental requirements for the production and maintenance of blocking materials, and can ensure the stability of material performance, and can produce one set of materials required for EMAS system every month."

This year, ICAO will put forward the standard of increasing the length of the safety zone at the runway end in the "International Standards and Recommended Measures" to reduce the serious flight safety accidents caused by running off the runway. However, due to geographical or other environmental constraints, many airports are difficult to meet the new requirements for the length of runway safety zone. EMAS has been written into Article 3.5.5 of Airport Design and Operation, Volume I, Annex 14 of ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation, which has become an internationally accepted equivalent safety measure.

It is understood that although the price of domestic EMAS system has dropped significantly compared with similar products abroad, it is also a huge expense for many airports, especially small and medium-sized airports. In view of the purpose of laying EMAS system to improve the safety of airport operation, CAAC is working on formulating relevant subsidy policies to support the popularization and application of EMAS system.

How many routines are there behind a low-cost tour group that forces tourists to spend 20 thousand yuan in one hour?

  ● With the increasing popularity of self-help outdoor tourism, outdoor clubs, donkey friends clubs and go on road trip clubs frequently publish tourism products illegally through WeChat groups or QQ groups, publicize tourism routes, and receive citizens or donkey friends to travel.

  ● According to the relevant provisions of the Tourism Law, it is illegal for non-tourism enterprises and individuals to organize tourism activities by themselves.

  ● To completely eradicate the chaos of compulsory consumption of low-priced groups, we should rely on the law, increase punishment measures, and increase illegal costs and rights protection benefits.

  □ Our reporter Zhao Li

  "Since you have chosen a group with shopping links, you need to spend. What was your attitude towards me in the shop today? They’re all fighting guerrillas in there! Now get off and go to the store, and spend 20,000 yuan an hour … …” These words came from a female tour guide in Guilin.

  This female tour guide brought a group organized by a beauty brand. According to tourists, "Give a product gift of 598 yuan to the travel agency", and you can go to Guilin from Hunan for free. On the last day of the trip, due to the high consumption of jade shops, the consumption of tourists did not meet the "psychological expectation" of the tour guide, so the above scene appeared.

  After this compulsory consumption incident was exposed, the "low-priced group" once again attracted attention.

  With the increasing popularity of self-help outdoor tourism, it is not uncommon for outdoor clubs, donkey friends clubs, go on road trip clubs, health care products sales enterprises and some training institutions to illegally publish tourism products, publicize tourism routes and receive citizens or donkey friends to travel through WeChat groups and QQ groups. According to the relevant provisions of the Tourism Law, it is illegal for non-tourism enterprises and individuals to organize tourism activities by themselves. However, according to the disclosure of relevant departments, many tourism activities attract consumers to join the group with "low-cost group tours" or even "zero group tours".

  Through unannounced visits to such organizations that operate travel agencies without travel qualifications, the "Legal Daily" reporter found that many low-priced groups hide many tricks.

  Ostensibly claiming not to be profitable.

  In fact, hidden invisible consumption.

  Recently, the reporter found a large number of QQ groups of related organizations through online search, and the format of group names is simple and consistent: ×× Outdoor Club. The reporter tried to apply to join the QQ group of these outdoor clubs as an outdoor sports enthusiast, but the pass rate was extremely low. Many applications for joining the group are "sinking into the sea" after they are issued. Some organizations directly rejected the reporter’s application for joining the group. For example, the ×× Shanshui Outdoor Club refused on the grounds that it was not introduced by acquaintances in the group after the reporter repeatedly applied for joining the group.

  After many attempts, the reporter finally entered the individual group chat as an ordinary tourist, but after joining the group, the relevant responsible persons of these organizations will know the information of the new group users, such as "Who introduced them", "Where did they come from" and "What activities have they participated in before".

  At present, the QQ group of "Beijing XX Outdoor Club" has 1436 people, and it promotes itself as an outdoor adventure club with the theme of mountaineering, hiking, camping, grassland riding, desert crossing, forest adventure, seaside swimming, photography, skiing, food, singing and making friends. The outdoor activities of this club are rich and varied, and most of them are short-lived, generally divided into one-day activities and two-day activities. The prices of short-term activities are generally low. Many one-day activities cost less than 100 yuan, and some two-day activities cost around 300 yuan. Take the one-day tour of Kingfisher Valley (located in Yanqing, Beijing) as an example. The activity cost is 65 yuan/person, including car charter, expressway fee, master fee and outdoor insurance. The activity was held on June 15th. By 15:30 on June 14th, more than 50 people had signed up.

  The person in charge of the club explained to the reporter: "The expenses incurred by the activity are all AA system, without any additional benefits."

  Two years ago, Ms. Wang, a citizen of Beijing, was dragged into an outdoor tour group, which published many low-priced tour routes. "People who organize tours say that if they don’t make money, they just organize everyone to go out to play." But Ms. Wang found that they "have not earned less money."

  She once took part in a trip to Zhangjiakou, the cost was not enough for 300 yuan, but after getting on the bus, the hidden cost began. The organizer charged each tourist 50 yuan’s hard work and each tourist had to pay 10 yuan’s tea fee after the meal.

  "Without a formal contract, it is too informal for such a tour group to transfer money through WeChat or pay by punching in." Ms. Wang said.

  Some insiders also revealed to reporters that some outdoor clubs often attract friends to travel under the banner of non-profit, and the relevant personnel of the club make profits through the price difference. Because outdoor clubs don’t need to pay deposits and taxes like travel agencies, the operation of outdoor clubs is almost "zero cost".

  The reporter interviewed Mr. Zhang, a staff member of a scenic spot who is in charge of receiving these clubs. He said: "The profits of related expenses can basically be divided into four or six with the organizers, and the commissions taken by general travel agencies or tour leaders are more."

  The promoter declares that he is not responsible.

  Tourists face greater risks.

  Another "Beijing Lvyou ××" QQ group information shows that it was founded on October 23, 2015. At present, it has 2,862 members and has organized 44 activities. The organizer is "Beijing× Wolf Outdoor". The activity destinations are nearly Shuanglong Gorge, Pofengling and Dongling Mountain in the suburbs of Beijing, and as far away as Wuyuan, Dunhuang and Mohe.

  According to the information of official website in Beijing × Wolf Outdoor, this organization is "dedicated to the tent rental industry in Beijing (Tianjin)", and its business scope mainly includes various outdoor goods rental businesses such as Beijing (Tianjin) camping tent rental, cotton sleeping bag rental, down sleeping bag rental, walkie-talkie rental and mountaineering bag rental.

  The official website page of Beijing × Wolf Outdoor has also set up a column of "Journey Friends Activities". Open this page, which shows 70 pieces of relevant travel information released by this organization from June 6, 2017 to October 24, 2018. The reporter opened several links, most of which are related introductions such as tourist routes, itinerary planning and cost range, and occasionally a "disclaimer" is attached to the introduction. Disclaimer said: The initiator of the activity is only the contact person of the activity, and may not have participated in the training of outdoor leaders and field rescue. Although it is obligatory to help every participant, the initiator and leader of the activity are not responsible for any damage and consequences caused by participating in the activity — — Sign up voluntarily at your own risk.

  Such a disclaimer can also be found in the details of the activities of the "Beijing donkey friends ××" QQ group.

  The reporter found that the Mountain X Outdoor Club has also organized outdoor travel activities many times. According to a tweet from its WeChat WeChat official account on June 13th, the length of a seven-day trip is around 3,000 yuan per person. The travel routes include Jiaju Tibetan Village, Hailuogou Glacier, Daocheng Aden, Siguniang Mountain and other popular tourist attractions. The expenses include transportation (driver’s accommodation), accommodation (7 nights), tickets (Siguniang Mountain Shuangqiaogou, Jiaju Tibetan Village, Aden Scenic Area, Hailuogou), meals (breakfast in Danba), tour leader service and insurance. At the same time, it is stated that this line only buys travel accident insurance for players, excluding illness insurance and financial insurance. During the activity, if the financial loss occurs, it shall be borne by the players themselves; If financial losses are caused by personal reasons and need to be handled by themselves, a "departure agreement" needs to be signed.

  Another go on road trip club, "X Ant go on road trip Club", also indicated similar terms in a go on road trip route push on June 14th. There is only a 500,000 yuan personal accident insurance in the travel expenses, and there is nothing else.

  The leader of "Beijing × Star Club" told reporters that the price given by his club was "more cost-effective than the travel agency" and an extra accident insurance would be given. When the reporter asked whether to sign the relevant responsibility contract, the team leader replied: "Without signing the contract, the activities are voluntary."

  Free travel has become a new trick

  Force shopping to set a trap

  It is worth noting that related disputes occur frequently.

  In April 2017, Tian Congxin, an outdoor travel enthusiast, sued the organizer of the WeChat group tour and lost the case. The lawsuit originated in the summer of 2016. He and his friends joined the WeChat group of Happy Friends’ self-help tour and drifted to Daqinggou, Inner Mongolia. During the drifting, he accidentally caused an acute compression fracture of the lumbar spine. When he claimed compensation from the tourism organizer, he was rejected and sued the court. The court ruled that the organizer did not aim at profit, and because Tian Congxin was injured in the wrong sitting position, he took full responsibility.

  On November 22nd, 2014, Zhang Bingyu followed the coaches of Qingdao Qianli Sports and Leisure Club Co., Ltd. to Jiuxian Mountain for altitude downhill outward bound training. During the descent, the protective rope was untied, and Zhang Bingyu fell from a height of about 30 meters above the ground and died. Yu, an employee of Qianli Sports Company, is the leader of this outward bound training. He knows Cao, whose net name is Mumu, from the outdoor sports group, who was temporarily hired by the company as the outdoor coach of this activity. According to the verdict, both Yu and Cao claimed that they did not have the qualification certificate to engage in downhill activities.

  Organizations and individuals without tourism qualifications like this often offer various low-cost tours when operating travel agency business.

  According to a Beijing resident who didn’t want to be named, his parents participated in a low-cost tour organized by the "outdoor donkey friends group" WeChat group. "Everyone has a one-day tour in 50 yuan and Yixing Zhuhai. My parents gather at 6: 30 in the morning and come back with big bags at 6: 00 in the evening. Bamboo shoots, bamboo chopping boards, activated carbon balls, dish towels, etc., spend hundreds of dollars and buy a bunch of useless things. "

  The reporter interviewed Mr. Zhang, who used to be a tour guide. Mr. Zhang said: "In the tourism industry, low-cost groups basically imply consumption content, which is a default rule in the industry. But if you pay enough money reasonably, there may be only some slight guidance and no compulsory consumption. "

  Ma Aiping, a professor at beijing international studies university Tourism Management College, thinks that the tour fee for four days and five nights is 598 yuan. If this fee includes food, accommodation and transportation, the price is obviously low, so travel itinerary includes three shopping items.

  Liu Simin, director of the Tourism Research Institute of the Cultural and Creative Industry Research Center of Beijing Foreign Studies University, believes that there may be many reasons for being lower than the market price and operating cost, but if there are obvious shopping arrangements in the itinerary, it can basically be judged as unreasonable low-cost travel.

  In 2017, the National Development and Reform Commission, in conjunction with the public security, industry and commerce, price and other departments, continued to carry out a number of actions to comprehensively rectify the order of the national tourism market, and seriously investigated and dealt with illegal acts such as "unreasonably low-cost travel" and "illegally operating travel agency business", and filed 2,595 cases, fined and confiscated illegal income of 33.26 million yuan, and revoked 45 business licenses.

  Since then, although the related problems of some travel agencies have been contained and supervised to a certain extent, some organizations and individuals who operate travel agencies without tourism qualifications have begun to "move". There are also companies tying health care products during the "zero tour fee" tour.

  Take Jiufang Joy as an example. This company is not qualified to organize tourism. In August 2018, a fire broke out in Beilong Hot Spring Leisure Hotel in Harbin, Heilongjiang, causing 20 deaths and 23 injuries. According to media reports, Jiufang Joy mainly sells health care products to middle-aged and elderly people, and customers with large consumption can get travel opportunities rewarded by enterprises.

  According to the disclosure of relevant departments in Beijing, many tourism activities use "zero tour fee" as bait to attract the elderly to join the group, which hides multiple risks. Law enforcement officials of relevant departments in Beijing said that low-cost tours under the guise of "free tours" and "zero tour fees" are becoming more and more hidden, and the elderly often become the "hardest hit areas" for being deceived.

  According to law enforcement officials, at present, "buying health care products for travel" and "buying wealth management for free travel" organized in the form of companies have become new tricks of criminals, and even some companies cheat in the name of recruiting "tourism experiencers", and applicants encounter compulsory shopping traps when traveling.

  "WeChat friends circle, clubs, motorists’ clubs and other spontaneous group trips are often personal agreements, and there is no business license. Many irregular behaviors cannot be defined and are in a blind spot of supervision. This kind of tourism behavior is more prone to problems, ‘ Black tour guide ’ The phenomenon of slaughtering customers is even more difficult to detect, which brings difficulties to tourism law enforcement and evidence collection. " Beijing lawyer Liu Chengxian told reporters.  

Fifteen cross-border e-commerce emerging platforms you should know.

Fifteen cross-border e-commerce emerging platforms you should know.

When it comes to cross-border export platforms, I believe most people will blurt out AliExpress, Amazon, eBay and wish. Of course, they are indeed very important cross-border e-commerce platforms, but they are not just these cross-border e-commerce platforms. In fact, every cross-border e-commerce platform has its own industry advantages and loyal customer base, or has important or special influence in a certain country or region. For cross-border e-commerce, online channel diversification is an important way to expand network channels and scale. In addition, for some specific products and brands, it is also an important e-commerce strategy to select the target market for deep-rooted work. Then it is natural to use the local important targeted e-commerce platform. Below, Xiaobian summarizes the following fifteen emerging platforms for cross-border e-commerce from the network.

First, Souq

Souq.com, an Amazon e-commerce website in the Middle East. It has 6 million users and can reach 10 million independent visits every month. According to the current situation of the website, Souq has begun to consider expanding other businesses. For example, Souq has established its own logistics system QExpress and payment system PayFort. Moreover, Souq also launched its own brand of tablet computers. It is understood that Souq.com, Cobone.com and Sukar.com are the three largest local e-commerce websites in the Middle East.

It is understood that the UAE people are keen on surfing the Internet and playing mobile phones, and their Internet penetration rate and mobile phone holding rate have reached more than 70%. Not only the United Arab Emirates, but also people from rich Gulf countries such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar are keen on shopping online. It is expected that the scale of online shopping in the whole Middle East will increase rapidly in the next two or three years. About 5 out of 10 people in UAE buy goods and services through the Internet. It is expected that the e-commerce market in UAE will reach 10 billion US dollars in 2018.

Second, Lazada (Lai Zanda)

It is known as the largest online shopping mall in Southeast Asia. It is a company founded by Rocket Internet to build "Amazon in Southeast Asia". In April this year, it was invested and controlled by Ali for $1 billion. Sales of electronic products, clothes, appliances, books, cosmetics, etc., the market covers Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The company provides free delivery, free return within 14 days, and flexible payment methods. The growth rate of Internet penetration in Singapore, Malaysia and Vietnam has exceeded the world average.

By 2020, the e-commerce market in Southeast Asia will reach $20.4 billion. The sustained and rapid economic growth in Southeast Asia has cultivated a large number of middle classes and huge consumer demand. Southeast Asia is another most dynamic and potential consumer market after the United States, the European Union and China. This makes the big e-commerce companies in various countries salivate and want to get it quickly. Therefore, Southeast Asia is the main battlefield for major e-commerce companies at present.

Third, Newegg (new egg)

Newegg was founded in 2001, with its headquarters in Los Angeles, Southern California. Newegg is the leading online supermarket for computer, consumer electronics and communication products in the United States. Newegg gathers about 4,000 sellers and more than 25 million customers. At first, IT sold consumer electronic products and IT products, but now it has expanded to all categories, with 55,000 varieties. Attracting wealthy and internet-savvy men aged 18 to 35. The best-selling categories are automobile supplies, sporting goods and office supplies. It is particularly noteworthy that most consumers are men, but female consumers are also growing rapidly.

Fourth, Rakuten.com (Lotte)

Founded in 1997, it has become the largest e-commerce website in Japan, with a market value of $13.5 billion and an annual revenue of over $4 billion. Lotte is also one of the largest internet companies in the world. In the US market, Lotte spent $250 million to acquire Buy.com, and in 2013, the company changed its name to "Rakuten.com Shopping". Lotte Shopping has gathered 3,000 sellers, more than 80 million customers and 23 million products. The customer base is between 25 and 54, with 50% men and 50% women. Rakuten.com originally specialized in computer and electronic products, but now it provides sporting goods, health and beauty, home and gardening, jewelry and toys.

"Beating Amazon" is the ambitious ambition of Hiroshi Mikitani, the founder of Lotte in Japan. Because the penetration in Japan’s domestic market has reached saturation, it has become difficult to attract more consumers in Japan, and internationalization is the inevitable choice for Lotte to achieve this goal. In recent years, Lotte’s overseas market moves frequently, with its all-round layout in terms of logistics, payment, channels and investment, and its sphere of influence covers Asia, Europe and America. Therefore, for cross-border e-commerce and brand owners, Lotte is an online hypermarket that cannot be ignored.

Five, Bestbuy (Best Buy)

The failure of Best Buy’s online physical store made it enter the online market in 2011. Gathered more than 100 sellers. There are 1 billion visits every year. Different from other e-commerce platforms, only invited sellers can stay in the platform and products can appear in Best Buy stores for sale. But the products are only limited to consumer electronic products.

Sixth, Tesco

Britain’s largest food and groceries retailer. Its e-commerce website was established in 2012, gathering more than 50 sellers, 43 million club card members and 4 million visits per month. The huge offline customer base is being transferred to online. Competitors include Amazon, eBay and Lotte Play.com. Products include home and gardening, baby products, sports and leisure, clothing and jewelry. Only open to invited sellers.

Britain is the largest e-commerce market in Europe, and four of the Top10 European e-retailers are in the UK. At the same time, Britain is one of the largest cross-border e-commerce exporters in the world. In 2013, online retail in the UK was 91 billion pounds (about 148.78 billion US dollars), up 16% year-on-year. Online retailing in the UK will increase by 17% in 2014, reaching 107 billion pounds (about 174.98 billion US dollars).

Seven, Lotte Play.com

Founded in 1998, it is one of the largest online entertainment retailers in the UK. Gather more than 3000 sellers and 15 million customers. Originally selling games and media products, but now it has developed into multiple categories. It is the only e-commerce platform that allows retailers to customize their own storefronts, making it the third largest online market in Britain after Amazon and eBay.

Eight, La Redoute (Shangri-La Fu)

Founded in 2010, it is the leading online retailer in France and the third largest e-commerce market in Europe. Gather more than 1,000 vendors and 10 million customers. Covering 26 countries. Shangri-La Welfare is mainly aimed at women aged between 26 and 35. Its product categories include men’s and women’s wear, underwear, shoes and accessories, furniture, crafts and so on. But don’t sell second-hand products.

MercadoLivre (Mercado Network)

The largest C2C platform in Brazil is equivalent to Taobao in China. Making good use of this platform is conducive to understanding various market information such as Brazil’s price index, consumption trends and payment habits. Gathered more than 52,000 sellers and 50.2 million registered users. The number of visitors ranks among the TOP50 in the world. It covers 13 countries and regions (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Dominica, Paraguay, Venezuela and Portugal). In addition to the electronic trading platform, there is also the largest payment platform similar to Alipay in South America. As a result, countries such as Mexico and Argentina have no localized websites. At first, it was just an auction website, but today, it is mainly an online sales platform. Considering the rapidly increasing Internet penetration rate, MercardoLivre can provide sellers with a huge potential market opportunity in South America.

X. Trade Me

It is the largest online trading market in New Zealand with more than 3.1 million members. 1.4 billion web pages are displayed every month. New and second-hand store categories include baby products, books, clothing, computers and household goods. Originally a second-hand auction market, it was a replica of the early ebay, but now it sells new products just like the new ebay.

XI. Ozon

It is the largest e-commerce platform in Russia and currently accounts for 20% of the Russian e-commerce market. The goal in the next decade is to gain 80% market share of Russian e-commerce. As we all know, the early days of Taobao in China were full of opportunities, and many Taobao brands stood out. Today’s Ozon, just like Taobao in those days, I wonder how many China sellers have settled in the sub-platform? The more important local e-commerce platforms in Russia include Lamoda, Wildberries, KupiVIP (all fashions), Ulmart and Svyaznoy (consumer electronic products).

XII. Otto (Otto Group)

The leading provider of e-commerce solutions and services from Germany ranks second only to Amazon in the global comprehensive B2C ranking, and is also the world’s largest online clothing, apparel and daily necessities retail channel provider. Its online shop sells millions of kinds of goods. The products sold cover men’s and women’s clothing, household appliances, household goods, sports equipment, computers, video games and so on. Range of brands is widely sold, and basically all brands that can be seen in the market can be found in OTTO’s online shop. In addition, OTTO has its own brand, which is very cost-effective.

It is understood that clothing is by far the most important category. Women spend 25.8 billion euros (men 22.5 billion) online, which is the main source of online income. This may be related to family shopping. 53.4% of online shoppers are women. Two-thirds of online retailing in Germany is through third-party platforms ebay and Amazon, with few independent websites. Followed by multi-channel retailers. Clothing (11.6 billion), books (5.3 billion) and electronic products (4 billion) are the three most popular categories. The above-mentioned 39.1 billion euros do not include digital products. Online retail sales of digital products (such as air tickets and event tickets) totaled 10.6 billion euros, an increase of 9.3%. Germany is the country with the most popular online sales in the world. Although the number of online consumers in China is huge, it only accounts for 19% of the total population. And Germany is as high as 61%! , more than 60% in the United States. The importance of e-commerce and digital advertising in this country is beyond doubt.

XIII. Jumia

It is the largest e-commerce retail company in Nigeria, a big African country, and its goal is to build a local "Amazon" to sell electronic products, clothing, refrigerators and other commodities. Nigeria has a population of about 160 million, but there are few e-commerce websites and the number of physical supermarkets and shopping malls is extremely limited, which provides a huge potential market for e-commerce companies. The number of Internet users in Nigeria has reached more than 40 million, and it is growing rapidly. Meanwhile, the demand for online shopping in Nigeria is increasing. In recent years, various e-commerce websites have sprung up in Nigeria, including food, drinks, real estate, tourism and mobile phone transfer services. The competition pattern of e-commerce dominated by Jumia, Konga and Dealdey is taking shape, and the "African version of Ctrip" Hotels.ng is also rapidly seizing the online travel market.

Xiv. Gmarket

Gmarket is the largest comprehensive shopping website in Korea, ranking first in the total sales value of goods in the online retail market in Korea, mainly selling books, MP3 players, cosmetics, computers, home appliances and clothes. On May 7th, 2010, ebay announced that it would set up a joint venture company in Gmarket, a Korean e-commerce company, with ebay contributing 10 million US dollars. The joint venture company will help Gmarket explore the Japanese and Singapore markets.

15. Sears (Sears)

Sears is the third largest merchant retailer in the United States, and the top 500 Internet retailers rank eighth. Gather more than 10,000 sellers and as many as 110 million products. It provides self-management, big sellers and various marketing modes in advertising alliance. Categories include electronic products, household goods, outdoor life, tools, fitness, toys and so on. The most popular categories are lawn and garden.

Xiao Bian feels that it is not that the biggest platform has the best effect, but to choose a platform suitable for your own market segments and products. Sometimes, it is often those local platforms that you have never known that get twice the result with half the effort!

The above content belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hugo’s position!

Btc china officially closed the recharge function expert today: prohibiting bitcoin platform transactions does not conflict with vigorously developing blockchain

  Yangguang. com BeijingSeptember 27 th news (Reporter Liang Shuang) Today,noon12:00,Btc china officially closed the digital assets and people’s bank recharge function..Btc china announced on its official website today that it will close the digital assets and people’s bank recharge function at 12:00 noon on September 27th, Beijing time.;Close all trading functions at 12:00 noon on September 30th..

  We must realize that shutting down the virtual currency exchange and prohibiting bitcoin platform transactions are not in conflict with the current development of blockchain!"Director, Research Center for Financial Technology and Internet Security, Renmin University of ChinaYang Dong told reporters that China encourages innovation in blockchain technology, but it mustExpel financial crimes such as pyramid schemes and illegal fund-raising by using virtual currency trading platforms under the guise of blockchain.suchIn order to create a healthy and good financial technology ecological environment for the development of blockchain applications.


  Eight-year inflation5 million times to close the platform to prohibit RMB speculation in Bitcoin

  SeptemberOn the 4th, seven ministries and commissions, including the People’s Bank of China, jointly issued the "Announcement on Preventing the Financing Risks of Token Issuance", characterizing ICO as illegal public financing.,And suspend all transactions.. The central bank stressed that all kinds of token issuance financing activities should be stopped immediately.

  Subsequently, btc china, the three major bitcoin trading platforms in China,OKCoin currency line,Firecoin. com announced that it would stop trading.

  As to why the btc china trading platform was closed,Yang dongAttributed to"Seven deadly sins of virtual trading platform": lack of legal business license, inflated prices, illegal acts such as money laundering and evasion of foreign exchange control, pyramid schemes and fraud, insider manipulation, technology and confidence security, and secret network transactions.

  Vice President, School of Finance and Finance, Renmin University of ChinaZhao Xijun stressed that the closure of the China Bitcoin trading platform only prohibited the transaction between Bitcoin and RMB, in case the RMB was used to speculate on Bitcoin, which caused the price of Bitcoin to be artificially high.

  whatBitcoin that came out in 2009, eight years.between/separate/space in between/roomSoaring upMore than 5 million times, as if driven by bitcoin.Getting rich overnight is no longer a dream. This also gives some lawless elements an opportunity to seize people’s psychology of getting rich quickly and concoct various pyramid schemes.

  According to relevant media reports,A Bitcoin payment platform in Hong Kong in 2015On suspicion of using virtual currency for pyramid schemes,Involving up to3 billion Hong Kong dollars. According to the platform, investors buy bitcoin mining contracts for 400,000 yuan, earn bitcoin every day, return their money in about 4 months, and earn an additional 600,000 yuan a year.Criminals use the funds invested by later investors to pay early investors,Once no new investors join or the organizers suddenly lose contact, investors will suffer heavy losses.

  Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin lack a clear value base, there is no economic fundamentals to evaluate the supply and demand situation and intrinsic value of Bitcoin, and the market speculation atmosphere is strong, resulting in drastic price fluctuations, which will cause investors who blindly follow the trend to suffer losses."Yang Dong said.

  All countries have different levels of supervision on Bitcoin.

  In 2013, the People’s Bank of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly issued the Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risks, stating: "Bitcoin should be a specific virtual commodity, which does not have the same legal status as currency, and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market.”。

  For a long time, Bitcoin has been characterized as a virtual commodity rather than a currency in China, so the financial regulatory authorities have not imposed necessary restrictions and supervision on it.At present, China’s domestic virtual currency trading platform lacks relevant legal business licenses, which leads to the virtual currency trading platform drifting away from the existing regulatory system, and in fact there are huge business risks."Yang Dong told reporters.

  Yang Dong said,The state has repeatedly stressed that it is necessary to put the prevention of financial risks in the first place, andICO has already seen the phenomenon that "bad money drives out good money", thereforeRegulatory pairICOgo on"one size fits all"alsoAs expected.

  Zhao Xijun also holds the same view. He said that although Bitcoin has decentralized characteristics, every country will supervise it, but in different forms."China’s current economic construction still needs to invest a lot of money, but nowThere are many people who take money to speculate on bitcoin.Not only did it not create beneficial value, but it also occupied financial funds, so it is more necessary to have corresponding supervision."

  Up to now, most virtual currency trading channels in China are basically closed.

  Close the trading platform transferOver-the-counter trading raises concerns

  "nowTrader of bitcoinMay chooseSome foreign trading platforms trade, while others maywillChange careers, or go abroad to be a platform.."Trading platform transferred to foreign countries will behowappearancedevelopZhao Xijun said,no matter whatexistDomestic or foreign?, the platform is subject toSupervisionThat’s for sure.,"An unregulated platform will not have a legitimate transaction and development will be constrained."

  At the same time, will it lead to a large number of over-the-counter transactions if standardized trading platforms are prohibited from conducting business?Vice President of China technology and finance Law Research AssociationDeng Jianpeng expressed the same concern.In view of the decentralized nature of Bitcoin, veryIt is difficult because the regulator has a decree.inCompletely banned in reality. As long as investment demand exists, bitcoin transactions are forced to dissociate from some limited formal institutions and enter OTC transactions.,The relevant ban has objectively become the entry of bitcoin transactions.Dark webA booster."

  China should strengthen the technology-driven supervision of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, use blockchain, big data, cloud computing and other means to strengthen the traceability of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, monitor the fluctuation of the overall market, and improve the real-time tracking of capital flows."Yang Dong said.

  Deng Jianpeng pointed out that,The funds of customers and trading institutions and bitcoin should be effectively isolated.canPrevent trading institutions from misappropriating customers’ funds or bitcoin privately.ofRisk.